APPENDIX A
1
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Hadi Saadat, ”Power System Analysis ”, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company
Limited, 2002
2. A Report on Transmission Planning Study 2004, Nepal Electricity Authority
3. Rajesh Rajaraman, Fernando Alvarado et. al. Determination of Location and
Amount of Series Compensation to Increase Power Transfer Capability, IEEE
Transaction on Power Systems, Vol. 13, No. 2, May 1988
4. Real time Load Dispatch Data, Nepal Electricity Authority, Load Dispatch Centre,
Siuchatar.
5. Matt Matele, ABB power Systems AB, Vasteras, Sweden “Enhancing of
transmission capability by means of series compensation” PowerTech
Conference, Mumbai, India, October 1999
6. M. Noroozian, P. Halvarsson, Reactive Power Compensatin Division, ABB Power
Systems, S-721 64 Vasteras, Sweden, ”Applications of Controllable Series
Capacitors for Damping or Power Swings”, 5th Symposium of Specialists in
Electric and expansion Planning, (V SEPOPE), May 19-24, Brazil
7. Rolf Grunbaum, Ake Peterson, Bjorn Thorvaldsson, ”FACTS: Improving the
performance of electrical grids”, ABB Review 3, 2002.
2
8. Rolf Grunbaum, Mojtaba Noroozian, Bjorn Thorvaldsson, ABB Power Systems,
”FACTS – powerful system for flexible power transmission”, ABB Review
5/1999.
9. Tore Petersson, ABB Power Systems, Sweden, ”Reactive Power Compensation”,
ABB information bulletin.
10. Rahul Chokhawala, Bo Danelsson, Lennart Angquist, ”Power Semiconductors in
Transmission and Distribution Applications”.
11. ”Series Compensation, Boosting transmission capacity”, ABB brochure.
12. R. Grünbaum Jacques Pernot, ”Thyristor-controlled Series Compensation: A State
of art approach for optimization of transmission over power links” ABB Review
13. Dr. Vijay Vittal, E 457, ”Use of Series Compensation in Transmission Lines”
14. IEEE Standard for Series Capacitors in Power Systems, IEEE Std 824-1994
(Revision of IEEE Std 824-1985)
15. S.A. Soliman S.F. Mekhamer, M. E. El-Haw&y M. M. Mansour, M. A. Moustaf,
”State of the Art in Optimal Capacitor Allocation for Reactive Power
Compensation in Distribution Feeders”
16. E.J. de Oliveiraa,*, J.W. Marangon Limab, J.L.R. Pereira, ”Flexible AC
transmission system devices: allocation and transmission pricing”, Electrical
Power and Energy Systems 21 (1999) 111–118
3
17. A.S. Nayak and M.A. Pai, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,
”Congestion Management in Restructured Power Systems Using an Optimal
Power Flow Framework”, Masters Thesis and Project Report, Power Systems
Engineering Research Center
18. Narain G. Hingorani, ”Flexible ac transmission”, IEEE spectrum April 1993
19. S. S. Vadhera, ”Power Sys tem Analysis and Stability”, Khanna Publishers, 2000
20. Rakosh Das Begamudre, ”Extra High Voltage AC Transmission Engineering”
21. John J. Grainger, William D. Stevenson, Jr., ”Power System Analysis”,
McGraw-Hill, Inc.
22. M. V. Deshpande, ”Electrical Power System Design”, Tata-McGraw Hill
Publishing Company
23. Narain G. Hingorani, Laszlo Gyugyi, ”Understanding FACTS: Concepts and
Techonology of Flexible AC Transmission Systems” IEEE Press, Poscataway,
NJ 08855-1331
4
APPENDIX B
5
SERIES COMPENSATION TECHNOLOGY
Series compensation is used in numerous applications and locations around the world.
There are currently approximately 500 series compensation installations worldwide.
Series compensation is frequently found on long transmission lines used to improve
voltage regulation. Due to the long transmission lines, voltage begins to decay as the
line moves further from the source. Series compensation devices placed strategically
on the line increase the voltage profile of the line.
