ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE-Herbal

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Shared by: Rabia Khan
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ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE • DR. LLOYD OPPEL ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE •WHAT IS IT? •WHO USES IT? •DOES IT WORK? WHAT IS IT? • DEFINITIONS • HISTORY DEFINITIONS • UNPROVEN • GENERALLY UNAVAILABLE IN HOSPITALS • NOT USUALLY TAUGHT IN MEDICAL SCHOOLS DEFINITIONS WHY IS IT „ALTERNATIVE‟? REASONS RANGE FROM…. • NO RIGOROUS PROOF, BUT NOT PREPOSTEROUS (e.g. some herbal remedies)…. TO... • COMPLETELY UNSUPPORTABLE (e.g. homeopathy) History • PRE 1900: CAVEAT EMPTOR • FLEXNER REPORT • MEDICINE SHOULD BE SCIENCEBASED • GROWTH OF MODERN MEDICINE HISTORY SCIENCE +MEDICINE=? • USE NEW DISCOVERIES TO IMPROVE TREATMENTS (openminded) • COOPERATION WITH SCIENCEBASED PROFESSIONS: – PHARMACISTS – NURSES – PUBLIC HEALTH INITIATIVES HISTORY WHERE HAS THIS GOTTEN US?? • IMPROVED LIFE EXPECTANCY: – LOWER INFANT MORTALITY – IMPROVED CARE OF DISEASES OF MIDDLE AGE – VACCINES • BETTER TREATMENTS FOR (AS YET) INCURABLE DISEASES HISTORY “NEW AGE” =RECYCLED OLD AGE • • • • • Spiritual Healing Herbal Medicine Magnets Chiropractic Religious and Cultural Beliefs (TCM, auverdic medicine) HISTORY • Mackay: Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds • Mesmer: “Don‟t listen to reason” • Ben Franklin did a critical appraisal HISTORY WHY THE RESURGENCE? • • • • FEAR OF TECHNOLOGY MISTRUST OF ESTABLISHMENT NEED FOR HOPE DESIRE FOR COMFORTING PHILOSOPHY HISTORY NEW VARIATIONS • GROWTH OF „JUNK SCIENCE‟ • PROMOTION IN POPULAR PRESS AND INTERNET • COLLEGE „COURSES‟ • RELAXED REGULATIONS REGULATION • Variable across states and provinces • Validity is not a criterion for regulation POLITICAL HOT POTATO • PUBLIC PRESSURE • GOVERNMENT WANTS TO CONTROL HEALTH COSTS EFFORTS TO RATIONALIZE HEALTH SPENDING • B.C. PHARMACARE BUDGET • PRACTICE GUIDELINES • THERAPEUTICS INITIATIVE Summary • Alternative Medicine is without a scientific basis. • Many elements are identical to old movements. • Regulation is not = effectiveness • Comes at the same time as funding pressures mount on health care. WHO USES IT? WHO USES IT? • 73% DURING LIFETIME • 50% IN THE LAST YEAR FRASER INSTITUTE, 1999 WHAT‟S BEING USED? • • • • • CHIROPRACTIC - 36% RELAXATION 23% MASSAGE 23% PRAYER 21% HERBAL 17% (WITHIN THE LAST YEAR) FRASER INSTITUTE, 1999 USER PROFILE? • • • • CHRONICALLY ILL WOMEN MORE THAN MEN ?PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTRESS? SOME POST SECONDARY EDUCATION WHERE DO ILL PEOPLE GO? 6% 14% 35% NEITHER DOCTOR ONLY DOCTOR PLUS ALT. MED 45% ALT. MED. ONLY FR ASER INSTI TUTE, 1 99 9 HOW MANY VISITS ARE THERE? EISENBERG 1998 WHO SEES THE MOST PATIENTS? OF ALL VISITS TO ALTERNATIVE PRACTITIONERS…. HALF WERE FOR CHIROPRACTIC OR MASSAGE WHAT‟S GROWING THE FASTEST? • • • • • • • HERBAL (380%) MASSAGE SELF-HELP VITAMINS FOLK REMEDIES ENERGY HEALING HOMEOPATHY EISENBERG, 1998 WHAT DOES IT CO$T? • CANADA: $1.8 PROVIDERS • CANADA: $2.0 BILLION - BILLION - REMEDIES USA:$27 BILLION EQUALS OUT-OF-POCKET EXPENSES FOR ALL DOCTORS IN THE USA INTERNATIONAL EXPENSE? • AUSTRALIA1992/3 $621 million (AU) for remedies. $309 million for providers Compare with $360 million for patient drug