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APPENDIX A









1

BIBLIOGRAPHY





1. Hadi Saadat, ”Power System Analysis ”, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company



Limited, 2002





2. A Report on Transmission Planning Study 2004, Nepal Electricity Authority





3. Rajesh Rajaraman, Fernando Alvarado et. al. Determination of Location and



Amount of Series Compensation to Increase Power Transfer Capability, IEEE



Transaction on Power Systems, Vol. 13, No. 2, May 1988





4. Real time Load Dispatch Data, Nepal Electricity Authority, Load Dispatch Centre,



Siuchatar.





5. Matt Matele, ABB power Systems AB, Vasteras, Sweden “Enhancing of



transmission capability by means of series compensation” PowerTech



Conference, Mumbai, India, October 1999





6. M. Noroozian, P. Halvarsson, Reactive Power Compensatin Division, ABB Power



Systems, S-721 64 Vasteras, Sweden, ”Applications of Controllable Series



Capacitors for Damping or Power Swings”, 5th Symposium of Specialists in



Electric and expansion Planning, (V SEPOPE), May 19-24, Brazil





7. Rolf Grunbaum, Ake Peterson, Bjorn Thorvaldsson, ”FACTS: Improving the



performance of electrical grids”, ABB Review 3, 2002.









2

8. Rolf Grunbaum, Mojtaba Noroozian, Bjorn Thorvaldsson, ABB Power Systems,



”FACTS – powerful system for flexible power transmission”, ABB Review



5/1999.





9. Tore Petersson, ABB Power Systems, Sweden, ”Reactive Power Compensation”,



ABB information bulletin.





10. Rahul Chokhawala, Bo Danelsson, Lennart Angquist, ”Power Semiconductors in



Transmission and Distribution Applications”.





11. ”Series Compensation, Boosting transmission capacity”, ABB brochure.





12. R. Grünbaum Jacques Pernot, ”Thyristor-controlled Series Compensation: A State



of art approach for optimization of transmission over power links” ABB Review





13. Dr. Vijay Vittal, E 457, ”Use of Series Compensation in Transmission Lines”





14. IEEE Standard for Series Capacitors in Power Systems, IEEE Std 824-1994



(Revision of IEEE Std 824-1985)





15. S.A. Soliman S.F. Mekhamer, M. E. El-Haw&y M. M. Mansour, M. A. Moustaf,



”State of the Art in Optimal Capacitor Allocation for Reactive Power



Compensation in Distribution Feeders”





16. E.J. de Oliveiraa,*, J.W. Marangon Limab, J.L.R. Pereira, ”Flexible AC



transmission system devices: allocation and transmission pricing”, Electrical



Power and Energy Systems 21 (1999) 111–118









3

17. A.S. Nayak and M.A. Pai, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,



”Congestion Management in Restructured Power Systems Using an Optimal



Power Flow Framework”, Masters Thesis and Project Report, Power Systems



Engineering Research Center





18. Narain G. Hingorani, ”Flexible ac transmission”, IEEE spectrum April 1993





19. S. S. Vadhera, ”Power Sys tem Analysis and Stability”, Khanna Publishers, 2000





20. Rakosh Das Begamudre, ”Extra High Voltage AC Transmission Engineering”





21. John J. Grainger, William D. Stevenson, Jr., ”Power System Analysis”,



McGraw-Hill, Inc.





22. M. V. Deshpande, ”Electrical Power System Design”, Tata-McGraw Hill



Publishing Company





23. Narain G. Hingorani, Laszlo Gyugyi, ”Understanding FACTS: Concepts and



Techonology of Flexible AC Transmission Systems” IEEE Press, Poscataway,



NJ 08855-1331









4

APPENDIX B









5

SERIES COMPENSATION TECHNOLOGY





Series compensation is used in numerous applications and locations around the world.

There are currently approximately 500 series compensation installations worldwide.

Series compensation is frequently found on long transmission lines used to improve

voltage regulation. Due to the long transmission lines, voltage begins to decay as the

line moves further from the source. Series compensation devices placed strategically

on the line increase the voltage profile of the line.