Another application where series compensation is commonly used includes situations
where improved power transfer capability is required. Series compensation is a valid
solution to increasing power transfer capabilities mainly because it is a more cost
effective method compared to other methods currently available. One less common
method to increasing power transfer capabilities is to install additional lines to an
existing system. Adding new lines presents many disadvantages when compared to
ain
using the alternative of series compensation. The m disadvantages posed when
installing additional lines to a system include astronomical equipment and installation
costs, long term planning and approval periods that can exceed 3 years, as well as
long-term installation periods. Series compensation does not pose any of the
disadvantages previously mentioned.
Series compensation is most well known for its use in improving system stability.
Added stability greatly improves how the grid can handle a fault. When stability is
questionable in certain areas, series compensation is a viable method used today to
improve its stability.
The applications previously mentioned are merely a select few of the uses that series
compensation devices provide. These applications and others are used throughout the
world to improve the system as a whole. One common location where series
compensation devices are used heavily is on long transmission lines fed from
hydroelectric generating plants. Many of the lines use the series compensation devices
6
to improve voltage regulation because the main load area is commonly several
hundred kilometers from the generating station, allowing for large voltage decay.
Series Compensation is used in order to decrease the transfer reactance of a power
line at power frequency. A series capacitor installation generates reactive power that,
in a self- regulating manner, balances a fraction of the line's transfer reactance. The
result is improved functionality of the power transmission system through:
• increased angular stability of the
power corridor
• improved voltage stability of the
corridor
• optimized power sharing between
parallel circuits
• Increases power transfer
• Improves reactive power balance
• Improves voltage regulation
• Economic savings
7
Series Capacitor installations are installed in series with a transmission line, which means
that all the equipment must be installed on a platform that is fully insulated for the system
voltage in question. On this steel platform, the main capacitor is located together with the
overvoltage protection circuits. The overvoltage protection is a key design factor as the
capacitor bank has to withstand the throughput fault current, even at a severe nearby fault.
The primary overvoltage protection typically involves non- linear metal-oxide varistors, a
spark gap and a fast bypass switch. Secondary protection is achieved with ground
mounted electronics acting on signals from optical current transducers in the high voltage
circuit.
Figure 1 A Typical Installation of Series Capacitor
SC PRINCIPLE
In a transmission system, the maximum active power transferable over a certain power
line is inversely proportional to the series reactance of the line. Thus, by compensating
the series reactance to a certain degree, using a Series Capacitor, an electrically shorter
line is realized and higher active power transfer is achieved. Since the series capacitor is
self-regulated, i.e. its output is directly (without control) proportional to the line current
8
itself, it will also partly balance the voltage drop caused by the transfer reactance.
Consequently, the voltage stability of the transmission system is raised.
Series compensation in a transmission system improves voltage control and reactive
power balance because the reactive power generation in series capacitors increases as the
transmitted power increases. In this respect, the series capacitor is a self- regulating
device. The transmission system configuration and the requirements regarding protective
equipment and reinsertion time determine the protective scheme to be adopted. The time
from when a faulty line section is disconnected until the series capacitors are again in full
operation is often the most essential factor to be taken into consideration.
Protection is much more important in series compensation than in shunt. The main reason
for this is the fact that the capacitors are placed in series with the line thus making the
device more susceptible to line currents than shunt capacitors. This need for additional
protection is one of the main reasons that series compensation is more costly than shunt
compensation. Approximately 40-50% of the total cost of a series compensation
installation goes to system protection.
There are numerous methods for protection implementation. These include the use of
fuses, varistors, and spark gap settings. Fuses are used to disconnect and isolate the
faulted section of a capacitor bank. By separating the capacitors into sections and
protecting each section by a different fuse, the risk of secondary faults can be eliminated.
Two types of fuse designs exist: external and internal. Internal fuse designs provide one
main advantage ove r external fuse designs in the sense that when a fault occurs, the
capacitance of the series compensation component will reduce by approximately 3%.
9
With respect to an external fuse design, a fault occurrence will result in the entire series
compensation unit being taken out of service.
Varistors, as mentioned earlier are used as another method for protection implementation.
