Correctional Populations in the United States 1997 - November 2000

Correctional Populations in the United States, 1997 Bureau of Justice Statistics U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs 1,602,000 132,900 871,500 816,600 male female white black 5.7 million adults in the United States were under correctional supervision in 1997 1,176,900 558,000 3,266,800 690,800 in prison in jail on probation on parole 1.7 million in local jail or prison 3.9 million on probation or parole 3,195,300 762,300 2,557,500 1,333,300 male female white blackU.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs 810 Seventh Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20531 Janet Reno Attorney General Daniel Marcus Acting Associate Attorney General Mary Lou Leary Acting Assistant Attorney General Jan M. Chaiken, Ph.D. Director, Bureau of Justice Statistics Office of Justice Programs World Wide Web Homepage: http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov Bureau of Justice Statistics World Wide Web Homepage: http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/For information contact: BJS Clearinghouse 1-800-732-3277U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs Bureau of Justice Statistics Correctional Populations in the United States, 1997 November 2000, NCJ 177613U.S. Department of Justice Bureau of Justice Statistics Jan M. Chaiken, Ph.D. Director This volume resulted from a collaborative effort of the BJS Corrections Statistics unit, under the supervision of Allen J. Beck. Paula M. Ditton coordinated the preparatiio of the volume. Allen Beck updated the correctional population trends section. Thomas P. Bonczar, assisted by Lauren E. Glaze collected the data and prepared the tables for the probation and parole sections; Darrell K. Gilliard prepared the section on jail inmates. Caroline Wolf Harlow, Ph.D., assisted by Christopher J. Mumola and Tracy L. Snell, prepared the tables for the Survey of State and Federal inmates. Tracy L. Snell prepared the section on capital punishment. Christopher J. Mumola prepared the sections on military corrections. Paula M. Ditton prepared the section on prisoners. Tom Hester, Ellen Goldberg, and Ida Hines produced this volume. Jayne Robinson supervised final production for printing. La Terri Bynum, Elizabeth Griffin, Marita Perez and Laarni Verdolin, under the supervision of Kathleen Creighton and Gertrude B. Odom, of the Crime Surveys Branch, Demographic Surveys Division of the U.S. Census Bureau, coordinated data collection and processing of the Survey of State and Federal prisoners. Christopher Alaura, Lawrence Altmayer and Ruth Breads of the Crime Surveys Programming Branch provided programming assistance under the supervision of Stephen T. Phillips and Dave Watt. The questionnaire was programmed by Ellen Soper of the Technologies Managemeen Office under the supervision of William Mockovak. Sample design and weighting were provided at the Statistical Methods Division by Denise Lewis and Andrew Zbikowski under the supervision of J. Michael Roebuck and Thomas Moore. Interviews were conducted by the Field Division and coordinated by Medell Ford II and John Godenick under the supervision of Richard Ning. Christopher Innes, assisted by Susan Allison, Denise Golumbaski, Nancy Miller, Vicki Russell, Allyson Suski, and Ina Winn at the Federal Bureau of Prisons, coordinaate data collection in Federal Facilities. Lisa McNelis, assisted by Martha Greene, Henrietta Herrin, and Duane Cavanaugh, under the supervision of Stephanie Brown of the Governments Division of the U.S. Census Bureau, collected and processed the Annual Survey of Jails. Steven M. Bittner, Patricia A. Clark , Marc I. Roemer, and Laarni Verdolin of the Crime Surveys Branch, Demographic Surveys Division of the U.S. Census Bureau, collected, processed, and tabulated the data on prisoners and capital punishment. They worked under the supervision of Gertrude B. Odom and Kathleen P. Creighton. Highlights iii Note to readers vi Introduction: Definitions of common terms used in tables vii Data sources viii Trends in U.S. correctional populations 1 Jail inmates in 1997 19 Probation in 1997 29 Survey of State and Federal inmates, 1997 49 Prisoners in 1997 75 Parole in 1997 115 Capital punishment in 1997 133 U.S. military corrections in 1997 181 Index 191 Contents ii Correctional Populations in the United States, 1997 This report and its data are available on the Internet: http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/The National Archive of Criminal Justice Data also offers the data for jails and capital punishment: http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/NACJD/home.htmlAn estimated 5.7 million adult residents of the United States were under some form of correctional supervision in 1997. Seven in 10 were supervised in the community, through probation or parole. About 2.8% of all adult residents of the United States were under correctional supervision in 1997, up from 1.7% in 1985. About 9.0% of black adults, 2.0% of white adults, and 1.3% of adults of other races were under correctional supervision in 1997. Jails On June 30,1997, local jails held an estimated 557,974 adults. Men comprised 89% of adult jail inmates. White non-Hispanic inmates accounted for 41% of the total jail population; black non-Hispanics, 42%; and Hispanics, 16%. The total number of adults in local jails increased by approximately 47,600 during the year ending June 30, 1997, or 9.3%. The growth rate during 1997 was nearly twice that of the average annual increase between 1990 and 1997. Probation Nearly 3.3 million adults were on probation on December 31,1997. Probationers made up 57% of all adults under correctional supervision in 1997. Twenty-one percent of the probationers were women, a larger proportion than for any other correctional population. About 64% were white and 34% black. Between yearend 1996 and 1997, the number of adults on probation increased by 101,841 (3.2%). From 1990 to 1997 the probation population grew by nearly 600,000 people, an average of 2.9% annually. About 62% of all adults discharged from probation in 1997 had successfully completed their sentences. Nearly 20% were incarcerated, 5% under a new sentence and 14% with the same sentence. Prisons Nearly 1.2 million men and women were in the custody of State and Federal prisons at yearend 1997. Approximately 94% were men. About 48% of the inmates were white, 49% black, and 3% American