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ay+smoker+incurs+10.9+more+sick+days+every+six+months+than+a+comparable+non-smoker%0d%0a(Leigh+and+Fries%2c+1992)%0d%0a%0d%0a%ef%81%ac%0d%0a%0d%0aNot+smoking%2c+regular+exercise%2c+moderate%2fno+use+of+alcohol%2c+7-8+hours+of+sleep+per+day%2c+proper+weight%2c+eating+breakfast%2c+and+no+snacking+leads+to+28%25+lower+mortality+for+men%2c+43%25+lower+for+women%0d%0a(Breslow+and+Enstrom%2c+1980)%0d%0a%0d%0a%0cOTHER+FACTORS+AFFECTING+HEALTH%0d%0a%0d%0a%ef%81%ac%0d%0a%0d%0aEducation%0d%0a%ef%81%b5+One%0d%0a2001)%0d%0a%0d%0amore+year+of+schooling+%ef%81%99%ef%80%b9prob+of+dying+w%2fin+10+years+by+3.6%25+(Lleras-Muney%0d%0a%0d%0a%ef%81%ac%0d%0a%0d%0aIncome%0d%0a%ef%81%b5+People%0d%0a%0d%0aw%2fo+high+school+educ+%26+income+%3c%2410k+were+2-3+x%e2%80%99s+more+likely+to+have+functional+limitations+and+poorer+self-rated+health%0d%0a%0d%0a%0cOTHER+FACTORS+AFFECTING+HEALTH%0d%0a%0d%0aSturm%2c+Health+Affairs+2002%0d%0a%0d%0a%0cDeterminants+of+Infant+Health%0d%0a%0d%0aNeonatal+Mortality+per+1000+Live+Births+Whites+Blacks+1964+16.2+27.6+1977+8.7+16.1%0d%0a%0d%0aCorman+and+Grossman%2c+1985%0d%0a%0d%0a%0cDeterminants+of+Infant+Health%0d%0aSelected+Regression+Results%2c+Neonatal+Mortality+Rates%0d%0aWhites+%25+HS+Educated+Newborn+Intensive+Care+Hospitals%2f1000+Abortion+Providers%2f1000+-0.037+-44.196+-3.198+Blacks+-0.056+-86.196+-16.838%0d%0a%0d%0aCorman+and+Grossman%2c+1985%0d%0a%0d%0a%0cDeterminants+of+Infant+Health%0d%0a%ef%81%ac%0d%0a%0d%0aDoes+more+schooling+and+the+availability+of+more+providers+improve+infant+health%3f%0d%0a%0d%0a%ef%81%ac%0d%0a%0d%0aIs+the+marginal+productivity+of+more+providers+greater+for+blacks+or+whites%3f%0d%0a%0d%0a%0cDeterminants+of+Infant+Health%0d%0a%ef%81%ac%0d%0a%0d%0aWhy+might+the+marginal+productivities+for+blacks+and+whites+differ%3f%0d%0a%ef%81%b5+The%0d%0a%0d%0aregressions+have+poor+controls+for+income%2chealth+status%2c+preferences%2c+etc.+which+may+be+correlated+with+schooling+and+the+availability+of+providers%0d%0a%0d%0a%ef%81%ac%0d%0a%0d%0aIf+the+marginal+productivity+for+most+factors+is+greater+for+blacks+then+whites%2c+why+isn%e2%80%99t+the+overall+neonatal+mortality+rate+lower+for+blacks+than+whites%3f%0d%0a%0d%0a%0cMarginal+Productivity+of+Provider+Services+for+Infant+Health%0d%0a(1-mortality+rate)%25+Blacks+Whites%0d%0a%0d%0aMedical+Care%0d%0a%0d%0a%0cMarginal+Productivity+of+Provider+Services+for+Infant+Health+(cont.)%0d%0a%ef%81%ac%0d%0a%0d%0aFor+any+given+level+of+provider+services%2c+marginal+productivity+may+be+higher+for+blacks+than+whites+However%2c+the+level+of+services+may+be+higher+for+whites+than+blacks+Knowing+the+shape+of+the+total+product+curve+is+not+enough.