The world’s first varistor protective scheme was put into practice in 1979 by General
Electric. This scheme allows for fast reinsertio n following disturbances, providing a cost
effective high-performance option.
Spark gap settings are another effective method of protection that works in conjunction
with varistors. This option provides excellent over-voltage protection and allows the
capacitor to remain in service during the majority of system faults. The main idea behind
a spark gap is that it enables the series capacitor to be bypassed in certain situations where
the varistor is unable to absorb currents during the presence of a fault.
The elimination of the spark gap improves reliability, eliminates gap maintenance issues,
reduces the required platform area, increases the capacitor bank’s availability, and lowers
the installation cost.
Depending on the environment in which the series capacitor is to operate, a suitable
protective principle will be specified.
• Single Gap Protective Principle
• Metal Oxide Varistor (MOV)
10
Figure 2 500 MVAR 400 kV Series Capacitor
at Isovaara, Swedish Power Grid
The basic protective scheme for series capacitors is shown in the diagram below. In
parallel with the capacitor bank, there is a spark gap which will by-pass the bank in the
event of excessive overvoltages caused by system faults. The short-circuit current then
flows through the spark gap instead of through the capacitors. A damping circuit limits
the amplitude and provides the required damping of the capacitor discharge current. To
by-pass and reinsert the series capacitors, a by-pass breaker is incorporated. The single-
gap scheme is designed to provide medium speed reinsertion, approximately. 200-400 ms,
which in most cases is fully adequate.
The characteristics of the above scheme
are:
• Very robust and reliable protective
equipment
• Non-self-extinguishing spark gaps
Figure 3Single Gap Series Capacitor • Medium-speed reinsertion
11
A non- linear resistor of zinc-oxide (ZnO) type limits the voltage across the series
capacitor during a fault sequence and reinserts the bank immediately on termination of
the fault current. The energy is normally absorbed by the ZnO varistor without
necessitating the firing of the spark gap or closing of the by-pass breaker. The series
capacitor and the ZnO varistor are in circuit during the fault period and reinsertion takes
place automatically and without delay when the line fault is cleared.
The characteristics of the ZnO scheme are:
• Static protective circuit
• Instantaneous reinsertion feature
• Inherent back-up protection
• Improved compensation efficiency
• Reduced reinsertion transients
12
Figure 4 MOV-Protection – Gap(Fig A) and Gapless System (Fig B)
Due to recent developments in Series Compensation Technology, many technical
problems have been solved and the failure rates of the capacitors and varistors used has
decreased. General Electric, ABB and Alstom have produced capacitors with an average
failure rate of approximately more than 0.3%.
System reliability when dealing with series capacitance was something that had been
inconsistent throughout different applications in the past. When a series compensation
application was implemented in Sweden in 1975, the system was extremely reliable. In
15,000 capacitor unit service years (number of capacitors multiplied by the number of
years), only 3 units had to be replaced. This was an average annual failure rate of less
than 0.1%. However, when a similar application was implemented in the United States in
the 1970’s, the system was much less reliable. There were problems with the reliability of
reinserting capacitance back into the system following disturbances. But due to advanced
technological improvements and strict IEEE standards for Series Capacitors [14] and a
separate IEEE committee for series capacitors, the Series Compensation Technology is
now well tested and proven.
13
DISADVANTAGES OF SERIES COMPENSATION
• High initial cost
• Heavy dependence on protection
• Past reinsertion problems following a disturbance
• Sub-synchronous resonance (Mojave)
The two main disadvantages of series compensation are the high initial costs and the
subsynchronous resonance. Advancements are being made to improve the protection of
series compensation. As the components used to protect this implementation method
become more reliable, they won’t need to be replaced as often and the system will be
operable for a longer time at the same overall cost.
Sub-synchronous resonance is another major problem when dealing with series
compensation. In 1971 at Southern California Edison’s Mojave station in Nevada, one of
the generator shafts broke unexpectedly. Upon checking into the problem, it was found
that the 60 Hz generator was producing 31 Hz, corresponding to a torsional resonance
frequency of 29 Hz, the complementary frequency for 60 Hz. After conducting research,
series compensation on the transmission line was found to have changed the electric
circuits natural frequency to coincide with the mechanical system’s natural frequency.