Indian, Alaska Native, Asian, or Pacific Islander. The number of inmates in State and Federal custody rose by 49,158 (4.4%) during 1997. Between 1990 and 1997 the prison population increased by nearly 434,000 inmates, or an average annual growth of 6.8%. The number of sentenced prisoners under State or Federal jurisdiction per 100,000 U.S. residents increased from 297 in 1990 to 444 in 1997. Between 1990 and 1997 the imprisonment rate of white inmates rose 36% from 139 to 189 per 100,000; the rate for blacks increased 63% from 1,067 to 1,743; and the rate for Hispanics grew 35% from 548 to 738. Among whites, prisoners age 30-34 had the highest incarceration rate in 1997: 476 per 100,000 white residents. Among blacks, prisoners age 25-29 had the highest rate: 4,564 per 100,000. Approximately 62% of sentenced inmates entering prison in 1997 were new court commitments. Just over a third were parole or other conditional release violators, up from 29% in 1990. Around 334,500 sentenced offenders were admitted as new court commitments to State prisons during 1997. Between 1990 and 1997, the number of persons entering State prison for a violent offense increased by 16% from 86,600 in 1990 to 100,200 in 1997. Admissions for public-order offenses were up by 37%, from 26,000 in 1990 to 35,700 in 1997. Property offenses decreased by 9%, from 104,400 in 1990 to 94,700 in 1997. For the fourth consecutive year, the largest number of admissions to State prison were for drug offenses, 102,600 drug offenders were admitted in 1997, up from 102,400 in 1990. There were 39,431 sentenced offenders admitted to Federal prison in 1997. Fortyssi percent were drug offenders, 27% were public-order offenders, 20% property offenders, and 7% violent offenders. Highlights Highlights iii 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 0 500,000 1,000,000 1,500,000 2,000,000 2,500,000 3,000,000 3,500,000 Number of adults Probation Prison Parole Jail Adults on probation, in jail or prison, or on parole, 1985-97Parole and post-release supervision An estimated 690,750 adults were on parole at yearend 1997, a 1.6% increase from 1996. The average annual rate of growth between 1990 to 1997 was 3.8%. Among persons released from prison in 1997, around 83% were placed on probation, parole, or some other type of conditional release. The number of persons leaving State prisons based on parole board decisions declined from 39% in 1990 to 28% in 1997. During the same period, the number exiting by mandatory release grew from 29% to 40% of all releases, and the number whose sentence expired increased from 13% to 17%. Slightly fewer than 9 in 10 parolees were male. An estimated 54% of persons on parole were white; 44%, black; and 2%, other races. Around 6% of the parole population was under intensive supervision. Nearly half (45%) of all exits from parole were successful completions, 41% were returned to incarceration. One in every 8 parolees were returned to prison with a new sentence. The proportion of adults being actively supervised (80%), those being supervised out of State (5%), and the number of absconders (7%) remained relatively unchanged between 1996 and 1997. The number of parolees classified under inactive supervision (7%) decreased slightly. Capital punishment During 1997, 256 inmates were received under sentence of death by State and Federal prisons. As of December 31, 1997, the Nation's prisons held a total of 3,335 inmates under sentence of death. An estimated 56% were white and 42% were black. Half had been under sentence of death for at least 6 years and 7 months. Seventeen States executed 74 male prisoners during 1996, including 45 whites, 27 blacks, 1 American Indian, and 1 Asian person. Between 1977 and 1997 a total of 432 prisoners were executed under civil authority in the United States. Military confinement On December 31, 1997, the Air Force, Army, Marine Corps, and Navy held a total of 2,772 prisoners in 64 facilities. The Coast Guard operated no confinement facilities. iv Correctional Populations in the United States, 1997 *Includes Asians, Pacific Islanders, American Indians, Alaska Natives, and other racial groups. 1.1 1.4 0.6 0.7 0.7 65 or older 5.7 6.2 1.9 2.4 2.2 55-64 15.0 16.3 5.2 6.5 9.8 45-54 32.9 30.6 19.4 22.7 29.4 35-44 36.0 36.6 45.7 45.7 38.1 25-34 9.3 8.9 26.7 2.3 19.3 18-24 % 0.0 % 0.0 % 0.5 % 0.6 % 0.5 17 or younger Age 3.8 5.0 3.0 2.4 3.2 Other races* 28.0 27.3 13.0 16.6 17.0 Hispanic 29.9 37.8 45.0 45.6 46.5 Black non-Hispanic % 38.4 % 29.9 % 40.0 % 35.4 % 33.3 White non-Hispanic Race 7.8 7.2 4.4 5.4 6.3 Female % 92.2 % 92.8 % 95.6 % 94.6 % 93.7 Male Gender 1991 1997 1985 1991 1997 Federal State Characteristics of State and Federal prison inmates, 1985, 1991, and 1997 Probation Persons serving a sentence to probation usuallyreceived the sentence from a court as an alternative to confinement live unconfined in the community while meeting certain conditions must fulfill conditional requiremeent like keeping a job, not drinkinng not using drugs, not keeping company with known offenders, paying restitution or fine, and regularly reporting to a probation officer. Jail Persons in jail usuallyare confined in a facility owned by a county or city are in facility that holds people for 72 hours or more, as opposed to a temporary lockup if they are sentenced, are serving a sentence of a year or less or are waiting for transfer to prison or for disposition of charges of violation of a conditional release if they are unsentenced, are waiting for a trial or hearing or for transfer to juvenile, court, or mental health authorities. Prison Persons in prison usuallyare confined in a facility owned by a State or by the Federal Government are serving a sentence of more than a year (except in six States combining jails and prisons Alaska, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Rhode Island, and Vermont). Parole Persons on parole or post-release supervision usuallyreceived the parole from an executive authority or received a sentence to post-release supervisiio from a judicial authority, after a time in prison or jail live unconfined in the community while meeting certain conditions must fulfill conditional requiremeent like keeping a job, not drinkinng not using drugs, not keeping company with known offenders, and regularly reporting to a parole officer.Approximately 98% of the prisoners held by the Army, 87% of those held by the Air Force, 79% of those held by the Navy, and 75% of those held by the Marine Corps at yearend 1997 were convicted inmates; the remainder were unconvicted persons whose cases had not yet been tried. Half of convicted military prisoners had committed a violent offense. About a third were confined for rape (16%) or sexual assault (15%). A fifth were serving sentences for drugs. Eleven percent were sentenced for larceny/theft, and 11% for murder. Approximately 8% were confined for military infractions, such as AWOL, insubordination, or failure to obey a lawful order. Ninety-eight percent of all prisoners held in military confinement facilities in 1997 were men, and 2% were women. About 52% were non-Hispanic whites; 35%, non-Hispanic blacks; 9%, Hispanics; and 4%, other races. Around 98% were enlisted personnel, and 2% officers. 