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tlindeman
Culpepper+Foundation+Demonstration%0d%0aLeo+Flynn%2c+Politics+38%0d%0a%e2%80%95When+the+eye+and+the+ear+conflict%2c+the+eye+wins+every+time.%e2%80%96%0d%0aMichael+Deaver%0d%0a1%0d%0a%0d%0a%0cLawyers+%2c+judges+%26+courts+in+American+culture%3f%0d%0a%e2%80%a2+1830s%3a+de+Tocquville%e2%80%99s+observations+%e2%80%a2+1990s%3a+more+influence+in+U.S.+compared+than+any+other+modern+democracy%0d%0a%0d%0a2%0d%0a%0d%0a%0cwhat+sort+of+court+system+would+Americans+live+under%3f%0d%0a%e2%80%a2+Article+III-+the+judicial+article%e2%80%94+established+the+Supreme+Court+and+fixed+its+jurisdiction+%e2%80%a2+Constitution+did+not+settle+the+structural+question+%e2%80%a2+The+issue+was+left+for+the+first+Congress%0d%0a%0d%0a3%0d%0a%0d%0a%0cCongress+acts%0d%0a%e2%80%93+Judiciary+Act+of+September+24%2c+1789+one+of+the+most+enduring%0d%0aand+important+influences+on+our+national+political+development%0d%0a%0d%0a%e2%80%93+What+emerged+was+a%0d%0a%0d%0abasic+judicial+structure+that+has+endured+down+to+today%0d%0a%0d%0a4%0d%0a%0d%0a%0cCongress+created+a+legal+system+characterized+by%0d%0a%e2%80%a2+Complexity%0d%0a%e2%80%a2+Hierarchy%0d%0a%0d%0a%e2%80%a2+Geographic+dispersal%0d%0a%e2%80%a2+Parallel%2c+but+interdependen+t%0d%0a%0d%0a5%0d%0a%0d%0a%0cTwo+types+of+federal+courts%0d%0aArticle+III+Courts%0d%0a%e2%80%93+constitutionally+mandated+duties%2c+judges+have+lifetime+tenure%2c+Title+28%0d%0a%0d%0aArticle+I+courts%0d%0a%0d%0a%e2%80%93+administer+responsibilities+within+the+jurisdiction+of+Congress%2c+fixed+terms.+For+example%2c+Art+I+%c2%a78+gives+Congress+the+power+discipline+the+army%2c+the+navy+and+the+militia+when+in+federal+service.+Establishing+courts+martial+under+Title+10.%0d%0a6%0d%0a%0d%0a%0cThe+hierarchy+of+federal+courts%0d%0aU.S.+Supreme+Court+Article+I+Courts%0d%0a%0d%0a%e2%80%a23+tiers+of+federal+courts%0d%0a%0d%0aArticle+III+Courts+U.S.+Courts+of+Appeal+13+U.S.+District+Courts+94+U.S.+magistrates+Court+of+Appeals+f+or+the+Federal+Circuit%0d%0a%0d%0a%e2%80%a2Each+State+court+system+also+has+3+levels%0d%0aU.S.+Court+of+Military+Appeals%0d%0a%0d%0a%e2%80%a2Two+levels+of+courts%3a%0d%0aU.S.+Tax+court+Courts+of+Military+Review%0d%0a%0d%0aCourt+of+International+Trade%0d%0a%0d%0aGeneral+courts+martial%0d%0a%0d%0aAdministrative+agencies%0d%0a%0d%0aSpecial+courts+martial+Summary+courts+martial+Nonjudicial+punnishment+Article+15%0d%0a%0d%0aTrial+courts%e2%80%94+determine+facts%2c+examine+evidence%2c+hear+witness+%26+empanel+juries+Appellate+courts%e2%80%94+Review+and+correct+the+judgments+of+trial+7+courts.