When these two frequencies matched up, oscillations at the resonance frequency of the
system began. In the case of the Mojave station, the oscillations were so strong that one of
the generator shafts actually broke. Currently, avoiding one generator’s natural frequency
can be done with relative ease. However, it is more difficult to avoid the frequencies of all
generators in a given power system.
14
APPENDIX C
POWER DEVELOPMENT MAP OF NEPAL
15
16
APPENDIX D
POWER DEVELOPMENT IN THE WESTERN REGION OF NEPAL
17
18
APPENDIX E
REAL TIME LOAD DISPATCHING DURING PEAK LOAD :
WESTERN REGION
19
20
APPENDIX F
REAL TIME LOAD DISPATCHING DURING PEAK LOAD: EASTERN
REGION
21
22
APPENDIX G
REAL TIME LOAD DISPATCHING DURING PEAK LOAD: INPS
TOTAL
23
24
APPENDIX H
LOAD FORECAST 2006-2010
25
Substation Forecast
04-05 05-06 06-07 07-08 08-09 09-10
Substation Bus No. Area
Load Load Load Load Load Load
MW MW MW $MW MW MW
Mahendranagar 101 West 2.8 2.99 3.16 3.45 4.79 6.18
Ataria 102 West 5.1 5.44 5.76 6.29 6.73 7.25
Lumki 103 West 0.7 0.75 0.79 0.86 0.92 1.00
Kohalpur 104 West 10.2 10.88 11.51 12.57 14.65 16.90
Lamahi 105 West 6.1 6.51 12.88 18.01 24.11 25.82
Aandhi Khola 106 West 4.6 4.91 5.19 5.67 6.07 6.54
Jhimruk 106 West 1.05 1.12 1.18 1.29 1.39 1.49
Shivapur 107 West 3.69 3.94 4.16 5.35 8.05 10.81
Butwal 108 West 33.7 35.96 38.03 41.54 44.45 47.94
Bardghat 110 West 5.7 6.08 6.43 7.03 7.52 8.11
Bharatpur 112 East 30.6 32.65 34.53 37.72 40.36 43.53
Dhalkebar 114 East 30.8 32.87 34.76 26.36 28.21 30.42
Lahan 115 East 8.1 8.64 9.14 9.98 10.68 11.52
Duhabi 116 East 42.4 45.24 47.85 52.26 56.53 61.52
Anarmani 117 East 17.5 18.67 19.75 21.57 23.08 24.89
Damauli 119 West 16.2 17.29 18.28 19.97 21.37 23.05
Pokhara 120 West 13.6 14.51 15.35 16.76 17.94 19.35
New Pokhara(Lekhnath) 5.4 5.76 6.09 6.66 7.12 7.68
Modi 126 West 3.1 3.31 3.50 3.82 4.09 4.41
Bhaktapur 130 Bagmati 15.7 16.75 17.72 19.35 20.71 22.33
Harisiddhi% 132 Bagmati 0 0.00 12.62 13.78 14.75 15.91
New Parwanipur@ 134 East 0 0.00 19.01 20.76 22.22 23.96
Attarkhel (Melamchi) 141 Bagmati 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Hetauda 601 East 5.6 5.98 6.32 6.90 7.39 7.97
Hetauda Cement*** 603 East 6.9 7.36 7.79 8.50 9.10 9.82
Amlekhgunj 604 East 0.32 0.34 0.36 0.39 0.42 0.46
Simra 605 East 22.27 23.76 25.13 27.45 29.38 31.68
Ashok*** 606 East 2.3 2.45 2.60 2.83 3.03 3.27
Jagadamba 606 East 6.9 7.36 7.79 8.50 9.10 9.82
Jyoti Spinning*** 607 East 1.42 1.52 1.60 1.75 1.87 2.02
Himal Iron 607 East 3.97 4.24 4.48 4.89 5.24 5.65
Triveni Spinning 607 East 5.6 5.98 6.32 6.90 7.39 7.97
26
Parwanipur 608 East 22.2 23.69 6.11 6.67 7.14 7.70