contributions MacLennan A, 1996 TO WHAT EXTENT IS IT COVERED BY PRIVATE CARRIERS? • EISENBERG: MOST VISITS NOT COVERED • SAME AS IN 1990 WHAT MAKES AN INSURER COVER IT? • Pelletier, 1997, AM J Health Promotion • Interviewed 18 insurers offering CAM • Surveyed seven hospitals offering 3 or more CAM programs • Wanted to know what the criteria were for inclusion Factors Influencing Coverage • MARKET DEMAND Factors Influencing Whether to Increase Coverage • Proven Effectiveness (#1) • High Market Demand • Coverage Mandated by State Law • Potential Cost Savings What was Being Covered?* • Physical Therapy • Osteopathy • Chiropractic •Acupuncture •Preventive Medicine •Nutrition Counseling •Massage •Hypnotherapy • Biofeedback • Psychotherapy *To any extent under any policy by 9 or more of 18 insurers Was CAM Coverage “Successful”? “Although cost-benefit analyses are hotly debated there are little empirical data brought to bear on whether CAM will indeed decrease costs, or whether coverage of CAM will be an added expense.” Pelletier, 1997 SWISS EXPERIMENT Sommer, 1999 • 7500 OF 677,000 SUBSCRIBERS WERE GIVEN FREE CAM COVERAGE • RESULT: NO EFFECT ON SUBJECTIVE STATE OF HEALTH • NO DISCERNABLE EFFECT ON OVERALL SPENDING, BUT CAM USE WAS A POWERFUL PREDICTOR OF TRATMENT COSTS “BECAUSE THE DEMAND FOR HEALTH CARE (AND PRESUMABLY ALTERNATIVE THERAPIES) IS SENSITIVE TO HOW MUCH PATIENTS MUST PAY OUT OF POCKET, CURRENT USE IS LIKELY TO UNDERREPRESENT UTILIZATION PATTERNS IF INSURANCE COVERAGE FOR ALTERNATIVE THERAPIES INCREASES IN THE FUTURE.” EISENBERG D, 1998 “However, until there is clear scientific proof of the efficacy of particular CAM therapies, Each insurance company is left to decide for itself whether the effectiveness may exceed the costs of covering a particular therapy. Insurers want to know whether or not a particular therapy is cost effective.” Pelletier, 1997 SUMMARY OF DEMOGRAPHICS • Explosive growth in this decade • Use associated with chronic/incurable diseases and the “worried well” • More visits than to family doctors • Out of pocket costs top US $27 billion • Cost/benefit for insurers very DOES IT WORK? DOES IT WORK? • CHALLENGES FOR HEALTH CARE MANAGERS How to allocate resources to where they do the most good. Sort out reliable information. WHO TO BELIEVE? • PROPONENTS CITE PAPERS AS WELL AS TESTIMONIALS • AN EXPERT IN ONE FIELD MAY KNOW LITTLE ABOUT ANOTHER • WHAT CONSTITUTES GOOD EVIDENCE? THERE ARE SOME GROUND RULES • STANDARD,WIDELY ACCEPTED PRINCIPLES OF EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN • CRITERIA FOR RATING THE STRENGTH OF EVIDENCE BORING WHAT WE DO • BROAD-BASED COMMITTEE •BASIC SCIENTISTS •STATISTICIAN •CLINICIANS HOW WE DO IT THE BROAD STROKES 1. CLIENT HAS A QUESTION 2. CLIENT FORWARDS INITIAL INFORMATION 3. PRELIMINARY REVIEW BY CHAIR 4. SEARCH OF SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE HOW WE DO IT THE BROAD STROKES 5. INPUT FROM PROPONENTS 6. SELECTION OF CLINICAL TRIALS (OR BEST EVIDENCE) 7. REVIEW BY ENTIRE COMMITTEE 8. MEETING 9. FINAL DOCUMENT TO CLIENT SUMMARY • ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE IS GENERALLY UNPROVEN • EXPLOSIVE GROWTH • MAY BE AN ADD-ON TO EXISTING HEALTH SYSTEM • OBJECTIVE EVALUATION IS URGENTLY NEEDED TO PLAN HEALTH SPENDING

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