Cognition, Brain, Behavior. An Interdisciplinary Journal
Copyright © 2009 Romanian Association for Cognitive Science. All rights reserved.
ISSN: 1224-8398
Volume XIII, No. 2 (June), 147-164
VALIDATION OF THE ENDLER
MULTIDIMENSIONAL ANXIETY SCALES AND EMAS
SOCIAL ANXIETY SCALES (EMAS AND EMAS-SAS)
ON THE ROMANIAN POPULATION
Ştefania MICLEA*1, Amalia CIUCA1,
Monica ALBU1,2
1
Cognitrom, LTD, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
2
The Department of Social-Human Research - Institute of History “G. Bariţiu”,
The Romanian Academy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
ABSTRACT
This study reports the validation of the Endler Multidimensional Anxiety Scales
(EMAS) and the EMAS Social Anxiety Scales (EMAS-SAS) on the Romanian
population. Psychometric characteristics were measured in a non-clinical group of
786 adolescents and adults from different parts of the country. To investigate the
factor structure of the EMAS and EMAS-SAS, factor analyses were conducted. The
results showed that the multidimensional structure of the EMAS and EMAS-SAS was
tenable and they indicate that the EMAS and EMAS-SAS is a valid tool for assessing
state and trait anxiety on the Romanian population.
KEYWORDS: state and trait anxiety, construct validity, content validity,
psychometric properties, Romanian population
INTRODUCTION
The Endler Multidimensional Anxiety Scales (EMAS) and the EMAS Social Anxiety
Scales (EMAS-SAS) have been developed as a measure of state and trait anxiety in
people with and without anxiety symptoms (Endler, Edwards, & Vitelli, 1991;
Endler & Flett, 2002). They assess state anxiety (EMAS-S), different dimensions of
trait anxiety (EMAS-T and SAS-T) and the perception of anxiety (EMAS-P and
*
Corresponding author:
E-mail: micleas@yahoo.com
148 Ş. Miclea, A. Ciuca, M. Albu
SAS-P) (for a comprehensive description of EMAS and EMAS-SAS components see
Endler, Edwards & Vitelli, 1991, and Endler & Flett, 2002).
The EMAS-S has 20 items, measuring autonomic-emotional (AE)
component and the cognitive-worry (CW) component of state anxiety. The EMAS-
T consists of 60 items, the same 15 items for each of the measured dimension of
trait anxiety: a) situations where one is evaluated by other people; b) situations
where one may encounter physical danger; c) new or strange situations; d)
involvement in daily routines. The EMAS-P is a measure of the subjective
perception of the