Birgunj 609 East 27.6 29.45 31.15 29.09 31.13 33.57
Siuchatar 610 Bagmati 14.8 15.79 16.70 18.24 19.52 21.05
Balaju 611 Bagmati 12.9 13.76 14.56 15.90 17.02 18.35
Lainchour 612 Bagmati 20.9 15.27 16.15 17.64 18.88 20.36
New Chabel 613 Bagmati 19.9 21.23 22.46 24.53 26.25 28.31
New Baneswor 615 Bagmati 26.8 28.60 26.11 28.52 30.52 32.92
New Patan 616 Bagmati 25.9 13.54 5.91 6.45 6.91 7.45
Sunkoshi 617 Bagmati 1.36 1.45 1.53 1.68 1.79 1.93
Trisuli 618 Bagmati 3.13 3.34 3.53 3.86 4.13 4.45
Devighat 619 Bagmati 2.7 2.88 3.05 3.33 3.56 3.84
Banepa 621 Bagmati 5.8 6.19 6.55 7.15 7.65 8.25
Panchkhal 623 Bagmati 2.6 2.77 2.93 3.20 3.43 3.70
Teku 630 Bagmati 23 24.54 25.96 28.35 30.34 32.72
K3& 631 Bagmati 0 21.25 22.47 24.55 26.27 28.33
Kawasoti# 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Chandranighapur## 0 0.00 0.00 16.71 17.88 19.28
Total Nepal Load 521.91 557.03 595.27 655.04 711.09 771.46
Raxaul (at 33 kV) 98001 India 0 0 0 0 0 0
Balmikinagar (at 132 kV) 98002 India 1.2 0 0 0 0 0
Thakurgunj (at 11 kV) 98003 India 0 0 0 0 0 0
Jogbani (at 11kV) 98004 India 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total Committed India Load 1.2 0 0 0 0 0
Total Requirment of NEA (excluding Balmikinagar) 521.9 557.0 595.3 655.0 711.1 771.5
Growth Rate 1.0671 1.0684 1.1001 1.0856 1.0849
NEA Forecast 2004 556.30 593.60 634.20 697.70 757.40 821.70
Total Load with Transmission Loss * 555.83 593.23 633.96 697.62 757.32 821.61
27
APPENDIX I
REAL TIME NODE VOTAGES : LDC DATA
28
-------------------------------------------------------------
Node voltages and power flows
Node Voltage Generation
Name kV MW MVAr
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
MAHEN 132 128
ATARIA 132 128
LAMKI-132 130
JHIMRUK 132 135 11.2 .4
KOHAL 132 132
LAMAHI 132 134
SHIVPUR 132 134
HETAUDA 132 124
KG-A 138 94 22.23
BUTWAL 135
KL-2 (14 MW) 126 0 0
BARDGHT 132 135
GANDAK 132 136
LEKHNATH 132 135
POKHARA 132 135
MODI (14MW) 136 7.4 .5
DAMAULI 132 132
DHALKE 132 120
BHARTPUR 132 128
LAHAN 132 117
DUHABI-132 117
BKOSI(36 MW) 139 33.5 12.6
KHIMTI(60MW) 139 59.2 19.2
KUSAHA 0 0 0
MRS (68 MW ) 132 61.1 19.4
ANARMANI 132 116
LAMSANGU-132 139
SIU - 132 127
SIU-1 60.6
BKP-132
BALAJU 132 127
29
SUNKOSI 63.61 6.5 .7
PANCHKHAL-66 62.1
CHLME(22MW) 62.1 20.2 6.4
BANEPA - 66 59.9
DEVGHT(14MW) 60 0 0
TRSHL-A 60 0 0
BKP-66
BALAJU 66 61
LAIN 60.6
SIU-66
NEW CHABL 66 135
PATAN 59.2
GWARKHU
BANESWOR-66 60.7
TEKU - 66 60.2
HETAUDA - 66 58
KL-1 60.6 8.9 14.5
AMLEKH
SIMARA
PARWANI
BIRGUNJ 54.8
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Power flow in two-winding transformers
Node Node Loadflow
From Til MW MVAr ---------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------