1997 Survey of Inmates in State and Federal Correctional Facilities The 1997 Survey of Inmates in State and Federal Correctional Facilities conducted face-to-face interviews with prison inmates from June through October 1997. The Surveys obtained detailed information about State and Federal prison inmates' current offenses and sentences, their criminna histories, personal and family characteristtics drug and alcohol use, treatment, health care, and prison conditions. State prison inmate surveys were also conducted in 1974, 1979, 1986, and 1991. Federal inmates were surveyed for the first time in 1991. During the period that interviews were conducted, 1,409 State prisons held 1,059,607 inmates, and 127 Federal prisons held 89,072 inmates. Since 1991, when the previous survey was conducted, the State and Federal prison population grew by 51%. The percentage of white, black, and Hispanic State prison inmates remained relatively unchanged between 1991 and 1997. Thirty-three percent of State inmates were white non-Hispanic, 47% black non-Hispanic, and 17% Hispanic. The percentage of black inmates in Federal prison increased from 30% in 1991 to 38% in 1997. The State prison population grew increasinngl middle-aged between 1991 and 1997. In 1991 inmates between age 35 to 44 comprised 23% of the population, the same group accounted for 29% in 1997. Overall, the median age increased from 30 years in 1991 to 32 years in 1997. The median age of Federal prisoners remained unchanged at 36 years. Just under half of inmates in State prison were incarcerated for a violent offense in both 1991 and 1997. The percentage of property offenders dropped from 25% in 1991 to 22% in 1997, while public-order offenses increased from 7% to 10% during the same period. In both years about 2 in 10 State inmates were incarcerated for a drug offense. The percentage of inmates held for a drug offense in Federal prison continued to rise, from 58% in 1991 to 63% in 1997. Nearly half were drug trafficking offenders. Just under half of all inmates in State prison and a quarter of those in Federal prison were on probation or parole at the time of their current arrest. The percentage of recidivists among State prisoners, those with a prior sentence to probation or incarceraation declined from 81% in 1991 to 76% in 1997. Nearly 43% of State inmates said they had served three or more prior sentences. At the time of the offense, just over half of State inmates in 1997, and a third of Federal inmates were under the influence of either alcohol or drugs. Among State inmates, 37% were under the influence of alcohol, and 33% were under the influence of drugs. Among Federal inmates, 20% were drinking and 22% were using drugs. Highlights v aDetail may add to more than total; inmates may fit more than one category. bSee Comparing Federal and State Prison Inmates, 1991 (NCJ 145864). % 19.4 % 24.5 % 29.6 % 24.4 Since admission Substance abuse treatment 16.8 22.4 31.0 32.6 At time of the offense 31.8 44.8 49.9 56.5 In month before the offense 42.1 57.3 62.2 69.6 Regularly % 60.1 % 72.9 % 79.4 % 83.0 Evera Prior drug use % 11.0 % 20.4 % 32.3 % 37.2 Under the influence of alcohol at time of the offenseb 34.1 37.1 31.9 28.6 Nonviolent recidivist 22.6 23.2 48.8 46.8 Violent recidivist % 56.7 % 60.3 % 80.7 % 75.4 Priorsa Criminal history 11.7 13.5 22.4 24.4 Parole 11.7 13.4 23.0 22.2 Probation % 24.2 % 27.2 % 46.5 % 47.3 Any statusa Criminal justice status at arrest 12.4 14.8 6.9 9.9 Public-order 57.9 62.6 21.3 20.7 Drug 10.2 6.8 24.8 22.0 Property % 17.3 % 14.8 % 46.6 % 47.2 Violent Offense % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 Total 1991 1997 1991 1997 Characteristic Federal State Percent of prison inmates Criminal justice characteristics of State and Federal prison inmates, 1991 and 1997 Highlights vReported drug use by State and Federal prison inmates increased between 1991 and 1997. Nearly 57% of State inmates were using drugs in the month before the offense, up from 50% in 1991. Drug use among Federal inmates increased from 32% in 1991 to 45% in 1997. Overall, the percentage of inmates who reported receiving drug treatment and programs since admission to State prison declined from 30% in 1991 to 24% in 1997. Among federal prisoners, 25% reported participation in drug treatment or programs in 1997, up from 20% in 1991. Among those who used drugs regularly in the month before the offense, 35% of State prisoners and 40% of Federal inmates in 1997 had participated in a drug treatment or drug abuse program since admission. Prior to admission to prison, 57% of female State prison inmates and 16% of males said they had been physically or sexually abused. Lower rates of abuse were reported by Federal inmates, 7% of males and 40% of females reported prior abuse. vi Correctional Populations in the United States, 1997 Correctional Populations in the United States presents numbers that describe persons under some form of correctional supervision. In this compilation the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) seeks to help users by ¾ making readily apparent the links between different correctional institutions or methods in each State suggesting the similarities and differences between States and regions as our system of criminal justice responds to both common and disparate needs permitting comparisons, however limited they must be, with previous years' statistics. Helping readers find a single number Through an index at the end of the volume, readers can find all topics treated in the tables. The index numbers refer to the tables. Footnotes give extra information about how to interpret the numbers in the