Another application where series compensation is commonly used includes situations

where improved power transfer capability is required. Series compensation is a valid

solution to increasing power transfer capabilities mainly because it is a more cost

effective method compared to other methods currently available. One less common

method to increasing power transfer capabilities is to install additional lines to an

existing system. Adding new lines presents many disadvantages when compared to

ain

using the alternative of series compensation. The m disadvantages posed when

installing additional lines to a system include astronomical equipment and installation

costs, long term planning and approval periods that can exceed 3 years, as well as

long-term installation periods. Series compensation does not pose any of the

disadvantages previously mentioned.





Series compensation is most well known for its use in improving system stability.

Added stability greatly improves how the grid can handle a fault. When stability is

questionable in certain areas, series compensation is a viable method used today to

improve its stability.





The applications previously mentioned are merely a select few of the uses that series

compensation devices provide. These applications and others are used throughout the

world to improve the system as a whole. One common location where series

compensation devices are used heavily is on long transmission lines fed from

hydroelectric generating plants. Many of the lines use the series compensation devices









6

to improve voltage regulation because the main load area is commonly several

hundred kilometers from the generating station, allowing for large voltage decay.





Series Compensation is used in order to decrease the transfer reactance of a power

line at power frequency. A series capacitor installation generates reactive power that,

in a self- regulating manner, balances a fraction of the line's transfer reactance. The

result is improved functionality of the power transmission system through:





• increased angular stability of the

power corridor





• improved voltage stability of the

corridor





• optimized power sharing between

parallel circuits





• Increases power transfer





• Improves reactive power balance





• Improves voltage regulation





• Economic savings









7

Series Capacitor installations are installed in series with a transmission line, which means



that all the equipment must be installed on a platform that is fully insulated for the system



voltage in question. On this steel platform, the main capacitor is located together with the



overvoltage protection circuits. The overvoltage protection is a key design factor as the



capacitor bank has to withstand the throughput fault current, even at a severe nearby fault.



The primary overvoltage protection typically involves non- linear metal-oxide varistors, a



spark gap and a fast bypass switch. Secondary protection is achieved with ground



mounted electronics acting on signals from optical current transducers in the high voltage



circuit.









Figure 1 A Typical Installation of Series Capacitor







SC PRINCIPLE





In a transmission system, the maximum active power transferable over a certain power



line is inversely proportional to the series reactance of the line. Thus, by compensating



the series reactance to a certain degree, using a Series Capacitor, an electrically shorter



line is realized and higher active power transfer is achieved. Since the series capacitor is



self-regulated, i.e. its output is directly (without control) proportional to the line current









8

itself, it will also partly balance the voltage drop caused by the transfer reactance.



Consequently, the voltage stability of the transmission system is raised.





Series compensation in a transmission system improves voltage control and reactive



power balance because the reactive power generation in series capacitors increases as the



transmitted power increases. In this respect, the series capacitor is a self- regulating



device. The transmission system configuration and the requirements regarding protective



equipment and reinsertion time determine the protective scheme to be adopted. The time



from when a faulty line section is disconnected until the series capacitors are again in full



operation is often the most essential factor to be taken into consideration.









Protection is much more important in series compensation than in shunt. The main reason



for this is the fact that the capacitors are placed in series with the line thus making the



device more susceptible to line currents than shunt capacitors. This need for additional



protection is one of the main reasons that series compensation is more costly than shunt



compensation. Approximately 40-50% of the total cost of a series compensation



installation goes to system protection.





There are numerous methods for protection implementation. These include the use of



fuses, varistors, and spark gap settings. Fuses are used to disconnect and isolate the



faulted section of a capacitor bank. By separating the capacitors into sections and



protecting each section by a different fuse, the risk of secondary faults can be eliminated.





Two types of fuse designs exist: external and internal. Internal fuse designs provide one



main advantage ove r external fuse designs in the sense that when a fault occurs, the



capacitance of the series compensation component will reduce by approximately 3%.







9

With respect to an external fuse design, a fault occurrence will result in the entire series



compensation unit being taken out of service.





Varistors, as mentioned earlier are used as another method for protection implementation.



