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Chapter 9 Acids and Bases Ionization of Water The pH Scale LecturePLUS Timberlake 1 Ionization of Water Occasionally, in water, a H+ is transferred between H2O molecules .. H:O: + .. .. H:O:H + .. + .. H :O:H .. H .. :O:H.. H water molecules hydronium ion (+) LecturePLUS Timberlake hydroxide ion (-) 2 Pure Water is Neutral Pure water contains small, but equal amounts of ions: H3O+ and OH- H2O + H2O H3O+ + OH- H3O+ OH- hydronium hydroxide ion ion 1 x 10-7 M 1 x 10-7 M LecturePLUS Timberlake 3 Ion Product of Water Kw [ Kw ] = Molar concentration = = = [ H3O+ ] [ OH- ] [ 1 x 10-7 ][ 1 x 10-7 ] 1 x 10-14 LecturePLUS Timberlake 4 Acids  Increase H+  HCl (g) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)  More [H3O+] than water > 1 x 10-7M  As H3O+ increases, OH- decreases [H3O+] > [OH-] H3O+ OH5 LecturePLUS Timberlake Bases Increase the hydroxide ions (OH-) H2O NaOH (s) Na+(aq) + OH- (aq) More [OH-] than water, [OH-] > 1 x 10-7M  When OH- increases, H3O+ decreases [OH] > [H3O+] H3O+ LecturePLUS Timberlake OH6 Using Kw The [OH- ] of a solution is 1.0 x 10- 3 M. What is the [H3O+]? Kw = [H3O+ ] [OH- ] = 1.0 x 10-14 [H3O+] = [H3O+] = 1.0 x 10-14 [OH-] 1.0 x 10-14 1.0 x 10- 3 LecturePLUS Timberlake 7 = 1.0 x 10-11 M Learning Check pH1 The [H3O+] of lemon juice is 1.0 x 10-3 M. What is the [OH-] of the solution? 1) 2) 1.0 x 103 M 1.0 x 10-11 M 3) 1.0 x 1011 M LecturePLUS Timberlake 8 Solution pH1 The [H3O+] of lemon juice is 1.0 x 10- 3 M. What is the [OH-]? [OH- ] = 1.0 x 10 -14 1.0 x 10 - 3 = 1.0 x 10-11 M LecturePLUS Timberlake 9 Using the Calculator 1.0 x 10 -14 4.0 x 10-5 Enter 1.0 EE +/- 14  4.0 EE +/- 5 = 2.5 x 10 -10 LecturePLUS Timberlake 10 Learning Check pH2 The [OH-] of a solution is 5 x 10 -5 M. What is the [H3O+ ] of the solution? 1) 2) 3) 2 x 10- 5 M 1 x 1010 M 2 x 10-10 M LecturePLUS Timberlake 11 Solution pH2 The [OH-] of a water solution is 5 x 10-5 M. What is the [H3O+] in the solution? [ H3O+] = 1.0 x 10 -14 5 x 10- 5 On some calculators: 1.0 EE +/- 14  5 EE +/- 5 = 2 x 10 -10 M LecturePLUS Timberlake 12 Learning Check pH3 A.The [OH-] when [H3O+ ] of 1 x 10- 4 M 1) 1 x 10-6 M 2) 1 x 10-8 M 3) 1 x 10-10 M B.The [H3O+] when [OH- ] of 5 x 10-9 M 1) 1 x 10- 6 M 2) 2 x 10- 6 M 3) 2 x 10-7 M LecturePLUS Timberlake 13 Solution pH3 Kw = [H3O+ ][OH-] = 1.0 x 10 14 A. (3) [OH- ] = 1.0 x 10 -14 = 1.0 x 10 -10 1.0 x 10- 4 B. (2) [H3O+] = 1.0 x 10 -14 = 2 x 10 - 6 5 x 10- 9 LecturePLUS Timberlake 14 pH  Indicates the acidity [H3O+] of the solution  pH = - log [H3O+]  From the French pouvoir hydrogene (“hydrogen power” or power of hydrogen) LecturePLUS Timberlake 15 pH In the expression for [H3O+] 1 x 10-exponent the exponent = pH [H3O+] = 1 x 10-pH M LecturePLUS Timberlake 16 pH Range 0 1 2 3 4 5 Acidic 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Basic Neutral [H+]>[OH-] [H+] = [OH-] LecturePLUS Timberlake [OH-]>[H+] 17 Some [H3O+] and pH [H3O+] 1 x 10-5 M 1 x 10-9 M 1 x 10-11 M LecturePLUS Timberlake pH 5 9 11 18 pH of Some Common Acids gastric juice lemon juice vinegar orange juice coffee milk 1.0 2.3 2.8 3.5 5.0 6.6 LecturePLUS Timberlake 19 pH of Some Common Bases blood tears seawater milk of magnesia household ammonia 7.4 7.4 8.4 10.6 11.0 20 LecturePLUS Timberlake Learning Check pH4 A. The [H3O+] of tomato juice is 1 x 10-4 M. What is the pH of the solution? 