A PROPOSAL TO THE CREVE COEUR CITY COUNCIL BY

A PROPOSAL TO THE CREVE COEUR CITY COUNCIL BY THE RECYCLING, ENVIRONMENT, AND BEAUTIFICATION COMMITTEE The Creve Coeur Recycling, Environment, and Beautification Committee, composed of the following members, approved this proposal: Susan Baseley (Chair) Elizabeth Callahan Claire Chosid Tracey Grass Beth Kistner (City Council Liaison) Linda Kline John May (Chair, Cool Cities Subcommittee) Joan McNulty Judy Pass Pattye Taylor-Phillips Douglas Wolter In preparing the proposal, the input and assistance of the following staff and community members was invaluable: Fran Cantor (advisory member) Jaysen Christensen (Staff Liaison) Page 2 of 22 Table of Contents Table of Contents............................................................................................................................................................3 Executive Summary........................................................................................................................................................4 Background — Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Energy Use.........................................................................................5 Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions.............................................................................................................................6 The Business Case for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions........................................................................................6 The Process of Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions....................................................................................................7 The U.S. Mayors’ Climate Protection Agreement..........................................................................................................7 The Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory and ICLEI...................................................................................................8 Conducting the Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory.................................................................................................10 Outcome of the Greenhouse Gas Inventory..................................................................................................................10 Budget...........................................................................................................................................................................11 Draft Resolution............................................................................................................................................................12 Appendix 1: The U.S. Mayors’ Climate Protection Agreement (As endorsed by the 73rd annual U.S. Conference of Mayors meeting, Chicago, 2005)..................................................................................................................................15 Appendix 2: Two Sides of the CACP Software............................................................................................................17 Appendix 3: Illustration of GHG Emissions from a Fictional Neighborhood..............................................................18 Appendix 4: Fictional Analysis of a Program to Replace Street Lamps and Ballasts with Energy Efficient Lamps and Ballasts..........................................................................................................................................................................19 Appendix 5: Executive Summary from the Climate Action Plan, Brattleboro, Vermont, October, 2003....................20 Appendix 6: Excerpt from Progress Report on Climate Protection and Phase 1 Recommendations, Kansas City, Missouri, April 2007.....................................................................................................................................................22 Page 3 of 22 Executive Summary The Recycling, Environment, and Beautification Committee believes that climate change is one of the most significant long-term problems faced by Creve Coeur. One of its causes is ineffective energy use. Therefore, it presents both a challenge and an opportunity. The challenge is to mitigate the negative effects predicted to result from climate change. The opportunity is to make Creve Coeur an even more desirable place to live, to enhance the health and welfare of citizens, to provide the kind of leadership that people want from their local government (and to which they want to contribute), and to reduce costs. While the response to climate change will involve action at the national and state levels, opportunities also exist at the local level. They can be available to Creve Coeur on a cost-effective basis if we dedicate ourselves to a thoughtful program to improve our energy use. One common way of measuring the effectiveness of energy use is through the emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs), principally carbon dioxide. This common gas is emitted by the burning of hydrocarbons (fossil fuels), and its emission is used as a proxy for the consumption of energy. In general, reduced GHG emissions mean improved energy use. To address the challenge of climate change, and to respond to the opportunity of improving our energy practices, the Recycling, Environment, and Beautification Committee recommends that Creve Coeur commit itself to pursuing the goals of the Cool Cities Campaign. These goals are: 1. To commit to addressing the challenge of climate change and to improving the effectiveness of our energy practices throughout the community. This commitment is formalized by signing the U.S. Mayors’ Climate Protection Agreement. 2. To conduct a greenhouse gas emissions inventory for the operations of the city government and, to the extent practicable, for the entire Creve Coeur community. 