tables. Category definitions are available in three places: the explanatory notes in the appendices of sections, the questionnaires also in the appendices, and the definitions of common terms in the Introduction on page 2. To make comparisons across years or between jurisdictions BJS makes every effort to report numbers that are consistent in interpretation with those of the past and between separate jurisdictions in the present. Data collection rules and reporting protocols that fit historical statistics and that impose the least burden on respondents are used. Some jurisdictions depart from the reporting conventions, and some categories for counting have shifted over the years. Users who try to draw conclusions from such numbers by comparing years or jurisdictions must take into account special circumstances and changes. Footnotes, table notes, explanatory notes, and other material highlighting the tables must be consulted for a full understanding of the data. The following symbols are used in the tables: /not reported : not known ... not applicable Important NoteDefinitions of common terms used in tables Custody. To have custody of a prisoner, a State must hold that person in one of its facilities. Early statistical reports gave custody counts that largely have been replaced by jurisdiction counts of State prison populations. A State may have custody of a prisoner over whom another State maintains jurisdiction. The tables present both kinds of counting procedurres with jurisdiction counts being more complete; States reporting only on custody are noted. Detention status. This term distinguishee between prisoners, usually in jail, who were convicted or awaiting judgment. Discretionary parole. A release from prison to supervision is discretionary when it is decided by a board or other authority. Hispanic origin. A person of Hispanic origin may be of any race; however, a few States treat the ethnic category as a racial one. Jurisdiction. Jurisdiction refers to a unit of government or to the legal authority to exercise governmental power. According to the latter meaning, the prisoners under a State's jurisdiction may be in the custody of local jails. (See "Custody.") Mandatory parole. Mandatory parole results from statutory or correctional guidelinnes and no judgment by a panel or board is required for release of a prisoner to supervision outside prison. Maximum sentence length. Some jurisdictions sentence offenders to a range of years; the larger number in that range is the most that a prisoner may serve on a sentence. Often, good time is subtracted from the maximum sentence. When the tables report on prisoners with sentences longer or shorter than a year, the maximum sentence is used where applicable. Military justice terms ¾ General court-martial is the highest military court for judging the most serious offenses. A military judge presides. This court includes members (jurors) at the election of the accused, except when the court must have members for imposition of the death penalty. If an enlisted person is accused, in the absence of exigent circumstances at least a third of the court must be enlisted members who are not lower ranking than the accused. A general court-martial may be used to try any person subject to the Uniform Code of Military Justice. Special court-martial is used for judging offenses less serious than those in a general court-martial. A military judge presides. A special court-martial may not impose the following: the death penalty, a dishonorable discharge, dismissal of an officer, confinement in excess of 6 months, hard labor without confinement for more than 3 months, forfeiture of pay in excess of two-thirds of pay per month, or forfeiture of any percentage of pay for more than 6 months. Summary court-martial is the least formal military court, consisting of one active-duty commissioned officer. This court promptly adjudicates minor offenses under a simple procedure. Punishment may not exceed confinement for 1 month, hard labor without confinement for 45 days, restriction to specified limits for more than 2 months, or forfeiture of more than two-thirds pay for more than 1 month. If the service member is above the rank of E-4, the presiding officer may not impose confinement, hard labor without confinement, or reduction of more than one grade. Movement. In corrections, a movement is an admission to or a release from a status such as prisoner, parolee, or probationer. Unless specifically noted, a transfer between facilities does not count as a movement. Most serious offense. The offense with the longest term of incarceration imposed. New court commitments. Inmates who were admitted to prison directly from a court with all new sentences. This category includes probation violators entering prison for the first time on the probated offenses. Parole violators are excluded from this category. One-day count. For a 1-day count a jurisdiction or facility is asked to report how many people were on its roll on a certain day. The average daily population is a year's total number of people on the roll each day, divided by the number of days. The methods of counting in aggregate do not yield estimates of either the number of persons in a status during the year or the average amount of time persons remain in a status. Parole. Unless otherwise specified, parole includes all types of supervision in the community in which the period of community supervision was affixed at the time of release from a prison or jail. Includes discretionary parole, mandatory parole, and other forms of post-release supervision. Excludes persons initially sentenced to incarceration followed by a period of probation, often referred to as a “split sentence.” Race. Classification by race often depends on the reporting program and the State. A few States reported two categories: white and nonwhite. A few others categorized Hispanic offenders as belonging to "Other race." The number of persons with certain racial backgrounds were sometimes estimated. Reporting time. The prison and capital punishment figures are from December 31, 1996, unless otherwise noted. The Bureau of the Census surveyed jails on June 30, 1996. The bureau conducted the Survey of Inmates in Local Jails from October 1995 through March 1996. Revisions. Many States revise the yearend number reported for the previous year. Those revisions are made in the total, not the detail. For example, the number of blacks, whites, and