HETAUDA 132 - HETAUDA - 66 28.6 18.1
SIU-1 - SIU-66 41.6 27
SIU-1 - SIU-66
BKP-132 - BKP-66 28.8 14.6
BALAJU 132 - BALAJU 66 17.6 1.8
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
30
APPENDIX J
CAPACITANCE MVAR CALCULATIONS
31
Capacitance Calculations in MVAR for the required compensation
Vbase 132 kV MVAbase 100
Zbase 174.24
Level of Compensation in Butwal- Kaligandaki
Year Section
2009 0% 25% 50% 75%
Xcpu 0.06310 0.01578 0.03155 0.01578
Xc 10.99 2.75 5.50 2.75
MVAR 1584.79 396.20 792.39 1188.59
Additional Compensation in Butwal
Year
Bardghat Section for year 2010
2009 75%
Xcpu 0.0472
Xc 8.22
MVAR 1588.98
32
POWER FLOW RESULTS WITHOUT COMPENSATION 2009
powerflow2009 After few redispatches
Specify the level of Series compensation in Butwal Bardghat Section0
Specify the no. of circuit in Butwal Bardghat Section2
Power Flow Solution by Gauss-Seidel Method
Maximum Power Mismatch = 0.000976274
No. of Iterations = 104
Bus Voltage Angle ------Load------ ---Generation--- Injected
No. Mag. Degree MW Mvar MW Mvar Mvar
1 1.075 0.000 0.000 0.000 140.979 79.454 0.000
2 1.058 0.433 6.420 2.520 10.000 4.000 0.000
3 1.025 -2.421 9.640 3.780 78.000 46.595 0.000
4 0.931 -8.274 190.000 86.220 0.000 0.000 0.000
5 0.998 -5.244 7.500 2.940 0.000 0.000 0.000
6 1.018 -4.238 77.140 30.230 5.000 0.000 0.000
7 0.999 -5.193 4.000 1.570 7.000 1.790 0.000
8 1.061 1.011 22.480 8.810 0.000 0.000 0.000
9 1.080 4.668 0.000 0.000 89.000 1.494 0.000
10 1.008 -5.972 3.200 1.250 0.000 0.000 0.000
11 0.999 -7.211 55.000 21.560 30.000 14.000 0.000
12 1.009 -7.029 4.710 1.850 10.200 4.230 0.000
13 0.949 -7.516 0.000 0.000 27.100 23.750 0.000
Total 380.090 160.730 397.279 175.313 0.000
Line Flow and Losses
--Line-- Power at bus & line flow --Line loss-- Transformer
from to MW Mvar MVA MW Mvar tap
1 140.979 79.454 161.827
2 -3.642 16.625 17.019 0.077 -2.502
6 144.599 62.826 157.657 3.459 7.157
33
2 3.580 1.480 3.874
1 3.718 -19.126 19.484 0.077 -2.502
3 64.538 9.628 65.252 1.578 1.380
8 -64.583 10.991 65.512 0.284 0.237
3 68.360 42.815 80.661
2 -62.960 -8.248 63.498 1.578 1.380
4 131.262 51.037 140.835 7.833 15.339
4 -190.000 -86.220 208.648
3 -123.429 -35.698 128.488 7.833 15.339
5 -39.645 -26.463 47.666 1.398 0.731
13 -26.876 -24.060 36.073 0.200 -0.323
5 -7.500 -2.940 8.056
4 41.043 27.194 49.234 1.398 0.731
6 -45.550 -29.207 54.110 0.382 -3.223
7 -2.991 -0.927 3.131 0.001 -0.700
6 -72.140 -30.230 78.218
5 45.932 25.985 52.773 0.382 -3.223
1 -141.139 -55.669 151.721 3.459 7.157
10 23.063 -0.536 23.069 0.199 -2.494
7 3.000 0.220 3.008
5 2.992 0.226 3.000 0.001 -0.700
8 -22.480 -8.810 24.145
2 64.868 -10.754 65.753 0.284 0.237
