History of Educational TechnologyWhere Are We Going &Where Have We BeenHistory of Educational TechnologyEducational TechnologyObjectives:To identify events and devices of the past that contributed to the technological revolution.To examine the organizations and their viewpoints that have shaped technology use in the classroom today.To prepare for the future in educational technology by analyzing current trends and advances.History of Educational TechnologyEducational Technology“Technology is commonly thought of in terms of gadgets, instruments, machines and devices … most (educators) will defer to technology as computers.” (Muffoletto, 1994)TEAHistory of Educational TechnologyEducational TechnologyThe history of “Educational technology … can be traced back to the time when tribal priests systemized bodies of knowledge, and early cultures invented pictographs or sign writing to record and transmit information.”(Paul Saettler, 1990)History of Educational TechnologyHistory of “Computers”Abacus---Approximately 3000 BCCalculators---1600sPunched Card Devices---1800sFirst Electronic Computers---1940sMainframes---1950sMinicomputers---1960sMicrocomputers---1970sMicrocomputer Systems---1980sInternet---1990sHistory of Educational TechnologyAncient ComputingHistoryThe AbacusMechanical aid used for counting and making quick calculations.Still in use aroundthe world.Find out more about the Abacus in Resources.History of Educational TechnologyEarly Computing HistoryInvented the first mechanical calculator.The Pascalineused cogs and gears to solve math equations.Blaise PascalHistory of Educational TechnologyMechanical CalculatorsJoseph JacquardFirst “programmable”machine.Used punched cards (binary instructions) to automate weaving loom.Punched cards were a staple of early and modern computer programming.History of Educational TechnologyElectronic Computer SystemsUsed vacuum tubesin electronic circuits.Used punch cards to input and externally store data.Up to 4K of memory.Programming in machine language and assembly language.Required a compiler.First Generation:1943-1956History of Educational TechnologyFirst Generation: 1943-1956World’s first electronic digital computer.Used to produce WWII ballistic firing tables for the U.S. Defense Department.Electronic Numerical Integratorand Calculator (ENIAC)Check out the ENIAC exhibit.History of Educational Technology1956 IBM 350 RAMACSecond Generation: 1957-1964Visit the Computing History Timeline in Resources.Used transistors, developed by Bell Labs.Up to 32K of memory.Programming in computer languages, such as FORTRAN and COBOL.History of Educational TechnologyThird Generation: 1965-1971Used integrated circuits.Up to 3 million bytes of memory.Lower cost, smaller size, and increasing processor speed.History of Educational Technology1971, Intel develops 4004, the first microprocessor chip.Altair sold in 1975, the first personal computer. It is a kit that must be assembled.Apple Computer is formed in 1976 and sells 50 Apple I.Advances increase memory size, storage space, and processing speeds.Fourth Generation: 1972-NowMicrocomputer Revolution Begins.History of Educational TechnologyPersonal computers or PCs.Usually cost about $2,000 or less.Process over 1 billion operations per second.“Stand-alone” or connected to other computers as a network system.Fourth Generation: 1972-NowMicrocomputers TEAHistory of Educational TechnologyTim Berners-LeeDeveloped HTML and the World Wide Web (WWW)was born. 1990’s Connecting the WorldHistory of Educational TechnologyMarc AndreessenAn original developer of Mosaic, the first browser software able to read HTML. Co-founder of Netscape Communications.1990’s Connecting the WorldHistory of Educational TechnologyTechnologies of the FutureAdvanced robotics commonplaceSmart housesWearable computersHolodeck virtual realityTruly individualized educationCheck out Dave Moursund’s view of education in the year 2015, one of the Resources.The 21st CenturyHistory of Educational TechnologyThe 21st CenturyOnly recently focused on computers.Internet current primary trend.Communication with colleagues.Lesson plan preparation.Student resources.Access research and best practices for teaching.05:34.0TEAHistory of Educational TechnologyEducational TechnologySource information: NCES2000 Summer IssueHistory of Educational TechnologyEducational TechnologyOur Definition:“A combination of the processes and tools involved in addressing educational needs and problems, with an emphasis on applying the most current tools: computers and their related technologies.” (M. D. Roblyer, 2000)History of Educational TechnologyEducational TechnologyHas technology changed how and what we teach? History of Educational TechnologyEducational TechnologyTwo trends of today’s society:Explosive increase in number and type of technology resources available.Dramatic decrease in total cost of ownership (TCO).TEAHistory of Educational TechnologyEducational TechnologyCPU: Intel 4.77 MHz 8088Memory: 64KStorage: Single-sided, 160K 5” floppy disk driveDisplay: 12 inch monochromePrice: $2880.00IBM unveils first PC in 1981.Read aboutIBM Through the Yearsin Resources.History of Educational TechnologyEducational TechnologyChange in educational philosophy of what constitutes basic skillsNo longer just three R’s“Learning to learn” skills essentialLifelong learningTEAHistory of Educational TechnologyFour Different ViewsAssociation for Educational Communications & Technology (AECT)International Society for Performance Improvement (ISPI)International Technology Education Association (ITEA)International Society for Technology in Education (ISTE)History of Educational TechnologyFour Different ViewsAudiovisual Media Communications.Begun in 1923.Initially centered on radio.Quickly extended focus to include instructional film strips and educational television.Today, it includes global satellite broadcasting, two-way audio, and visual communications.AECTHistory of Educational TechnologyFour Different Views“Branch of educational theory and practice concerned primarily with the design and use of messages which control the learning process.”(Saettler, 1990, p. 9)Publications:TechTrendsHandbook of Research for Educational Communications and TechnologyVisit the AECT web site from Resources.AECTHistory of Educational TechnologyFour Different ViewsISPIInstructional systems approach based on Behaviorist theories“Systematic approach to designing, developing, and delivering instruction matched to carefully identified needs.”