The world’s first varistor protective scheme was put into practice in 1979 by General



Electric. This scheme allows for fast reinsertio n following disturbances, providing a cost



effective high-performance option.





Spark gap settings are another effective method of protection that works in conjunction



with varistors. This option provides excellent over-voltage protection and allows the



capacitor to remain in service during the majority of system faults. The main idea behind



a spark gap is that it enables the series capacitor to be bypassed in certain situations where



the varistor is unable to absorb currents during the presence of a fault.





The elimination of the spark gap improves reliability, eliminates gap maintenance issues,



reduces the required platform area, increases the capacitor bank’s availability, and lowers



the installation cost.





Depending on the environment in which the series capacitor is to operate, a suitable



protective principle will be specified.









• Single Gap Protective Principle





• Metal Oxide Varistor (MOV)









10

Figure 2 500 MVAR 400 kV Series Capacitor

at Isovaara, Swedish Power Grid









The basic protective scheme for series capacitors is shown in the diagram below. In



parallel with the capacitor bank, there is a spark gap which will by-pass the bank in the



event of excessive overvoltages caused by system faults. The short-circuit current then



flows through the spark gap instead of through the capacitors. A damping circuit limits



the amplitude and provides the required damping of the capacitor discharge current. To



by-pass and reinsert the series capacitors, a by-pass breaker is incorporated. The single-



gap scheme is designed to provide medium speed reinsertion, approximately. 200-400 ms,



which in most cases is fully adequate.





The characteristics of the above scheme



are:





• Very robust and reliable protective



equipment





• Non-self-extinguishing spark gaps





Figure 3Single Gap Series Capacitor • Medium-speed reinsertion









11

A non- linear resistor of zinc-oxide (ZnO) type limits the voltage across the series



capacitor during a fault sequence and reinserts the bank immediately on termination of



the fault current. The energy is normally absorbed by the ZnO varistor without



necessitating the firing of the spark gap or closing of the by-pass breaker. The series



capacitor and the ZnO varistor are in circuit during the fault period and reinsertion takes



place automatically and without delay when the line fault is cleared.





The characteristics of the ZnO scheme are:





• Static protective circuit





• Instantaneous reinsertion feature





• Inherent back-up protection





• Improved compensation efficiency





• Reduced reinsertion transients









12

Figure 4 MOV-Protection – Gap(Fig A) and Gapless System (Fig B)









Due to recent developments in Series Compensation Technology, many technical



problems have been solved and the failure rates of the capacitors and varistors used has



decreased. General Electric, ABB and Alstom have produced capacitors with an average



failure rate of approximately more than 0.3%.



System reliability when dealing with series capacitance was something that had been



inconsistent throughout different applications in the past. When a series compensation



application was implemented in Sweden in 1975, the system was extremely reliable. In



15,000 capacitor unit service years (number of capacitors multiplied by the number of



years), only 3 units had to be replaced. This was an average annual failure rate of less



than 0.1%. However, when a similar application was implemented in the United States in



the 1970’s, the system was much less reliable. There were problems with the reliability of



reinserting capacitance back into the system following disturbances. But due to advanced



technological improvements and strict IEEE standards for Series Capacitors [14] and a



separate IEEE committee for series capacitors, the Series Compensation Technology is



now well tested and proven.







13

DISADVANTAGES OF SERIES COMPENSATION





• High initial cost





• Heavy dependence on protection





• Past reinsertion problems following a disturbance





• Sub-synchronous resonance (Mojave)





The two main disadvantages of series compensation are the high initial costs and the



subsynchronous resonance. Advancements are being made to improve the protection of



series compensation. As the components used to protect this implementation method



become more reliable, they won’t need to be replaced as often and the system will be



operable for a longer time at the same overall cost.





Sub-synchronous resonance is another major problem when dealing with series



compensation. In 1971 at Southern California Edison’s Mojave station in Nevada, one of



the generator shafts broke unexpectedly. Upon checking into the problem, it was found



that the 60 Hz generator was producing 31 Hz, corresponding to a torsional resonance



frequency of 29 Hz, the complementary frequency for 60 Hz. After conducting research,



series compensation on the transmission line was found to have changed the electric



circuits natural frequency to coincide with the mechanical system’s natural frequency.