1) - 4 2) 4 3) 8 B. The [OH-] of an ammonia solution is 1 x 10-3 M. What is the pH of the solution? 1) 3 2) 11 LecturePLUS Timberlake 3) -11 21 Solution pH4 A. pH = - log [ 1 x 10-4] = -(- 4) = 4 B. [H3O+] = 1 x 10-11 pH = - log [ 1 x 10- 11] = -(- 11) = 11 LecturePLUS Timberlake 22 Learning Check pH5 The pH of a soap is 10. What is the [H3O+] of the soap solution? 1) 1 x 10 - 4 M 2) 1 x 1010 M 3) 1 x 10 - 10 M LecturePLUS Timberlake 23 Solution pH5 The pH of a soap is 10. What is the [H3O+] of the soap solution? [H3O+] = 1 x 10-pH M = 1 x 10-10 M LecturePLUS Timberlake 24 pH on the Calculator [H3O+] is 4.5 x 10-6 M pH = 4.5 x EXP(or EE) 6+/- LOG +/= 5.35 LecturePLUS Timberlake 25 Learning Check pH6 A soap solution has a [H3O+] = 2 x 10-8 M. What is the pH of the solution? 1) 8 2) 7.7 3) 6 LecturePLUS Timberlake 26 Solution pH6 A soap solution has a [H3O+] = 2.0 x 10-8 M. What is the pH of the solution? B) 2.0 EE 8 +/LOG +/- = 7.7 LecturePLUS Timberlake 27 Learning Check pH7 Identify each solution as 1. acidic 2. basic A. _____ B. _____ C. _____ D. _____ HCl with a pH = 1.5 Pancreatic fluid [H+] = 1 x 10-8 M Sprite soft drink pH = 3.0 pH = 7.0 3. neutral E. _____ F. _____ [OH- ] = 3 x 10-10 M [H+ ] = 5 x 10-12 LecturePLUS Timberlake 28 Solution pH7 Identify each solution as 1. acidic 2. basic A. _1__ B. _2__ C. _1__ HCl with a pH = 1.5 Pancreatic fluid [H+] = 1 x 10-8 M Sprite soft drink pH = 3.0 3. neutral D. _3__ E. _1__ F. _2__ pH = 7.0 [OH-] = 3 x 10-10 M [H+] = 5 x 10-12 LecturePLUS Timberlake 29 Acid Rain Unpolluted rain has a pH of 5.6 Rain with a pH below 5.6 is “acid rain“ CO2 in the air forms carbonic acid CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ (aq) + HCO3-(aq) LecturePLUS Timberlake 30 Adds to H+ of rain H2CO3 Sources of Acid Rain Power stations Oil refineries Coal with high S content Car and truck emissions Bacterial decomposition, and lighting hitting N2 LecturePLUS Timberlake 31 SO2 NO and NO2 26 million tons in 1980 22 million tons in 1980 Mt. St Helens (1980) 400,000 tons SO2  Reactions with oxygen in air form SO3 2SO2 + O2 2 SO3  Reactions with water in air form acids SO3 + H2O NO + H2O HNO2 + H2O H2SO4 sulfuric acid HNO2 nitrous acid HNO3 nitric acid LecturePLUS Timberlake 32 Effects of Acid Rain  Leaches Al from soil, which kills fish  Fish kills in spring from runoff due to accumulation of large amounts of acid in snow  Dissolves waxy coatings that protect leaves from bacteria  Corrodes metals, textiles, paper and leather LecturePLUS Timberlake 33

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