9 -87.470 2.003 87.493 1.593 3.464
9 89.000 1.494 89.013
8 89.063 1.461 89.075 1.593 3.464
10 -3.200 -1.250 3.435
6 -22.864 -1.958 22.948 0.199 -2.494
11 19.674 0.712 19.687 0.124 -2.186
34
11 -25.000 -7.560 26.118
10 -19.550 -2.898 19.763 0.124 -2.186
12 -5.443 -4.670 7.171 0.041 -2.290
12 5.490 2.380 5.984
11 5.484 2.379 5.978 0.041 -2.290
13 27.100 23.750 36.034
4 27.076 23.737 36.008 0.200 -0.323
Total loss 17.170 14.590
35
POWERFLOW RESULTS USING SHUNT COMPENSATION 2009
50 MVAr Shunt Compensation at Butwal
Specify the level of Series compensation in Butwal Bardghat Section0
Specify the no. of circuit in Butwal Bardghat Section1
Power Flow Solution by Gauss-Seidel Method
Maximum Power Mismatch = 0.000800514
No. of Iterations = 80
Bus Voltage Angle ------Load------ ---Generation--- Injected
No. Mag. Degree MW Mvar MW Mvar Mvar
1 1.075 0.000 0.000 0.000 140.940 31.914 0.000
2 1.058 0.261 6.420 2.520 10.000 4.000 0.000
3 1.025 -2.758 9.640 3.780 78.000 45.055 0.000
4 0.933 -8.827 190.000 86.220 0.000 0.000 0.000
5 1.004 -6.187 7.500 2.940 0.000 0.000 0.000
6 1.046 -4.403 77.140 30.230 5.000 0.000 50.000
7 1.004 -6.137 4.000 1.570 7.000 1.790 0.000
8 1.061 0.839 22.480 8.810 0.000 0.000 0.000
9 1.080 4.497 0.000 0.000 89.000 1.336 0.000
10 1.037 -6.053 3.200 1.250 0.000 0.000 0.000
11 1.029 -7.226 55.000 21.560 30.000 14.000 0.000
12 1.038 -7.057 4.710 1.850 10.200 4.230 0.000
13 0.951 -8.071 0.000 0.000 27.100 23.750 0.000
Total 380.090 160.730 397.240 126.075 50.000
Line Flow and Losses
--Line-- Power at bus & line flow --Line loss-- Transformer
from to MW Mvar MVA MW Mvar tap
1 140.940 31.914 144.508
2 -0.657 15.727 15.740 0.067 -2.543
6 141.588 16.188 142.510 2.793 4.316
2 3.580 1.480 3.874
36
1 0.724 -18.269 18.284 0.067 -2.543
3 67.539 8.610 68.086 1.716 1.683
8 -64.559 11.129 65.511 0.284 0.237
3 68.360 41.275 79.854
2 -65.823 -6.927 66.187 1.716 1.683
4 134.109 48.178 142.501 8.016 15.737
4 -190.000 -86.220 208.648
3 -126.093 -32.441 130.199 8.016 15.737
5 -36.973 -29.706 47.429 1.372 0.632
13 -26.889 -24.063 36.084 0.200 -0.330
5 -7.500 -2.940 8.056
4 38.345 30.338 48.895 1.372 0.632
6 -42.831 -32.347 53.673 0.759 0.375
7 -2.992 -0.904 3.126 0.001 -0.708
6 -72.140 19.770 74.800
5 43.590 32.721 54.504 0.759 0.375
1 -138.795 -11.872 139.301 2.793 4.316
10 23.060 -1.088 23.086 0.188 -2.716
7 3.000 0.220 3.008
5 2.993 0.196 3.000 0.001 -0.708
8 -22.480 -8.810 24.145
2 64.843 -10.892 65.751 0.284 0.237
9 -87.464 2.155 87.490 1.592 3.463
9 89.000 1.336 89.010
8 89.056 1.307 89.066 1.592 3.463
10 -3.200 -1.250 3.435
6 -22.873 -1.627 22.930 0.188 -2.716
11 19.665 0.377 19.668 0.117 -2.367