%0d%0a%0d%0a%0cUnited+States+Courts+of+Appeal%0d%0a%0d%0a8%0d%0a%0d%0a%0cCa+lifornia+Court+Sys+te+m%0d%0aC+al+iforni+a+Supr+eme+C+ourt+7+j+us+ti+ces+D+i+s+tr+ict+C+ourt+s+of+A+ppeal+6+appel+lat+e+D+i+s+t+ri+cts+83+j+us+ti+ces%0d%0a%0d%0a58+Super+ior+Cour+ts+(one+per+county)+%5bcourt+of+general+jur+isdicti+on+987+judges%0d%0a%0d%0aM+unici+pa+l+Court+s+%5bc+o+ur+ts+o+f+l+imi+ted+j+ur+is+d+ic+tio+n%5d+6+34+j+ud+ges%0d%0a%0d%0a9%0d%0a%0d%0a%0cAmerica%e2%80%99s+Judicial+Dualism%0d%0aSupreme+Court+of+the+United+States+30%25+of+the+Court+'s+dock+et+originates+in+t+he+Stat+e+courts+65%25+of+the+Court+'s+dock+et+oiginat+e+in+the+%22lower%22+f+ederal+c+ourts%0d%0a%0d%0a52+separate%0d%0alegal+systems+in+the+U.S.+Every+American+lives+in+two+systems%0d%0a%0d%0aU.S.+Court+s+of+Appeal+Highes+t+Court+13+circ+uits+of+the+50+St+at+es+f+inal+court+of+right+in+the+f+ederal+s+y+st+em+must+raise+a+s+ubs+tantial+f+ederal+c+laim%0d%0a%0d%0a3+tiered+federal+and+state+court+systems+%e2%80%a2Independent+%e2%80%a2interdependen+t%0d%0a%0d%0a94+United+States+dis+trict+c+ourts%0d%0a%0d%0aIntermedia+s+tate+appellat+e+courts+def+endant+s+who+los+e+in+a+s+tate+trial+c+ourt+may+appeal+or+petit+ion%0d%0a%0d%0aState+trial+c+ourt+c+as+es+inv+olv+ing+s+tate+law+inv+olv+ing+a+f+ederal+claim%0d%0a%0d%0a10%0d%0a%0d%0a%0cJurisdiction%e2%80%94+the+Power+to+Decide%0d%0a%e2%80%a2+All+cases+under+the+Constitution%2c+the+laws+or+the+treaties+made+thereunder.%0d%0a%0d%0a%e2%80%a2+Judicial+responsibilities%0d%0a%e2%80%93+Constitutional+interpretation%e2%80%94+what+does+the+Constitution+require%3f+Roe+v.+Wade+%e2%80%93+Statutory+interpretation%e2%80%94+What+did+Congress+intend%3f+Rust+v.+Sullivan%0d%0a%0d%0a11%0d%0a%0d%0a%0cWhy+in+a+democracy+do+Americans+allow+such+enormous+power+to+unaccountable+and+unresponsive+judges%3f%0d%0a12%0d%0a%0d%0a%0cJudges%e2%80%99+powers+are+ultimately+limited+and+contingent%0d%0a%e2%80%93+%e2%80%95In+areas+of+major+and+continuing+political+controversy%2c+constitutional+law+is+a+kind+of+continuing+political+controversy%2c+constitutional+law+is+a+kind+of+dialogue+between+the+Court+and+the+country+over+the+meaning+of+the+Constitution%2c+and+judicial+review+is+more+provisional+than+final.%e2%80%96%0d%0a%e2%80%93+David+O%e2%80%99Brien%2c+University+of+Virginia%0d%0a13%0d%0a%0d%0a%0cHow+Cases+Reach+the+Supreme+Court%0d%0aU.S.+Supreme+Court%0d%0a%0d%0a50+State+Judicial+Systems%0d%0a%0d%0aOriginal+jurisdiction%0d%0a%0d%0aFederal+Judicial+System+%26+DC%0d%0a14%0d%0a%0d%0a%0c
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