Community Sports
High School Sports
• Activities support the academic mission of the school. • Activities foster success in later life.
1994-95: North Car. School Athletic Association: Academic Performance
Athletes GPA Ave. number of days missed Discipline referrals Dropout rate Grad Rate 2.86 6.52 days Non-Athletes 1.96 12.57 days
30.51%
.7% 99.56%
40.29%
8.98% 94.66%
Value of Sport
• Pros • 1) Opportunity for students to compete • 2) Supports mission of school • 3) Supports youth development • Cons • 1) Validation of grades • 2) Academically challenged students may turn to home schooling • 3) Schools bring in “Ringers”
Texas High School Football(2004)
• 160,000 football players- grades 9-12 • For tickets, programs, travel, meals, merchandise: fans spend at least $275 million a season • In Dallas- Fort Worth area: 21 stadiums that seat 10,000 or more • Est. 16,000-18,000 football coaches in Texas – grades 7-12 ( College Athletics Clips, Sept.8, 2004)
Sports and Studies as Paths to Success ( Coleman, 1961)
• High School: Competition for Recognition and Respect • Competition: Scholastic and Athletic Honor • Respect: eyes of parents and peers • Status: Family position, athletic achievement, good grades, new car • Athletic and Scholastic Achievement: Boys and Girls • “Leading Crowd: Parents Position
Coleman(1961) Adolescent Society
• • • • • • New Car “Right” Family “Star” Athlete Extracurricular Activities Good Grades Rank Variables(5 high to 1 low)
Coleman et al.(1966) concluded
• Schools bring little influence to bear on the child’s achievement that is independent of his/her background and general social context • SES: Family income,parent’s educational level, parent’s occupation
High School Sport: Issues
• • • • • • • Clubs Varsity Teams Issues 1) Budgets 2) Facilities 3) Travel/ Perks 4) Communications with college coaches
Socioeconomic Status(SES):Predicts
• • • • • • • • Grades Achievement Scores IQ test scores Retention at grade levels Truancy Suspensions from school High school dropouts Plans for college attendance
IQ Ideology: IQ and US Social Structure
• • • • Division of Labor: Stratification System Allocate workers to different levels Supplies needs labor force Match people to jobs
NELS Data Data:1988
• Self concept( 13 var.): ( i.e.. I feel good about myself) • Locus of control: Good luck is more important than hard work. • SES data: father’s education level , mother’s occupation, family income • School climate: conflict between teachers, student uniform required, degree students cut class, vandalism, illegal drug use, student weapons
National Center for Education Statistics: Dec. 1996
• 1988: 3 million students enrolled in 8th grade • By 1994: 5.2 % reported playing college level sports for 4 years. Note: 2.2 % for NCAA1 athletes • High SES students were 10 times more likely to play NCAA1 level.
Condition of Education:1995(NELS)
• About 83 % of high school seniors participated in at least one extracurricular activity • Participation in activities was relatively similar across racial/ethnic groups
Keith et al. (1996): 8th Grade to 10th Grade
1992: High School Seniors: National Survey
• • • • • Any Activity Varsity Sport Intramurals Music Group School play • • • • • 82.3% 35.8% 29.2% 19.8% 15.4%
1992: Percent High School Seniors(1/week)
• • • • Use computer Work on Hobbies Driving around Doing things with friends • Take sport lessons • 23.7% • 40.9% • 73.3%
• 88.1% • 47.47%
High School Sports: Current Issues
• • • • • • • Home Schools Specialization Future Goals SES Budget Issues Officials Level competition
Home Schools
• Legal in all states( 1.5 m. home) • Early Case: 1988 (Penn.) Parents Removed gifted athlete from public school on religious grounds.Coach wanted child to play on team. • Final Result: State Board of Ed - Local School Districts decision
Home Schools
• NCAA Eligibility:Required to meet the same eligibility standards as other students
Sports Specialization
• Increase chance for college athletic scholarship • May increase athletic burnout • Reduces the total number of athletes available to other sports
High School Officials
• • • • • • 2001: National Survey (N=463) Why Leave? 167 listed career/job demands 105 listed poor sportsmanship(participants) 96 listed poor sportsmanship(Spectators) 84 listed time away from family
A Tall Order
Greg Oden( jr.) , Lawrence North High School
High School Athletics: Do Jocks Rule the School? (Farrey,1999)
• Impact of Columbine? • ESPN Poll (1999): 800 high school students- phone interviews • 72% reported little or more tension between athletes and non-athletes at their school • 57% said: athletes bully non-athletes • 71% said: football players cause most of the problems
Where From Here?