+You+must+also+know+where+you+are+on+it%0d%0a%0d%0a%ef%81%ac%0d%0a%0d%0a%ef%83%98%0d%0a%0d%0a%0cHealth+in+the+50+States%0d%0a%ef%81%ac%0d%0a%0d%0aOne+measure+of+health+status+in+the+population+in+the+%23+of+deaths+(per+100%2c000+residents)+from+heart+disease%0d%0aSuppose+we+have+data+on+deaths+from+heart+disease+and+other+population+characteristics+by+state%0d%0a%ef%81%b5+See%0d%0a%0d%0a%ef%81%ac%0d%0a%0d%0aExcel+Spreadsheet%0d%0a%0d%0a%ef%81%ac%0d%0a%0d%0aWhat+factors+might+explain+death+from+HD%3f%0d%0a%ef%81%b5+Why%3f%0d%0a%0d%0a%0cHealth+in+the+50+States%0d%0a300+150%0d%0a.1%0d%0a%0d%0a200%0d%0a%0d%0a250%0d%0a%0d%0a.15%0d%0a%0d%0a.2+.25+Fraction+of+residents+who+smoke%0d%0a%0d%0a.3%0d%0a%0d%0a%0cHealth+in+the+50+States%0d%0a300+150%0d%0a.5%0d%0a%0d%0a200%0d%0a%0d%0a250%0d%0a%0d%0a.55+.6+Fraction+of+residents+overweight+or+obese%0d%0a%0d%0a.65%0d%0a%0d%0a%0cHealth+in+the+50+States%0d%0a300+150%0d%0a.05%0d%0a%0d%0a200%0d%0a%0d%0a250%0d%0a%0d%0a.1%0d%0a%0d%0a.15+.2+Fraction+who+are+binge+drinkers%0d%0a%0d%0a.25%0d%0a%0d%0a%0cHealth+in+the+50+States%0d%0a300+150%0d%0a35000%0d%0a%0d%0a200%0d%0a%0d%0a250%0d%0a%0d%0a40000%0d%0a%0d%0a45000+50000+Median+household+income%0d%0a%0d%0a55000%0d%0a%0d%0a60000%0d%0a%0d%0a%0cHealth+in+the+50+States%0d%0a300+150%0d%0a.5%0d%0a%0d%0a200%0d%0a%0d%0a250%0d%0a%0d%0a.6+.7+.8+Fraction+who+graduated+form+high+school%0d%0a%0d%0a.9%0d%0a%0d%0a%0cHealth+in+the+50+States%0d%0a%ef%81%ac%0d%0a%0d%0aWhich+of+the+previous+variables+would+you+include+in+the+multivariate+regression+for+the+determinants+of+death+from+heart+disease%3f%0d%0a%ef%81%b5+Smoking%3f%0d%0a%0d%0a%ef%81%b5+Overweight%2fObese%3f%0d%0a%0d%0aDrinking%3f+%ef%81%b5+Household+Income%3f+%ef%81%b5+High+School+Graduation+Rate%3f%0d%0a%0d%0a%ef%81%b5+Binge%0d%0a%0d%0a%0cHealth+in+the+50+States%0d%0a%ef%81%ac%0d%0a%0d%0aWhich+of+the+variables+are+statistically+significant+at+the+95%25+confidence+level%3f+Suppose+the+fraction+of+residents+who+are+obese%2foverweight+were+reduced+by+0.10.%0d%0a%ef%81%b5+How%0d%0a%0d%0a%ef%81%ac%0d%0a%0d%0amuch+would+death+rates+from+heart+disease%0d%0a%0d%0afall%3f%0d%0a%ef%81%ac%0d%0a%0d%0aSuppose+that+you+could+obtain+data+on+a+different+variable+that+may+explain+heart+disease+death+rates%2c+but+isn%e2%80%99t+in+this+data+set.%0d%0a%ef%81%b5+What%0d%0a%0d%0awould+it+be%3f%0d%0a%0d%0a%0cConclusions%0d%0aIn+an+economic+model%2c+medical+care+and+other+goods+and+services+are+combined+to+produce+health%2c+which+yields+utility+to+the+consumer+%ef%81%ac+The+production+of+health+can+be+measured+in+a+variety+of+ways+%ef%81%ac+Both+higher+health+care+expenditures+and+other+factors+are+improving+health+status+over+time%0d%0a%ef%81%ac%0d%0a%0d%0a%0c
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