members of other races for 1995 were not changed by a State in 1996 to equal its revised 1995 total. Highlights viiData sources Series that aggregate by reporting unit NPS-1. Annual yearend count of prisoners present by jurisdiction, gender, race, Hispanic origin, and admissions and releases during the year. NPS-1A. Count of prisoners present on June 30 by jurisdiction. NPS-1B. Advance yearend count of prisoners; emergency releases because of prison crowding; rated, operational, and design capacities of prison facilities. NPS-8A. Yearend count of persons in prison under sentence of death. NPS-8B, 8C. Complete survey of States to determine any significant changes in statues or case law relating to the death penalty. CJ-8. Yearend count, admissions, and releases of persons on probation by jurisdiction. CJ-7. Yearend count, admissions, and releases of persons on parole by jurisdiction. CJ-5. Annual survey to estimate the population and rated capacity of jails. CJ-43. Census every 5 to 6 years of all State and Federal prison facilities to record their characteristics. CJ-3. Census every 5 to 6 years of all jail facilities to record their characteristics. Series based on reported individual offenders NPS-8. Characteristics of persons admitted to, under, or released from a sentence of death during the year. NCRP-1A. Individual record data on each offender admitted to prison during the year, covering race, age, Hispanic origin, jail credits, prior prison credit, offenses and number of counts, and maximum and minimum sentence. NCRP-1B. Individual record data on each offender released from prison during the year, covering data from NCRP-1A, offenses and sentences since admission, time spent in halfway houses, time served, and category of discharge. NCRP-1C. Individual record data on each offender discharged from parole supervision, covering data contained in NCRP-1A and NCRP-1B, parole discharge, and category of discharge. Series based on interviews of sampled prisoners SIJ-43. Survey every 5 years of a random sample of jail inmates to determine criminal history, drug and alcohol use, and personal background. NPS-25. Survey every 5 years of a random sample of prison inmates to determine criminal history, drug and alcohol use, and personal background. viii Correctional Populations in the United States, 1997Tables By Allen Beck, Ph.D., BJS Statistician 1.1 Number of adults on probation, in jail or prison, or on parole, 1990-97 2 1.2 Estimated number of adults on probation, in jail, in prison, or on parole and their percent of the adult population, by gender and race, 1997 2 1.3 Estimated number of adults under correctional supervision, by gender and race, 1990-97 2 1.4 Percent of adults under correctional supervision, by gender and race, 1990-97 3 1.5 Number of adults in custody of State or Federal prisons or local jails, 1990-97 3 1.6 Number of adults held in State or Federal prisons or in local jails, by gender and race, 1990-97 3 1.7 Number of adults held in State or Federal prisons or local jails per 100,000 adult U.S. residents in each group, by gender and race, 1990-97 3 1.8 Number of sentenced prisoners under State or Federal jurisdiction, by gender and race, 1990-97 4 1.9 Estimated number of sentenced prisoners under State or Federal jurisdiction per 100,000 U.S. residents in each group, by gender and race, 1990-97 4 1.10 Number of sentenced Hispanic and American Indian sentenced prisoners under State or Federal jurisdiction, by gender, 1990 and 1995-97 5 1.11 Number of sentenced prisoners under State or Federal jurisdiction per 100,000 U.S. residents in each group, by gender, race, Hispanic origin, and age, 1990 and 1997 5 1.12 Number of sentenced prisoners under State or Federal jurisdiction per 100,000 residents in each group, by gender, race, Hispanic origin, and age, 1997 5 1.13 Estimated number of prisoners in custody of State correctional authorities, by the most serious offense, 1990-97 6 1.14 Percent of prisoners in custody of State correctional authorities, by the most serious offense, 1990-97 7 1.15 Number of sentenced inmates in Federal prisons, by the most serious offense, 1990 and 1995-97 8 1.16 Percent of sentenced inmates in Federal prisons, by the most serious offense, 1990 and 1995-97 9 1.17 Trends in State prison admissions and releases, 1990-97 9 1.18 New court commitments to State and Federal prison, by gender, 1990-97 10 1.19 New court commitments to State and Federal prison, by gender, 1990-97 10 1.20 New court commitments to State and Federal prison, by race, 1990-97 10 1.21 New court commitments to State and Federal prison, by race, 1990-97 11 1.22 Estimated number of sentenced prisoners admitted to State prisons, by the most serious offense, 1990-97 11 1.23 Percent of sentenced prisoners admitted to State prisons, by the most serious offense, 1990-97 12 1.24 Estimated number of sentenced prisoners returned to State prisons, for a parole revocation, by the most serious offense, 1990-97 12 1.25 Percent of sentenced prisoners returned to State prisons for a parole revocation, by the most serious offense, 1990-97 13 1.26 Number of offenders sentenced to Federal prison in U.S. district court, by the most serious offense, 1990-97 14 1.27 Percent of offenders sentenced to Federal prison in U.S. district court, by the most serious offense, 1990-97 15 1.28 Number of persons held in State or Federal prisons and local jails per 100,000 residents, by gender, race, Hispanic origin, and age, 1997 16 1.29 Number of adults on probation, in jail, in prison, or on parole per 100,000 adult residents, by gender, race, Hispanic origin, and age, 1997 17 Explanatory notes 18 Technical note 18 Figures 1. Percent of U.S. adult population in State or Federal prisons or local jails, by race and gender, 1984-97 4 2. Number of prisoners in custody of State correctional authorities, by offense type, 1990-97 6 3. New court commitments of State prisoners, by race, 1980-97 7 4. New court commitments of Federal prisoners, by race, 1980-97 8 5. Percent of sentenced prisoners admitted to State prisons, by offense type, 1980-97 13 Trends in U.S. correctional populations Trends in U.S. correctional populations 12 Correctional Populations in the United States, 1997 Note: Counts for probation, prison, and parole populations are for December 31 of each year and have been revised based on the most recently reported counts. Jail population counts are for June 30 of each year. Prison counts are of inmates in custody. aA small number of individuals may have multiple correctional statuses; consequently, the total number of persons under correctional supervision is an overestimate. b The adult jail population counts are estimated for 1993-96. The jail population counts for 1994-97 exclude persons supervised outside jail facilities. 