11 -25.000 -7.560 26.118
10 -19.548 -2.744 19.739 0.117 -2.367
37
12 -5.454 -4.809 7.271 0.040 -2.432
12 5.490 2.380 5.984
11 5.494 2.378 5.986 0.040 -2.432
13 27.100 23.750 36.034
4 27.089 23.733 36.015 0.200 -0.330
Total loss 17.144 15.347
38
powerflow2009
Specify the level of Series compensation in Kaligandaki Butwal Bardghat Bharatpur
Section.75
Specify the no. of circuit in Butwal Bardghat Section2
Power Flow Solution by Gauss-Seidel Method
Maximum Power Mismatch = 0.000867619
No. of Iterations = 287
Bus Voltage Angle ------Load------ ---Generation--- Injected
No. Mag. Degree MW Mvar MW Mvar Mvar
1 1.075 0.000 0.000 0.000 140.529 74.580 0.000
2 1.063 2.571 6.420 2.520 10.000 4.000 0.000
3 1.045 1.589 9.640 3.780 78.000 34.893 0.000
4 0.974 -2.200 190.000 86.220 0.000 0.000 0.000
5 1.026 -1.352 7.500 2.940 0.000 0.000 0.000
6 1.040 -1.027 77.140 30.230 5.000 0.000 0.000
7 1.027 -1.303 4.000 1.570 7.000 1.790 0.000
8 1.065 3.164 22.480 8.810 0.000 0.000 0.000
9 1.080 6.863 0.000 0.000 89.000 -3.607 0.000
10 1.031 -2.693 3.200 1.250 0.000 0.000 0.000
11 1.023 -3.880 55.000 21.560 30.000 14.000 0.000
12 1.033 -3.708 4.710 1.850 10.200 4.230 0.000
13 0.991 -1.506 0.000 0.000 27.100 23.750 0.000
Total 380.090 160.730 396.829 153.635 0.000
Line Flow and Losses
--Line-- Power at bus & line flow --Line loss-- Transformer
from to MW Mvar MVA MW Mvar tap
1 140.529 74.580 159.092
2 -42.304 22.381 47.859 0.533 -0.656
6 182.766 52.252 190.088 4.991 -1.828
2 3.580 1.480 3.874
39
1 42.837 -23.037 48.638 0.533 -0.656
3 25.370 8.409 26.728 0.268 -1.541
8 -64.619 16.104 66.596 0.291 0.249
3 68.360 31.113 75.107
2 -25.102 -9.950 27.002 0.268 -1.541
4 93.451 40.978 102.040 3.968 6.746
4 -190.000 -86.220 208.648
3 -89.482 -34.232 95.807 3.968 6.746
5 -73.519 -27.722 78.572 3.544 -0.983
13 -26.902 -24.310 36.259 0.185 -0.492
5 -7.500 -2.940 8.056
4 77.063 26.740 81.570 3.544 -0.983
6 -81.688 -28.726 86.592 0.951 -3.954
7 -3.045 -0.954 3.191 0.001 -0.740
6 -72.140 -30.230 78.218
5 82.639 24.773 86.272 0.951 -3.954
1 -177.775 -54.079 185.819 4.991 -1.828
10 23.061 -0.979 23.081 0.190 -2.672
7 3.000 0.220 3.008
5 3.046 0.214 3.054 0.001 -0.740
8 -22.480 -8.810 24.145
2 64.910 -15.855 66.819 0.291 0.249
9 -87.403 7.050 87.687 1.590 3.447
9 89.000 -3.607 89.073
8 88.993 -3.603 89.066 1.590 3.447
10 -3.200 -1.250 3.435
6 -22.871 -1.692 22.933 0.190 -2.672
11 19.672 0.450 19.677 0.118 -2.330
11 -25.000 -7.560 26.118
40
10 -19.553 -2.780 19.750 0.118 -2.330
12 -5.454 -4.780 7.252 0.040 -2.403
12 5.490 2.380 5.984
11 5.494 2.377 5.986 0.040 -2.403
13 27.100 23.750 36.034
4 27.087 23.818 36.069 0.185 -0.492
Total loss 16.670 -7.157
41