When these two frequencies matched up, oscillations at the resonance frequency of the



system began. In the case of the Mojave station, the oscillations were so strong that one of



the generator shafts actually broke. Currently, avoiding one generator’s natural frequency



can be done with relative ease. However, it is more difficult to avoid the frequencies of all



generators in a given power system.





14

APPENDIX C



POWER DEVELOPMENT MAP OF NEPAL









15

16

APPENDIX D



POWER DEVELOPMENT IN THE WESTERN REGION OF NEPAL









17

18

APPENDIX E



REAL TIME LOAD DISPATCHING DURING PEAK LOAD :

WESTERN REGION









19

20

APPENDIX F



REAL TIME LOAD DISPATCHING DURING PEAK LOAD: EASTERN

REGION









21

22

APPENDIX G



REAL TIME LOAD DISPATCHING DURING PEAK LOAD: INPS

TOTAL









23

24

APPENDIX H



LOAD FORECAST 2006-2010









25

Substation Forecast

04-05 05-06 06-07 07-08 08-09 09-10

Substation Bus No. Area

Load Load Load Load Load Load

MW MW MW $MW MW MW

Mahendranagar 101 West 2.8 2.99 3.16 3.45 4.79 6.18

Ataria 102 West 5.1 5.44 5.76 6.29 6.73 7.25

Lumki 103 West 0.7 0.75 0.79 0.86 0.92 1.00

Kohalpur 104 West 10.2 10.88 11.51 12.57 14.65 16.90

Lamahi 105 West 6.1 6.51 12.88 18.01 24.11 25.82

Aandhi Khola 106 West 4.6 4.91 5.19 5.67 6.07 6.54

Jhimruk 106 West 1.05 1.12 1.18 1.29 1.39 1.49

Shivapur 107 West 3.69 3.94 4.16 5.35 8.05 10.81

Butwal 108 West 33.7 35.96 38.03 41.54 44.45 47.94

Bardghat 110 West 5.7 6.08 6.43 7.03 7.52 8.11

Bharatpur 112 East 30.6 32.65 34.53 37.72 40.36 43.53

Dhalkebar 114 East 30.8 32.87 34.76 26.36 28.21 30.42

Lahan 115 East 8.1 8.64 9.14 9.98 10.68 11.52

Duhabi 116 East 42.4 45.24 47.85 52.26 56.53 61.52

Anarmani 117 East 17.5 18.67 19.75 21.57 23.08 24.89

Damauli 119 West 16.2 17.29 18.28 19.97 21.37 23.05

Pokhara 120 West 13.6 14.51 15.35 16.76 17.94 19.35

New Pokhara(Lekhnath) 5.4 5.76 6.09 6.66 7.12 7.68

Modi 126 West 3.1 3.31 3.50 3.82 4.09 4.41

Bhaktapur 130 Bagmati 15.7 16.75 17.72 19.35 20.71 22.33

Harisiddhi% 132 Bagmati 0 0.00 12.62 13.78 14.75 15.91

New Parwanipur@ 134 East 0 0.00 19.01 20.76 22.22 23.96

Attarkhel (Melamchi) 141 Bagmati 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Hetauda 601 East 5.6 5.98 6.32 6.90 7.39 7.97