3.8% 6.8% 4.8% 2.9% 3.9% 1990-97 Average annual percent change 1.6% 4.4% 9.3% 3.2% 3.8% 1996-97 Percent change 690,752 1,176,922 557,974 3,266,837 5,692,500 1997 679,733 1,127,764 510,400 3,164,996 5,482,900 1996 679,421 1,078,542 499,300 3,077,861 5,335,100 1995 690,371 990,147 479,800 2,981,022 5,141,300 1994 676,100 909,381 455,500 2,903,061 4,944,000 1993 658,601 850,566 441,781 2,811,611 4,762,600 1992 590,442 792,535 424,129 2,728,472 4,535,600 1991 531,407 743,382 403,019 2,670,234 4,348,000 1990 Parole Prison Jailb Probation Year Total estimated correctional populationa Table 1.1. Number of adults on probation, in jail or prison, or on parole, 1990-97 Note: Detail may not add to total because of rounding. The numbers for gender and race were rounded to the nearest 100. In cases where gender or race was unknown or not reported, counts were estimated first on the self-reported racial identification of Hispanics in BJS surveys and then the residual was allocated based on the known cases. Estimates will differ from counts reported in chapters dealing with jail inmates, probation and parole populations, and State and Federal prisoners. aA small number of individuals have multiple correctional statuses; consequently, the total number of persons under correctional supervision may be an overestimate. See Technical note. bBased on the resident population 18 years or older on July 1, 1997, and adjusted for the undercount in the 1990 census. 1.3% 9.0% 2.0% 0.9% 4.9% 2.8% Percent under correctional supervision 8,802,000 23,858,000 167,372,000 103,340,000 97,691,000 200,032,000 U.S. adult resident populationb 12,300 298,300 380,200 77,800 613,000 690,800 Parole 32,600 574,400 569,900 73,600 1,103,300 1,176,900 Prison 14,200 242,200 301,600 59,300 498,700 558,000 Jail 54,500 1,035,000 2,177,300 684,500 2,582,300 3,266,800 Probation 113,600 2,149,900 3,429,000 895,300 4,797,200 5,692,500 Total Other Black White Female Male Totala Race Gender Table 1.2. Estimated number of adults on probation, in jail, in prison, or on parole and their percent of the adult population, by gender and race, 1997 Note: Populations are estimated and rounded to the nearest 100. Previously published estimates for 1996 by gender and race have been revised, based on the most recently reported population totals and revised procedures for estimating missing data. See Explanatory notes. 113,600 2,149,900 3,429,000 895,300 4,797,200 5,692,500 1997 104,500 2,083,600 3,294,800 852,800 4,630,100 5,482,900 1996 90,200 2,024,000 3,220,900 822,100 4,513,000 5,335,100 1995 65,300 2,018,000 3,058,000 763,900 4,377,400 5,141,300 1994 60,200 2,011,600 2,872,200 728,200 4,215,800 4,944,000 1993 53,500 1,873,200 2,835,900 712,300 4,050,300 4,762,600 1992 49,900 1,743,300 2,742,400 622,600 3,913,000 4,535,600 1991 49,800 1,632,700 2,665,500 601,700 3,746,300 4,348,000 1990 Other Black White Female Male Total Year Race Gender Table 1.3. Estimated number of adults under correctional supervision, by gender and race, 1990-97Trends in U.S. correctional populations 3 Note: Populations are estimated and rounded to the nearest 100. Previously published estimates for 1996 by gender and race have been revised, based on the most recently reported population totals . 63,000 753,600 65,200 806,300 1997 59,600 714,200 60,800 751,100 1996 56,800 704,900 55,100 723,800 1995 52,300 676,000 51,300 667,400 1994 47,500 624,100 46,500 627,100 1993 42,400 590,300 44,100 598,000 1992 40,600 551,000 42,200 566,800 1991 38,000 508,800 39,300 545,900 1990 Females Males Females Males Year Black White Table 1.6. Number of adults held in State or Federal prisons or in local jails, by gender and race, 1990-97 Note: Percentages are based on the resident population age 18 or older on July 1 of each reference year and have been corrected for the undercount in the 1990 census. 1.3 9.0 2.0 0.9 4.9 2.8 1997 1.2 8.9 2.0 0.8 4.9 2.8 1996 1.1 8.8 2.0 0.8 4.8 2.7 1995 0.8 8.9 1.9 0.8 4.7 2.6 1994 0.8 9.0 1.8 0.7 4.5 2.6 1993 0.7 8.5 1.8 0.7 4.4 2.5 1992 0.7 8.0 1.7 0.6 4.3 2.4 1991 0.7% 7.6% 1.7% 0.6% 4.2% 2.3% 1990 Other Black White Female Male Total Year Race Gender Table 1.4. Percent of adults under correctional supervision, by gender and race, 1990-97 aState and Federal inmate counts exclude those under State or Federal jurisdiction who were housed elsewhere, as in county or local jails. bJail population counts for 1993-96 are estimated. cTotal number of adults held in the custody of State, Federal, or local jurisdictions per 100,000 U.S. residents on December 31 of each reference year. 4.8% 6.7% 8.1% 6.1% 1990-97 Average annual percent change, 9.3% 4.1% 7.0% 5.9% Percent change, 1996-97 645 557,974 1,075,167 101,755 1,734,896 1997 615 510,400 1,032,676 95,088 1,638,200 1996 598 499,300 989,004 89,538 1,577,800 1995 562 479,800 904,647 85,500 1,469,900 1994 526 455,500 828,566 80,815 1,364,900 1993 507 441,781 778,495 72,071 1,292,347 1992 482 424,129 728,605 63,930 1,216,664 1991 460 403,019 684,544 58,838 1,146,401 1990 State Federal Year Incarceratiio ratec Inmates held in local jailsb Prisoners in custodya Total inmates in custodya Table 1.5. Number of adults in custody of State or Federal prisons or local jails, 1990-97 Note: Data are based on resident population for each group on July 1 of each year and have been adjusted for the census undercount. 491 6,838 76 990 1997 472 6,608 71 933 1996 456 6,618 65 907 1995 426 6,443 61 842 1994 393 6,032 55 797 1993 356 5,793 53 766 1992 346 5,503 51 732 1991 329 5,161 48 711 1990 Females Males Females Males Year Black White Table 1.7. Number of adults held in State or Federal prisons or local jails per 100,000 U.S. adult residents in each group, by gender and race, 1990-974 Correctional Populations in the United States, 1997 Figure 1. Percent of U.S. adult population in State or Federal prisons or in local jails, by race and gender, 1984-95 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 0% 2% 4% 6% 8% Black males (6.8%) White males (0.99%) Black females (0.49%) White females (0.08%) 1997 Percent of U.S. adult population for each group Figure 1. Percent of U.S. adult population in State or Federal prisons or in local jails, by race and gender, 1984-97 Note: Sentenced prisoners are those with a sentence of more than 1 year. Previously published numbers for 1996 have been revised. aRates are based on the U.S. resident population on December 31 of each year. bRates are based on the U.S. resident population on July 1 of each year and have been adjusted for the census undercount. cIncludes Asians, Pacific Islanders, American Indians, Alaska Natives, and other racial groups. 