3. Based on the findings of the greenhouse gas emissions inventory, to develop and put into action a plan to improve the effectiveness of our energy practices, thereby mitigating our emission of greenhouse gases. We respectfully request the Creve Coeur City Council to take the first steps towards meeting these goals at this meeting. Specifically, we request that the City Council pass a resolution: 1. Supporting the goals of the U.S. Mayors’ Climate Protection Agreement and requesting the Mayor to conduct a public signing of that document. (A copy of the U.S. Mayors’ Climate Protection Agreement is attached as Appendix 1). 2. Authorizing the City to conduct a greenhouse gas inventory. 3. Authorizing the City to obtain the software necessary to conduct the inventory by joining Page 4 of 22 the Cities for Climate Protection Program of ICLEI-Local Governments for Sustainability. (ICLEI = International Communities for Local Environmental Initiatives) 4. Authorizing the city to engage an intern to conduct the inventory. 5. Directing the City Administrator to designate a staff person to have primary responsibility for the inventory, to supervise the intern, and to serve as primary staff liaison with ICLEI. The intern would be paid according to a funding mechanism discussed below. Total costs to the City are estimated to be $600 per year for membership in ICLEI, plus ancillary costs associated with the intern, the largest of which we expect to be staff time to supervise and support the intern. A desk and computer on which to run the ICLEI software are already available. The result of these steps will be the production of a report that identifies the major sources of greenhouse gases in our community and that predicts the growth of emissions over time if no abatement action is taken. It is among these sources that we expect to find energy practices that can be improved. In the future, we intend to use this information to help develop action plans to improve our energy practices, seeking appropriate approval of those plans, and gaining authorization to put them into operation. The ICLEI software is the essential enabling technology at each level. It will allow us to inventory greenhouse gas emissions and to set goals for reductions in energy use and greenhouse gas emissions. Then, it will allow us to analyze proposed measures for reductions of greenhouse gas emissions, implementation costs, and future cost savings. In this way, the City will be able to adopt only those measures that are truly effective in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and energy use, and which are also cost effective. Background — Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Energy Use Greenhouse gases (GHGs) get their name because they block heat from radiating from the earth into space. In this way, they warm the atmosphere much as the glass roof and walls of a greenhouse warm its interior. The three principle GHGs for which humans are responsible are carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. Of these, carbon dioxide is the most important, because we emit large amounts of it: 6.5 trillion tons in the United States in 2004. By far the largest source of human GHG emissions is the burning of fossil fuels (hydrocarbons) to produce energy. We burn primarily three kinds of hydrocarbons. We use fuels distilled from crude oil for transportation, for some space heating purposes, and to power some industrial processes. We use methane (natural gas) for space heating purposes, and increasingly to generate electricity. And we use coal primarily to generate electricity. Of these three fuel sources, coal is the dirtiest when it burns, creating large amount of carbon dioxide, plus a variety of other pollutants that are responsible for hundreds of thousands of illnesses each year. Oil distillates create somewhat fewer pollutants per unit of energy, but are also dirty. Methane creates the least carbon dioxide and is by far the cleanest burning per unit of energy. Page 5 of 22 Because the largest source of GHG emissions is the burning of hydrocarbons to produce energy, there is a direct relationship between our energy use and our emission of GHGs. For this reason, they are often used as proxies to represent each other. Reduce one and you tend to reduce the other. The Recycling, Environment, and Beautification Committee believes that it is desirable to reduce GHG emissions for environmental reasons. However, we also believe that there is a strong business case for doing so: it will make the city a more desirable place to live, it will safeguard the health and welfare of citizens, and it will save money. One need not be an environmentalist to support reducing GHGs. Hydrocarbons have historically been very desirable fuel sources, packing large amounts of energy into forms that could be delivered abundantly to end users at very cost effective prices. Consequently, the energy practices we developed did not focus intently on energy efficiency. For instance, coal-burning electricity generating plants capture only about 35% of the energy released by burning coal. Similarly, typical household incandescent light bulbs turn about 15% of the energy they use into light; the rest is wasted. And the internal combustion engine that powers your car is only about 37% efficient. There are two ways to reduce the creation of greenhouse gases. One is to switch to power sources that do not create them in the first place, such as hydroelectric power, wind power, and solar power. The second way is to reduce energy use. Fortunately, because our energy practices have historically been inefficient, we have numerous opportunities to increase efficiency. Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions The process of improving energy effectiveness is a process of analyzing how one uses energy and the sources of one’s energy. There are many quick and easy actions that can be taken, and Creve Coeur has already taken some, such as switching to fluorescent lamps and LEDs in some applications, and installing motion detectors to turn the lights in a room off if nobody is using the room. However, if one wishes to identify the best and most cost effective opportunities, then it is best to work from an overall plan. The plan should identify the places where the largest opportunities exist, it should identify false opportunities (ones that don’t actually substantially reduce energy use or greenhouse gas emissions), and it should distinguish among real opportunities that are cost effective and those that aren’t. The Business Case for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions Over the last decade, the business community has recognized the compelling case for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Some of the largest, most successful businesses in the world have committed themselves to reducing their emission of greenhouse gases. These large organizations have not suddenly fallen prey to romanticism. Rather, they have recognized that they face opportunities to adapt their companies to the challenges of the future, to better serve customers who want a healthier, more sustainable world, and to make their companies more efficient. Page 6 of 22 Increased energy costs have been one factor driving the new environmental consciousness. When, in 2006, Wal-Mart committed itself to doubling the fuel efficiency of their truck fleet, they targeted fuel cost savings of $300 million per year, and fuel costs have increased by almost 2/3 since then. When, in 2005, Jeffrey Immelt committed General Electric to develop technology it could use to reduce its own greenhouse gas emissions, he was also positioning the company to compete in one of the fastest growing segments of the economy. These points were driven home to us by John Alberici when City Council toured the LEED Platinum Alberici Building. Mr. Alberici told us that in combination, the green features of his building returned annual cost savings equal to 14% of the cost to include them in the building. A 14% return on investment is considered a good return, but it is not uncommon, according to the U.S. Green Building Council. Then Mr. Alberici went on to note that his organization had experienced two benefits they had not anticipated: in the year after Alberici Corp. moved into the new building, absenteeism decreased to half of what it was the year before, and they had greater success attracting and hiring top quality applicants for open staff positions. Reduced energy costs, better service to one’s customers (or, in our case, constituents), a 14% return on investment, improved health and welfare, and greater success in attracting top quality employees and residents. That is a very significant business case in favor of reducing GHG emissions. The Process of Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions The process of reducing greenhouse gas emissions is a five-step process: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Commit the City to the process. Conduct a baseline emissions inventory and forecast. Adopt an emissions reduction target for the forecast year. Develop a local action plan. Implement policies and measures. Monitor and verify results. We are asking City Council to authorize the first two steps in this process. We believe that the third and fourth steps will be determined by the findings of Steps 1 and 2, and are interrelated. Upon completion of the greenhouse gas emissions inventory, we believe that Creve Coeur will want to designate a committee to develop recommendations that can be submitted to City Council and worked into an emissions reduction target and local action plan. The U.S. Mayors’ Climate Protection Agreement Our first request is for a signing of the U.S. Mayors’ Climate Protection Agreement (the Agreement, see Appendix 1). In 2005, the U.S Conference of Mayors created the Agreement. It is a pledge cities make to strive to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. It is a general document that Page 7 of 22 is intended to apply across a wide variety of cities. It is not a binding contract. It designates the goals of the Kyoto Protocol as the goals towards which cities should strive, and it identifies the above list as the kinds of actions cities can take. It does not pledge cities to achieve set reductions nor to implement specific actions. Although the first paragraph of the Agreement urges cities to reduce emissions below 1990 levels, in 2008 most cities do not have the ability to estimate 1990 emissions. Instead, most cities are conducting an inventory of greenhouse gas emissions for a recent year and setting a realistic reduction goal based on that inventory. We recommend that Creve Coeur follow this approach. The U.S. Mayors’ Climate Protection Agreement has been signed by 806 cities across the country (as of March, 2008). Nineteen Missouri cities have signed, including local cities Clayton, Florissant, Kirkwood, Maplewood, Overland, St. Louis, St. Peters, Sunset Hills, and University City. A city signs the Agreement for two kinds of reasons. Internally, it is an essential step in communicating to all levels of city government that the goals outlined in the agreement are essential values that should be integrated into operations and decision making at all levels of city government. Externally, it identifies the city as a progressive city that has made a moral commitment to the goals outlined in the agreement. Being identified as such a city would have a positive effect on the city’s image. The city would be listed as a signer on the website of the U.S. Conference of Mayors, and the signing would present local public relations opportunities, as well. The Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory and ICLEI The first step in pursuing the goals of the