Hetauda Cement*** 603 East 6.9 7.36 7.79 8.50 9.10 9.82

Amlekhgunj 604 East 0.32 0.34 0.36 0.39 0.42 0.46

Simra 605 East 22.27 23.76 25.13 27.45 29.38 31.68

Ashok*** 606 East 2.3 2.45 2.60 2.83 3.03 3.27

Jagadamba 606 East 6.9 7.36 7.79 8.50 9.10 9.82

Jyoti Spinning*** 607 East 1.42 1.52 1.60 1.75 1.87 2.02

Himal Iron 607 East 3.97 4.24 4.48 4.89 5.24 5.65

Triveni Spinning 607 East 5.6 5.98 6.32 6.90 7.39 7.97

26

Parwanipur 608 East 22.2 23.69 6.11 6.67 7.14 7.70

Birgunj 609 East 27.6 29.45 31.15 29.09 31.13 33.57

Siuchatar 610 Bagmati 14.8 15.79 16.70 18.24 19.52 21.05

Balaju 611 Bagmati 12.9 13.76 14.56 15.90 17.02 18.35

Lainchour 612 Bagmati 20.9 15.27 16.15 17.64 18.88 20.36

New Chabel 613 Bagmati 19.9 21.23 22.46 24.53 26.25 28.31

New Baneswor 615 Bagmati 26.8 28.60 26.11 28.52 30.52 32.92

New Patan 616 Bagmati 25.9 13.54 5.91 6.45 6.91 7.45

Sunkoshi 617 Bagmati 1.36 1.45 1.53 1.68 1.79 1.93

Trisuli 618 Bagmati 3.13 3.34 3.53 3.86 4.13 4.45

Devighat 619 Bagmati 2.7 2.88 3.05 3.33 3.56 3.84

Banepa 621 Bagmati 5.8 6.19 6.55 7.15 7.65 8.25

Panchkhal 623 Bagmati 2.6 2.77 2.93 3.20 3.43 3.70

Teku 630 Bagmati 23 24.54 25.96 28.35 30.34 32.72

K3& 631 Bagmati 0 21.25 22.47 24.55 26.27 28.33

Kawasoti# 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Chandranighapur## 0 0.00 0.00 16.71 17.88 19.28

Total Nepal Load 521.91 557.03 595.27 655.04 711.09 771.46



Raxaul (at 33 kV) 98001 India 0 0 0 0 0 0

Balmikinagar (at 132 kV) 98002 India 1.2 0 0 0 0 0

Thakurgunj (at 11 kV) 98003 India 0 0 0 0 0 0

Jogbani (at 11kV) 98004 India 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total Committed India Load 1.2 0 0 0 0 0





Total Requirment of NEA (excluding Balmikinagar) 521.9 557.0 595.3 655.0 711.1 771.5



Growth Rate 1.0671 1.0684 1.1001 1.0856 1.0849



NEA Forecast 2004 556.30 593.60 634.20 697.70 757.40 821.70



Total Load with Transmission Loss * 555.83 593.23 633.96 697.62 757.32 821.61









27

APPENDIX I





REAL TIME NODE VOTAGES : LDC DATA









28

-------------------------------------------------------------









Node voltages and power flows







Node Voltage Generation



Name kV MW MVAr



--------------------------------------------------------------------------------



MAHEN 132 128



ATARIA 132 128



LAMKI-132 130



JHIMRUK 132 135 11.2 .4



KOHAL 132 132



LAMAHI 132 134



SHIVPUR 132 134



HETAUDA 132 124



KG-A 138 94 22.23



BUTWAL 135



KL-2 (14 MW) 126 0 0



BARDGHT 132 135



GANDAK 132 136



LEKHNATH 132 135



POKHARA 132 135



MODI (14MW) 136 7.4 .5



DAMAULI 132 132



DHALKE 132 120



BHARTPUR 132 128



LAHAN 132 117



DUHABI-132 117



BKOSI(36 MW) 139 33.5 12.6



KHIMTI(60MW) 139 59.2 19.2



KUSAHA 0 0 0



MRS (68 MW ) 132 61.1 19.4



ANARMANI 132 116



LAMSANGU-132 139



SIU - 132 127



SIU-1 60.6



BKP-132



BALAJU 132 127







29

SUNKOSI 63.61 6.5 .7



PANCHKHAL-66 62.1



CHLME(22MW) 62.1 20.2 6.4



BANEPA - 66 59.9



DEVGHT(14MW) 60 0 0



TRSHL-A 60 0 0



BKP-66



BALAJU 66 61



LAIN 60.6



SIU-66



NEW CHABL 66 135



PATAN 59.2



GWARKHU



BANESWOR-66 60.7



TEKU - 66 60.2



HETAUDA - 66 58



KL-1 60.6 8.9 14.5



AMLEKH



SIMARA



PARWANI



BIRGUNJ 54.8



--------------------------------------------------------------------------------









Power flow in two-winding transformers







Node Node Loadflow



From Til MW MVAr ---------------



-------------------------------------------------------------------







HETAUDA 132 - HETAUDA - 66 28.6 18.1



SIU-1 - SIU-66 41.6 27



SIU-1 - SIU-66



BKP-132 - BKP-66 28.8 14.6



BALAJU 132 - BALAJU 66 17.6 1.8







----------------------------------------------------------------------------------