192 32 53 3,251 491 840 444 1997 183 30 51 3,164 468 810 427 1996 176 27 47 3,095 449 781 411 1995 169 26 45 2,923 432 739 389 1994 155 23 40 2,718 402 685 359 1993 136 20 35 2,499 373 631 332 1992 129 19 33 2,368 352 595 313 1991 117 19 31 2,234 338 564 297 1990 Black White Allb,c Black White Allb,c Totala Year Female Male Number of sentenced prisoners per 100,000 residents Table 1.9. Estimated number of sentenced prisoners under State or Federal jurisdiction per 100,000 U.S. residents in each group, by gender and race, 1990-97 Note: Previously published estimates by gender and race have been revised. Sentenced prisoners are those with a sentence of more than 1 year. The numbers for gender and race were rounded to the nearest 100. *Includes Asians, Pacific Islanders, American Indians, Alaska Natives, and other racial groups. 35,500 36,300 73,794 548,500 541,300 1,120,787 1,194,581 1997 34,000 33,800 69,599 528,600 511,300 1,068,123 1,137,722 1996 31,900 30,500 63,963 509,800 487,400 1,021,059 1,085,022 1995 30,200 28,800 60,125 474,800 465,300 956,566 1,016,691 1994 27,300 25,800 54,037 434,900 428,700 878,037 932,074 1993 23,600 22,200 46,501 393,700 394,500 799,776 846,277 1992 22,000 21,100 43,802 366,500 369,200 745,808 789,610 1991 19,700 20,200 40,564 340,300 350,700 699,416 739,980 1990 Black White All* Black White All* Total Year Female Male Number of sentenced prisoners Table 1.8. Number of sentenced prisoners under State or Federal jurisdiction, by gender and race, 1990-97Trends in U.S. correctional populations 5 aBased on estimates of the U.S. resident population on July 1 of each year and adjusted for the 1990 census undercount. bExcludes Hispanics. 10 20 4 5 394 509 100 154 55 or older 99 154 21 42 1,262 2,773 394 700 45-54 131 337 37 82 2,215 4,837 614 1,256 40-44 213 546 66 141 2,206 6,809 806 1,681 35-39 235 650 83 176 2,585 7,479 949 2,000 30-34 210 452 58 134 2,701 8,623 867 2,141 25-29 128 215 41 78 2,600 6,993 788 1,954 20-24 30 83 17 28 1,183 2,585 274 775 18-19 87 199 25 53 1,272 3,206 386 840 Total Hispanic Blackb Whiteb Total Hispanic Blackb Whiteb Total Age Female Male Number of sentenced prisoners per 100,000 residents of each age groupa Table 1.12. Number of sentenced prisoners under State or Federal jurisdiction per 100,000 residents, by gender, race, Hispanic origin, and age, 1997 bExcludes Hispanics. aBased on estimates of the U.S. resident population on July 1 of each year and adjusted for the 1990 census undercount. 203 142 243 168 44 32 5 3 154 109 71 49 55 or older 731 535 1,470 590 195 137 42 21 700 410 365 211 45-54 1,289 779 2,622 1,433 308 196 82 41 1,256 715 666 375 40-44 1,385 1,069 3,799 1,973 405 245 141 67 1,681 989 913 526 35-39 1,608 1,185 4,240 2,640 476 336 176 87 2,000 1,327 1,092 708 30-34 1,617 1,341 4,564 2,949 434 354 134 95 2,141 1,493 1,144 799 25-29 1,509 972 3,677 2,296 403 295 78 61 1,954 1,220 1,042 652 20-24 677 360 1,377 1,084 140 90 28 13 775 518 412 271 18-19 738 548 1,743 1,067 189 139 53 31 840 564 440 292 Total 1997 1990 1997 1990 1997 1990 1997 1990 1997 1990 1997 1990 Age Hispanic Blackb Whiteb Female Male Total Number of sentenced prisoners per 100,000 U.S. residents in each population groupa Table 1.11. Number of sentenced prisoners under State or Federal jurisdiction per 100,000 U.S. residents in each group, by gender, race, Hispanic origin, and age, 1990 and 1997 bThe number of American Indian inmates was based on reports from NPS, which exclude those held in detention facilities in Indian country. cRates are based on estimates of the U.S. resident Hispanic and American Indian populations on July 1 of each year and adjusted for the 1990 census undercount. aNumbers of Hispanics with a sentence of more than a year were estimated for each year using the 1991 and 1997 inmate surveys and the NPS sentenced inmate counts. 80 905 492 1,000 10,900 11,900 87 1,272 698 12,800 200,200 213,000 1997 77 850 462 900 10,100 11,000 78 1,279 688 11,100 189,300 200,400 1996 72 769 419 800 9,000 9,800 64 1,264 675 8,800 181,300 190,100 1995 35 516 275 400 5,600 6,000 56 1,016 548 6,500 123,500 130,000 1990 Female Male Total Female Male Total Female Male Total Female Male Total Year Per 100,000 American Indian residentsc Number Per 100,000 Hispanic residentsc Number Sentenced American Indian prisonersb Sentenced Hispanic prisonersa Table 1.10. Number of sentenced Hispanic and American Indian prisoners under State or Federal jurisdiction, by gender, 1990 and 1995-976 Correctional Populations in the United States, 1997 Note: Previously published estimates for 1992-96 have been revised based on data from the 1997 Survey of Inmates in State Correctional Facilities. The offense distributions for yearend 1991 and 1997 are based on survey data. The offense distributions for other years are estimated using forward and backward stock-flow methods. See Explanatory notes for further details on the estimations. All estimates are based on the total number of prisoners in physical custody, including those with sentences of 1 year or less and those who were unsentenced. See definitions for the distinction between custody and jurisdiction counts. Due to rounding, detail may not sum to total. aIncludes nonnegligent manslaughter. bIncludes extortion, intimidation, criminal endangerment, and other violent offenses. cIncludes possession and selling of stolen property, destruction of property, trespassing, vandalism, criminal tampering, and other property offenses. dIncludes weapons, drunk driving, escape, court offenses, obstruction, commercialized vice, morals and decency charges, liquor law violations, and other public-order offenses. eIncludes juvenile offenses and unspecified felonies. 