U.S. Mayors’ Climate Protection Agreement is to conduct a greenhouse gas emissions inventory. The U.S. Conference of Mayors partnered with ICLEI-Local Governments for Sustainability to provide the program and technical assistance cities need to effectively pursue the GHG emission inventory. Its mission is to provide technical consulting, training, and information services to local governments seeking to implement sustainable development. The reason for joining ICLEI is to receive its technical assistance. With regard to conducting the emissions inventory, this assistance takes two important forms. The first is the Clean Air and Climate Protection (CACP) software package. The second is assistance in knowing where and how to access the information needed to complete the inventory. The CACP Software The CACP software runs on computers using the Windows OS. It was developed for ICLEI by the professional association of state, territorial, and local air pollution officials. There are various resources available for attempting to inventory greenhouse gas emissions. The CACP software has a number of very desirable features: 1. It is the only existing resource developed for use by local governments. Other resources Page 8 of 22 were developed for use by businesses, nations, and/or buildings. Hence, they would require adaptation for our purposes. 2. The inventory has two sides. One side focuses on the operations of the city government itself. Typically, however, they are only a small fraction of the total emissions created by the city. Thus, the second side is an inventory of the emissions of the city as a whole community. Appendix 2 shows the tabs within the software package for the two sides of the inventory. 3. The format in which data is available varies from city-to-city, and the software accommodates the differences and automatically incorporates them into its calculations. 4. The software reports total energy use. It automatically translates energy use into GHG emissions based on national averages. Since a variety of gases are involved, each with a different warming potency, it converts their effect into one standard unit and sums them, yielding a single emissions number. These capabilities are illustrated in Appendix 3, which shows the entry of illustrative data for a fictional neighborhood. 5. The software also reports the emission of nitrous oxide and of the criterion gasses regulated by the E.P.A. This is useful information, though it is not the focus of our proposal. 6. The software allows the cost of energy to be entered, and where it is not available, will calculate estimated costs based on averages. 7. The software can produce two types of analyses. The first is an inventory of emissions. The second is an analysis of proposed action plan measures. In this capacity, the software estimates the amount of GHG emissions saved each year by the proposed measure, the cost to implement the measure, and yearly energy cost savings associated with the measure. Thus, it becomes the essential tool in estimating GHG savings and return on investment associated with proposed action measures. It can do this for both the government and community sides of the inventory. Appendix 4 illustrates an analysis of a fictional project by a city to upgrade its streetlamps with more energy efficient lamps and ballasts. No other method of conducting a greenhouse gas emissions inventory matches the needs of Creve Coeur as well as the CACP software. Costs to Join ICLEI To access the software, one joins ICLEI. For Creve Coeur, there would be a $600 per year membership fee. In addition, they require passage of a resolution authorizing the joining, which has been incorporated into the draft resolution we are asking City Council to adopt. A member of City Council will need to be designated as the primary legislative liaison between Creve Coeur and ICLEI, but there are very few duties associated with this position. A staff person would need to be designated as the primary staff contact. Page 9 of 22 ICLEI provides several additional programs, and they conduct a yearly conference. If the city chose to participate in those programs, there would be additional costs. Barring participation in these additional programs, however, there would be no additional costs. Conducting the Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory The effort required to conduct a greenhouse gas emissions inventory varies depending on the size and complexity of each city, and on its record keeping. ICLEI declined to provide an estimate of the effort that would be required for Creve Coeur. However, they reported that the average for small cities is one staff person 10-12 weeks working full-time (to complete both sides of the inventory). This is the largest cost of conducting the GHG emissions inventory, and in cities where staff availability is limited, it is the most significant challenge to completion. The nature of the project and its time frame make the project suitable for a summer intern from a local university. Using an intern also opens the potential for a unique funding opportunity. If community members can be found who have a donating relationship with the local university, then they can direct their donations to be used by the university to provide a fellowship to the intern. In this way, the intern’s stipend can be funded without significant cash outlays. Instead, the stipend is provided by redirecting funds that are already being donated to the university. Such a funding mechanism would benefit Creve Coeur, the donors, and the environmental studies program of the university. Based on feedback from ICLEI and the Sierra Club, we believe that with supervision and support from staff, and with assistance from members of the Recycling, Environment, and Beautification Committee, an intern will be able to complete both sides of the inventory during a summer internship. We