30

APPENDIX J





CAPACITANCE MVAR CALCULATIONS









31

Capacitance Calculations in MVAR for the required compensation



Vbase 132 kV MVAbase 100

Zbase 174.24



Level of Compensation in Butwal- Kaligandaki

Year Section



2009 0% 25% 50% 75%







Xcpu 0.06310 0.01578 0.03155 0.01578







Xc 10.99 2.75 5.50 2.75







MVAR 1584.79 396.20 792.39 1188.59









Additional Compensation in Butwal

Year

Bardghat Section for year 2010





2009 75%







Xcpu 0.0472







Xc 8.22







MVAR 1588.98









32

POWER FLOW RESULTS WITHOUT COMPENSATION 2009



powerflow2009 After few redispatches





Specify the level of Series compensation in Butwal Bardghat Section0

Specify the no. of circuit in Butwal Bardghat Section2

Power Flow Solution by Gauss-Seidel Method

Maximum Power Mismatch = 0.000976274

No. of Iterations = 104





Bus Voltage Angle ------Load------ ---Generation--- Injected

No. Mag. Degree MW Mvar MW Mvar Mvar





1 1.075 0.000 0.000 0.000 140.979 79.454 0.000

2 1.058 0.433 6.420 2.520 10.000 4.000 0.000

3 1.025 -2.421 9.640 3.780 78.000 46.595 0.000

4 0.931 -8.274 190.000 86.220 0.000 0.000 0.000

5 0.998 -5.244 7.500 2.940 0.000 0.000 0.000

6 1.018 -4.238 77.140 30.230 5.000 0.000 0.000

7 0.999 -5.193 4.000 1.570 7.000 1.790 0.000

8 1.061 1.011 22.480 8.810 0.000 0.000 0.000

9 1.080 4.668 0.000 0.000 89.000 1.494 0.000

10 1.008 -5.972 3.200 1.250 0.000 0.000 0.000

11 0.999 -7.211 55.000 21.560 30.000 14.000 0.000

12 1.009 -7.029 4.710 1.850 10.200 4.230 0.000

13 0.949 -7.516 0.000 0.000 27.100 23.750 0.000





Total 380.090 160.730 397.279 175.313 0.000







Line Flow and Losses





--Line-- Power at bus & line flow --Line loss-- Transformer

from to MW Mvar MVA MW Mvar tap





1 140.979 79.454 161.827

2 -3.642 16.625 17.019 0.077 -2.502

6 144.599 62.826 157.657 3.459 7.157







33

2 3.580 1.480 3.874

1 3.718 -19.126 19.484 0.077 -2.502

3 64.538 9.628 65.252 1.578 1.380

8 -64.583 10.991 65.512 0.284 0.237





3 68.360 42.815 80.661

2 -62.960 -8.248 63.498 1.578 1.380

4 131.262 51.037 140.835 7.833 15.339





4 -190.000 -86.220 208.648

3 -123.429 -35.698 128.488 7.833 15.339

5 -39.645 -26.463 47.666 1.398 0.731

13 -26.876 -24.060 36.073 0.200 -0.323





5 -7.500 -2.940 8.056

4 41.043 27.194 49.234 1.398 0.731

6 -45.550 -29.207 54.110 0.382 -3.223

7 -2.991 -0.927 3.131 0.001 -0.700





6 -72.140 -30.230 78.218

5 45.932 25.985 52.773 0.382 -3.223

1 -141.139 -55.669 151.721 3.459 7.157

10 23.063 -0.536 23.069 0.199 -2.494





7 3.000 0.220 3.008

5 2.992 0.226 3.000 0.001 -0.700





8 -22.480 -8.810 24.145

2 64.868 -10.754 65.753 0.284 0.237

9 -87.470 2.003 87.493 1.593 3.464





9 89.000 1.494 89.013

8 89.063 1.461 89.075 1.593 3.464





10 -3.200 -1.250 3.435

6 -22.864 -1.958 22.948 0.199 -2.494

11 19.674 0.712 19.687 0.124 -2.186







34

11 -25.000 -7.560 26.118

10 -19.550 -2.898 19.763 0.124 -2.186

12 -5.443 -4.670 7.171 0.041 -2.290





12 5.490 2.380 5.984