(Heinich, Molenda, Russell, & Smaldino, 1997)History of Educational TechnologyFour Different ViewsPublications:Performance Improvement JournalPerformance Improvement QuarterlyExplore ISPI resources at the ISPI web site.ISPIHistory of Educational TechnologyFour Different ViewsITEAIndustry trainers and vocational teachers.Schools should prepare students for work force Learning about technology as used in the “real world” is essential.History of Educational TechnologyFour Different ViewsITEAIncludes robotics, manufacturing systems, computer-assisted design (CAD).Publications:The Technology TeacherTechnology and ChildrenThe Journal of Technology EducationFind out more at the ITEA web site.History of Educational TechnologyFour Different ViewsISTEPrimary focus encompassed both instructional and support applications of computers.Begun by trainers and educators who predicted that computers would revolutionize education.Influenced by technical personnel, such as programmers and systems analysts.History of Educational TechnologyFour Different ViewsISTE National Educational Technology Standards for Students and Teachers (NETS)Publications:Learning and Leading with Technology (formerly The Computing Teacher)Journal of Research on Computing in EducationISTE’s website is one of the Resources.History of Educational TechnologyModern Ed Tech HistoryFirst instructional use of computers was as a flight simulator used to train pilots at MIT in 1950. Mainframe Computer SystemsHistory of Educational TechnologyModern Ed Tech HistoryFirst use in public schools taught New York elementary students binary arithmetic in 1959. Mainframe Computer SystemsHistory of Educational TechnologyModern Ed Tech HistoryFederal funds supported many large-scale projects in mainframe computer-assisted instruction (CAI) in schools, colleges, and universities through the middle of 1970’s.Mainframe Computer SystemsHistory of Educational TechnologyModern Ed Tech HistoryStanford University –first multimedia learning station, Course writerProgrammed Logic for Automatic Teaching Operations (PLATO)BYU –Time-shared Interactive Computer-Controlled Information Television (TICCIT)Mainframe Computer SystemsHistory of Educational TechnologyModern Ed Tech HistoryDesigned to support personalizedmastery learningIndividually Prescribed Instruction (IPI) -University of PittsburghProgram for Learning in Accordance with Needs (PLAN) -American Institutes of ResearchMainframe Computer SystemsHistory of Educational TechnologyModern Ed Tech HistoryNational Education Computing Conference (NECC)Created by mainframe programming enthusiasts from universities nationwide.First conference held in1979.Today is the largest educational technology conference in U.S. with attendance of 10,000+ people. History of Educational TechnologyModern Ed Tech HistoryIntroduced in late 1970’s.Adopted by public school systems during 1980’s.Apple IICommodore PETRadio Shack TRS -80Microcomputers in EducationHistory of Educational TechnologyModern Ed Tech HistoryEarly courseware developed for mainframes were provided by:Large hardware manufacturersSoftware systems companiesUniversity development projectsNew microcomputer software market driven primarily by educators.SoftwareHistory of Educational TechnologyModern Ed Tech HistoryMinnesota Educational Computing Consortium (MECC)Initially largest provider of educational software.Funded by National Science Foundation.MicroSift, EPIE Provided courseware evaluations.SoftwareHistory of Educational TechnologyModern Ed Tech History15:05.0Authoring systemsResponse to educators quest for input into design of educational software.Allowed educators to develop their own courseware.SoftwareTEAHistory of Educational TechnologyModern Ed Tech HistoryAuthoring systemsRequired extensive expertise.Extended time commitment.Expanded work investment.SoftwareTEAHistory of Educational TechnologyModern Ed Tech HistoryComputer Literacy Originally defined as programming skills and tools such as word processing.Today’s world can only agree that the term refers to skills that are constantly changing.15:45.0History of Educational TechnologyModern Ed Tech HistorySeymour PapertEducational theorist mentored by Jean Piaget.Developed programming language for young children based on constructivist theory of education.Raised national consciousness about potential of technology to change the educational system.16:25.0History of Educational TechnologyModern Ed Tech HistoryThe Internet and the WWWBiggest challenge for the public educational system has been how to prepare schools physically and train teachers effectively for its use in the classroom. 16:50.0TEAHistory of Educational TechnologyWhat We’ve LearnedComputer literacy or knowledge of computer applications is a moving target.Teaching students technical skills for today is valuable.More important are “learning to learn” tools for tomorrow and years to come.17:20.0History of Educational TechnologyWhat We’ve LearnedComputer-based materials are just one component of resources available to educational system.Integration of technology as a tool to advance learning in the content areas adds to the effectiveness of other resources and teacher created activities.18:00.0History of Educational TechnologyWhat We’ve LearnedDevelopment of technology materials and integration strategies is time intensive and should not be a classroom teacher’s primary responsibility –You’ve got enough to do!18:20.0TEAHistory of Educational TechnologyWhat We’ve LearnedEducators must keep pace with technological advances.But often times technology changes faster than the educational environment.Business and Industry must do it’s part in providing economical technology solutions.18:40.0History of Educational TechnologyWhat We’ve LearnedTeachers will always be necessary!Definition of learning environments are changing.Identity of classrooms must change.19:03.0TEAHistory of Educational TechnologyOur models of effective instruction must change too!Educators must be more than: Sage on the StageGuide on the SideWhat We’ve Learned19:40.0History of Educational TechnologyWhat We’ve LearnedVet in the NetToday’s teacher must be willing to be: A participating learner in the classroom.One who will take the same risks and not always have the right answer.A veteran learner in a network of learners called the classroom.20:10.0