recommend, however, that if the inventory is more difficult to complete than anticipated, the city government side should be assured of completion, and then as much of the community side as possible. If Creve Coeur were able to utilize an intern funded in this way, then the costs to conduct the GHG emissions inventory would be greatly reduced. The major remaining cost would be staff time to supervise and support the intern. In addition, there would be ancillary costs, such as providing a computer on which to run the CACP software, working space for the intern, and some printing, duplicating, and mailing costs. Outcome of the Greenhouse Gas Inventory The result of the Greenhouse Gas Inventory will be a report detailing energy use and GHG emissions; this report represents completion of the first step of the ICLE process described above. We intend for this information to become the input for the third and fourth steps of the process, which are to establish a GHG reduction goal and to develop a local action plan. It is not Page 10 of 22 necessary to delay implementation of measures that can be taken quickly and easily without significant cost, but in order to avoid proceeding helter-skelter, it is necessary to develop the local action plan. Cities that have completed the ICLEI process, such as Kansas City, MO, and Brattleboro, VT, have reported that successfully developing an initial local action plan is a process that takes up to a year, and it requires participation from a wide spectrum of the community, including all of the significant stakeholders. The process results in measures that can achieve significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. • Brattleboro, Vermont, a rural city of about 8,000 residents, identified greenhouse gas reductions each year of 5,642 tons community wide, with a cost savings of $5,476,974 per year, at a total cost to the city government of only $396,442. The largest cost came from a new heating system for the local high school. The largest greenhouse gas and cost savings, however, came from the simple step of encouraging and facilitating the use of compact fluorescent light bulbs throughout the community. (Source: Brattleboro climate action plan, see Appendix 5) Kansas City, Missouri, identified measures that would reduce greenhouse gas emissions each year by 83,235 metric tons within city government operations, and 379,077 metric tons community wide. (Source: Kansas City Progress Report, see Appendix 6) Portland, Oregon, reduced per capita GHG consumption by 12.5% from 1990 to 2004. Seattle, Washington reduced GHG emissions by 5% between 1990 and 2005, and has an additional 2% reduction targeted by 2012. • • • We believe that at completion of the greenhouse gas inventory, the Creve Coeur City Council will want to consider how best to establish a greenhouse gas reduction goal and pursue development of a local action plan. At that time, the City Council may want to consider what committee structure will serve best and which stakeholders should be represented. Budget The only new equipment or software required will be the CACP software for conducting the greenhouse gas inventory. This software is obtained by joining the ICLEI Cities for Climate Protection Program. The yearly fee for Creve Coeur would be $600. There are no other costs associated with belonging to ICLEI. The intern will be paid for via a fellowship, as described above in Conducting the Greenhouse Gas Inventory. There will be no direct personnel costs to Creve Coeur. Staff time to supervise and support the intern are likely to be the largest cost associated with the greenhouse gas inventory. Those costs are conditional on the salary scale of the supervisor, and the amount of supervision needed by the intern. Hence, they are not possible to Page 11 of 22 estimate. In the past, these kinds of costs have not been separately budgeted, but have been considered as part of ongoing operations. Other ancillary costs should be minor: staff time to prepare a press release publicizing the public signing of the Mayors’ Climate Protection Agreement and some costs to print and distribute the greenhouse gas inventory report. A desk for the intern and a computer on which to run the CACP software are already available. Draft Resolution In order to implement the above described proposal, the members of the Recycling, Environment, and Beautification Committee, recommend that the Creve Coeur City Council adopt the following resolution, and respectfully request that the City Council do so at its meeting of April 14, 2008: RESOLUTION NO. ____ A RESOLUTION EXPRESSING THE MAYOR’S AND CITY COUNCIL’S SUPPORT OF THE GOALS OF THE US MAYORS’ CLIMATE PROTECTION AGREEMENT; AND REQUESTING THE MAYOR TO CONDUCT A PUBLIC SIGNING OF THE U.S. MAYORS’ CLIMATE PROTECTION AGREEMENT; AND AUTHORIZING THE CITY TO CONDUCT A GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORY. WHEREAS, many scientists are concerned that greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere as a result of human activity have a harmful affect on the earth’s climate; and WHEREAS, the primary human cause of greenhouse gases is the burning of fossil fuels to provide energy; and WHEREAS, opportunities exist to reduce energy use; and WHEREAS, a strong business case exists for the reduction of energy use and the emission of greenhouse gases; and WHEREAS, the U.S. Conference of Mayors endorsed the 2005 U.S. Mayors’ Climate Protection Agreement, and it has been signed by 806 mayors in the United States as of March, 2008: and WHEREAS, local government actions taken to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and increase energy efficiency provide multiple local benefits by improving the desirability of their city, protecting the health and welfare of their citizens, creating jobs, reducing energy expenditures, and saving money for the local government, its businesses, and its residents; and