11 5.484 2.379 5.978 0.041 -2.290





13 27.100 23.750 36.034

4 27.076 23.737 36.008 0.200 -0.323





Total loss 17.170 14.590









35

POWERFLOW RESULTS USING SHUNT COMPENSATION 2009

50 MVAr Shunt Compensation at Butwal



Specify the level of Series compensation in Butwal Bardghat Section0



Specify the no. of circuit in Butwal Bardghat Section1







Power Flow Solution by Gauss-Seidel Method



Maximum Power Mismatch = 0.000800514



No. of Iterations = 80







Bus Voltage Angle ------Load------ ---Generation--- Injected



No. Mag. Degree MW Mvar MW Mvar Mvar







1 1.075 0.000 0.000 0.000 140.940 31.914 0.000



2 1.058 0.261 6.420 2.520 10.000 4.000 0.000



3 1.025 -2.758 9.640 3.780 78.000 45.055 0.000



4 0.933 -8.827 190.000 86.220 0.000 0.000 0.000



5 1.004 -6.187 7.500 2.940 0.000 0.000 0.000



6 1.046 -4.403 77.140 30.230 5.000 0.000 50.000



7 1.004 -6.137 4.000 1.570 7.000 1.790 0.000



8 1.061 0.839 22.480 8.810 0.000 0.000 0.000



9 1.080 4.497 0.000 0.000 89.000 1.336 0.000



10 1.037 -6.053 3.200 1.250 0.000 0.000 0.000



11 1.029 -7.226 55.000 21.560 30.000 14.000 0.000



12 1.038 -7.057 4.710 1.850 10.200 4.230 0.000



13 0.951 -8.071 0.000 0.000 27.100 23.750 0.000







Total 380.090 160.730 397.240 126.075 50.000









Line Flow and Losses







--Line-- Power at bus & line flow --Line loss-- Transformer



from to MW Mvar MVA MW Mvar tap







1 140.940 31.914 144.508



2 -0.657 15.727 15.740 0.067 -2.543



6 141.588 16.188 142.510 2.793 4.316







2 3.580 1.480 3.874







36

1 0.724 -18.269 18.284 0.067 -2.543



3 67.539 8.610 68.086 1.716 1.683



8 -64.559 11.129 65.511 0.284 0.237







3 68.360 41.275 79.854



2 -65.823 -6.927 66.187 1.716 1.683



4 134.109 48.178 142.501 8.016 15.737







4 -190.000 -86.220 208.648



3 -126.093 -32.441 130.199 8.016 15.737



5 -36.973 -29.706 47.429 1.372 0.632



13 -26.889 -24.063 36.084 0.200 -0.330







5 -7.500 -2.940 8.056



4 38.345 30.338 48.895 1.372 0.632



6 -42.831 -32.347 53.673 0.759 0.375



7 -2.992 -0.904 3.126 0.001 -0.708







6 -72.140 19.770 74.800



5 43.590 32.721 54.504 0.759 0.375



1 -138.795 -11.872 139.301 2.793 4.316



10 23.060 -1.088 23.086 0.188 -2.716







7 3.000 0.220 3.008



5 2.993 0.196 3.000 0.001 -0.708







8 -22.480 -8.810 24.145



2 64.843 -10.892 65.751 0.284 0.237



9 -87.464 2.155 87.490 1.592 3.463







9 89.000 1.336 89.010



8 89.056 1.307 89.066 1.592 3.463







10 -3.200 -1.250 3.435



6 -22.873 -1.627 22.930 0.188 -2.716



11 19.665 0.377 19.668 0.117 -2.367







11 -25.000 -7.560 26.118



10 -19.548 -2.744 19.739 0.117 -2.367







37

12 -5.454 -4.809 7.271 0.040 -2.432







12 5.490 2.380 5.984



11 5.494 2.378 5.986 0.040 -2.432







13 27.100 23.750 36.034



4 27.089 23.733 36.015 0.200 -0.330







Total loss 17.144 15.347









38

powerflow2009

Specify the level of Series compensation in Kaligandaki Butwal Bardghat Bharatpur