Page 12 of 22 WHEREAS, the City of Creve Coeur, Missouri, has been invited to sign the U.S. Mayors’ Climate Protection Agreement; and WHEREAS, the Cities for Climate Protection® Campaign sponsored by ICLEI – Local Governments for Sustainability has invited the City of Creve Coeur, Missouri, to join ICLEI and become a partner in the Cities for Climate Protection Campaign; NOW THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED BY THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF CREVE COEUR AS FOLLOWS: SECTION 1: That the City Council of Creve Coeur, Missouri, expresses its support for the goals of the U.S. Mayors’ Climate Protection Agreement, and it requests the Mayor of Creve Coeur to conduct a public signing of the U.S. Mayors’ Climate Protection Agreement at his earliest convenience. SECTION 2: That in order to pursue the goals of the U.S. Mayors’ Climate Protection Agreement, the City of Creve Coeur, Missouri, will join ICLEI-Local Governments for Sustainability as a Full Member and participate in the Cities for Climate Protection Campaign and, as a participant, pledges to take a leadership role in promoting public awareness about the causes and impacts of climate change. SECTION 3: That the City of Creve Coeur, Missouri, will undertake the Cities for Climate Protection Campaign’s five milestones to reduce both greenhouse gas and air pollution emissions throughout the community, and specifically: • • • • • Conduct a greenhouse gas emissions inventory and forecast to determine the source and quantity of greenhouse gas emissions in the jurisdiction; Establish a greenhouse gas emissions reduction target; Develop an action plan with both existing and future actions which when implemented will meet the local greenhouse gas reduction target; Implement the action plan; and Monitor and report progress. SECTION 4: That the City of Creve Coeur requests assistance from ICLEI’s Cities for Climate Protection Campaign as it progresses through the milestones. SECTION 5: That to conduct the greenhouse gas emissions inventory, the City of Creve Coeur, Missouri, will engage a summer intern with no additional direct personnel costs to the City. SECTION 6: That the City Administrator of the City of Creve Coeur, Missouri, shall designate an appropriate staff member to serve as the primary staff contact with ICLEI, to provide support and supervision to the summer intern, and to secure the cooperation necessary for completion of the greenhouse gas inventory. Page 13 of 22 SECTION 7: This resolution shall become effective upon its passage. Adopted this 14th day of April, 2008. Harold Dielmann, Mayor ATTEST Deborah Ryan, MPCC City Clerk Page 14 of 22 Appendix 1: The U.S. Mayors’ Climate Protection Agreement (As endorsed by the 73 annual U.S. Conference of Mayors meeting, Chicago, 2005). rd A. We urge the federal government and state governments to enact policies and programs to meet or beat the target of reducing global warming pollution levels to 7 percent below 1990 levels by 2012, including efforts to: reduce the United States’ dependence on fossil fuels and accelerate the development of clean, economical energy resources and fuel-efficient technologies such as conservation, methane recovery for energy generation, waste to energy, wind and solar energy, fuel cells, efficient motor vehicles, and biofuels; B. We urge the U.S. Congress to pass bipartisan greenhouse gas reduction legislation that 1) includes clear timetables and emissions limits and 2) a flexible, market-based system of tradable allowances among emitting industries; and C. We will strive to meet or exceed Kyoto Protocol targets for reducing global warming pollution by taking actions in our own operations and communities such as: 1. Inventory global warming emissions in City operations and in the community, set reduction targets and create an action plan; 2. Adopt and enforce land-use policies that reduce sprawl, preserve open space, and create compact, walkable urban communities; 3. Promote transportation options such as bicycle trails, commute trip reduction programs, incentives for car pooling and public transit; 4. Increase the use of clean, alternative energy by, for example, investing in “green tags”, advocating for the development of renewable energy resources, recovering landfill methane for energy production, and supporting the use of waste to energy technology; 5. Make energy efficiency a priority through building code improvements, retrofitting city facilities with energy efficient lighting and urging employees to conserve energy and save money; 6. Purchase only Energy Star equipment and appliances for City use; 7. Practice and promote sustainable building practices using the U.S. Green Building Council's LEED program or a similar system; 8. Increase the average fuel efficiency of municipal fleet vehicles; reduce the number of vehicles; launch an employee education program including anti- idling messages; convert diesel vehicles to bio-diesel; 9. Evaluate opportunities to increase pump efficiency in water and wastewater systems; recover wastewater treatment methane for energy production; 10. Increase recycling rates in City operations and in the community; 11. Maintain healthy urban forests; promote tree planting to increase shading and to absorb CO2; and 12. Help educate the public, schools, other jurisdictions, professional associations, business and industry about reducing global warming pollution. Appendix 2: Two Sides of the CACP Software. Appendix 3: Illustration of GHG Emissions from a Fictional Neighborhood Appendix 4: Fictional Analysis of a Program to Replace Street Lamps and Ballasts with Energy Efficient Lamps and Ballasts. Appendix 5: Executive Summary from the Climate Action Plan, Brattleboro, Vermont, October, 2003. Appendix 6: Excerpt from Progress Report on Climate Protection and Phase 1 Recommendations, Kansas City, Missouri, April 2007.