Section.75

Specify the no. of circuit in Butwal Bardghat Section2

Power Flow Solution by Gauss-Seidel Method

Maximum Power Mismatch = 0.000867619

No. of Iterations = 287





Bus Voltage Angle ------Load------ ---Generation--- Injected

No. Mag. Degree MW Mvar MW Mvar Mvar





1 1.075 0.000 0.000 0.000 140.529 74.580 0.000

2 1.063 2.571 6.420 2.520 10.000 4.000 0.000

3 1.045 1.589 9.640 3.780 78.000 34.893 0.000

4 0.974 -2.200 190.000 86.220 0.000 0.000 0.000

5 1.026 -1.352 7.500 2.940 0.000 0.000 0.000

6 1.040 -1.027 77.140 30.230 5.000 0.000 0.000

7 1.027 -1.303 4.000 1.570 7.000 1.790 0.000

8 1.065 3.164 22.480 8.810 0.000 0.000 0.000

9 1.080 6.863 0.000 0.000 89.000 -3.607 0.000

10 1.031 -2.693 3.200 1.250 0.000 0.000 0.000

11 1.023 -3.880 55.000 21.560 30.000 14.000 0.000

12 1.033 -3.708 4.710 1.850 10.200 4.230 0.000

13 0.991 -1.506 0.000 0.000 27.100 23.750 0.000





Total 380.090 160.730 396.829 153.635 0.000







Line Flow and Losses





--Line-- Power at bus & line flow --Line loss-- Transformer

from to MW Mvar MVA MW Mvar tap





1 140.529 74.580 159.092

2 -42.304 22.381 47.859 0.533 -0.656

6 182.766 52.252 190.088 4.991 -1.828





2 3.580 1.480 3.874







39

1 42.837 -23.037 48.638 0.533 -0.656

3 25.370 8.409 26.728 0.268 -1.541

8 -64.619 16.104 66.596 0.291 0.249





3 68.360 31.113 75.107

2 -25.102 -9.950 27.002 0.268 -1.541

4 93.451 40.978 102.040 3.968 6.746





4 -190.000 -86.220 208.648

3 -89.482 -34.232 95.807 3.968 6.746

5 -73.519 -27.722 78.572 3.544 -0.983

13 -26.902 -24.310 36.259 0.185 -0.492





5 -7.500 -2.940 8.056

4 77.063 26.740 81.570 3.544 -0.983

6 -81.688 -28.726 86.592 0.951 -3.954

7 -3.045 -0.954 3.191 0.001 -0.740





6 -72.140 -30.230 78.218

5 82.639 24.773 86.272 0.951 -3.954

1 -177.775 -54.079 185.819 4.991 -1.828

10 23.061 -0.979 23.081 0.190 -2.672





7 3.000 0.220 3.008

5 3.046 0.214 3.054 0.001 -0.740





8 -22.480 -8.810 24.145

2 64.910 -15.855 66.819 0.291 0.249

9 -87.403 7.050 87.687 1.590 3.447





9 89.000 -3.607 89.073

8 88.993 -3.603 89.066 1.590 3.447





10 -3.200 -1.250 3.435

6 -22.871 -1.692 22.933 0.190 -2.672

11 19.672 0.450 19.677 0.118 -2.330





11 -25.000 -7.560 26.118







40

10 -19.553 -2.780 19.750 0.118 -2.330

12 -5.454 -4.780 7.252 0.040 -2.403





12 5.490 2.380 5.984

11 5.494 2.377 5.986 0.040 -2.403





13 27.100 23.750 36.034

4 27.087 23.818 36.069 0.185 -0.492







Total loss 16.670 -7.157









41


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