2,700 3,200 3,500 3,900 4,300 3,200 2,900 3,100 Other/unspecifiede 106,200 96,000 86,500 74,400 64,000 56,300 49,500 45,500 Public-order offensesd 222,100 216,900 212,800 193,500 177,000 168,100 155,200 148,600 Drug offenses 27,700 27,200 25,600 22,300 19,800 19,400 18,200 17,100 Other propertyc 28,900 27,600 26,300 23,600 21,300 20,200 20,400 20,200 Fraud 19,800 20,200 21,300 19,700 18,900 18,100 16,000 14,400 Motor vehicle theft 45,100 45,000 44,500 39,600 35,300 33,500 35,700 34,800 Larceny 114,900 111,700 108,900 101,800 94,300 90,500 90,300 87,200 Burglary 236,400 231,700 226,600 207,000 189,600 181,600 180,700 173,700 Property offenses 20,700 19,600 18,600 17,000 15,600 14,500 13,100 12,400 Other violentb 100,500 95,200 89,000 80,100 72,200 67,600 59,000 53,300 Assault 152,000 146,100 139,600 131,700 122,100 113,600 107,800 99,200 Robbery 64,200 60,700 57,000 53,300 49,000 46,200 43,000 39,100 Other sexual assault 27,500 28,200 28,500 27,700 27,100 27,300 25,500 24,500 Rape 17,000 16,800 16,300 15,200 14,600 14,000 13,100 13,200 Manslaughter 125,800 118,200 110,600 100,700 92,800 85,900 77,200 72,000 Murdera 507,800 484,800 459,600 425,700 393,500 369,100 339,500 313,600 Violent offenses 1,075,167 1,032,676 989,005 904,647 828,400 778,245 728,605 684,544 Total 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 Most serious offense Number of inmates in State prison Table 1.13. Estimated number of prisoners in custody of State correctional authorities, by the most serious offense, 1990-97 1997 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 0 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 500,000 600,000 Number of State prison inmates Violent Property Drug Public-order Figure 2. Number of prisoners in custody of State correctional authorities, by offense type, 1980-97Trends in U.S. correctional populations 7 Note: Previously published estimates for 1992-96 have been revised based on data from the 1997 Survey of Inmates in State Correctional Facilities. The offense distributions for yearend 1991 and 1997 are based on survey data. The offense distributions for other years are estimated using forward and backward stock-flow methods. See Explanatory notes for further details on the estimations. All estimates are based on the total number of prisoners in physical custody, including those with sentences of 1 year or less and those who were unsentenced. See definitions between custody and jurisdiction counts. Due to rounding, detail may not sum to total. aIncludes nonnegligent manslaughter. bIncludes extortion, intimidation, criminal endangerment, and other violent offenses. cIncludes possession and selling of stolen property, destruction of property, destruction of property, trespassing, vandalism, criminal tampering, and other property offenses. dIncludes weapons, drunk driving, escape, court offenses, obstruction, commercialized vice, morals and decency charges, liquor law violations, and other public-order offenses. eIncludes juvenile offenses and unspecified felonies. 0.2% 0.3% 0.3% 0.4% 0.5% 0.4% 0.4% 0.5% Other/unspecifiede 9.9% 9.3% 8.7% 8.2% 7.7% 7.2% 6.8% 6.6% Public-order offensesd 20.7% 21.0% 21.5% 21.4% 21.4% 21.6% 21.3% 21.7% Drug offenses 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.5 Other propertyc 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.8 3.0 Fraud 1.8 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.1 Motor vehicle theft 4.2 4.4 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.3 4.9 5.1 Larceny 10.7 10.8 11.0 11.3 11.4 11.6 12.4 12.7 Burglary 22.0% 22.4% 22.9% 22.9% 22.9% 23.3% 24.8% 25.4% Property offenses 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.8 Other violentb 9.4 9.2 9.0 8.9 8.7 8.7 8.1 7.8 Assault 14.1 14.1 14.1 14.6 14.7 14.6 14.8 14.5 Robbery 6.0 5.9 5.8 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.7 Other sexual assault 2.6 2.7 2.9 3.1 3.3 3.5 3.5 3.6 Rape 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.9 Manslaughter 11.7 11.5 11.2 11.1 11.2 11.0 10.6 10.5 Murdera 47.2% 46.9% 46.5% 47.1% 47.5% 47.4% 46.6% 45.8% Violent offenses 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Total 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 Most serious offense Percent of inmates in State prison Table 1.14. Percent of prisoners in custody of State correctional authorities, by the most serious offense, 1990-97 1997 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 0 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 Number of new court commitments Whites Blacks All races to State prison Figure 3. New court commitments of State prisoners, by race, 1980-978 Correctional Populations in the United States, 1997 Note: All data are from the BJS Federal justice database. Data for 1990 and 1995 are for December 31. Data for 1996 and 1997 are for September 30. Numbers may differ from the Federal Bureau of Prisons’ count because the Federal Justice Statistics Program includes prisoners in transit. aIncludes prisoners of any sentence length. bIncludes murder, nonnegligent manslaughter, and negligent manslaughter. cBeginning in 1996 assaults with intent to commit robbery were coded as robbery. dIncludes kidnaping, rape, other sexual assault, threats against the President, and other offenses. eIncludes embezzlement, counterfeiting, forgery, bankruptcy, and fraud (excluding tax fraud but including securities fraud). fIncludes motor vehicle theft, trespassing, destruction of property, and transport of stolen property. gIncludes flight to avoid prosecution, escape, parole and probation violation, and other court offenses. hIncludes liquor laws, national security laws, income tax, selective service acts, bribery, gambling, traffic offenses, and other public-order offenses. iIncludes offenses not classifiable or not a violation of the United States Code. 1,328 947 1,757 0 Unknown 0 0 0 442 Otheri 5,288 4,730 4,264 3,367 Other public-orderh 373 325 367 417 Escape/courtg 8,082 7,696 7,519 3,073 Weapons 5,454 4,476 3,612 1,728 Immigration 19,197 17,227 15,762 8,585 Public-order offenses 58,610 55,194 51,737 30,470 Drug offenses 1,822 1,793 1,731 2,380 Larceny/theft/other propertyf 6,148 5,807 5,629 5,113 Fraude 181 181 164 442 Burglary 8,151 7,781 7,524 7,935 Property offenses 1,509 1,460 1,381 1,202 Other violentd 8,464 8,334 6,341 5,158 Robbery 670 645 2,633 1,964 Assaultc 1,015 1,084 966 1,233 Homicideb 11,658 11,523 11,321 9,557 Violent offenses 98,944 92,672 88,101 56,989 Total 1997 1996 1995 1990 offense Number of inmates in Federal prisona Most serious Table 1.15. Number of sentenced inmates in Federal prisons, by the most serious offense, 1990 and 1995-97 Figure 4. New court commitments of Federal prisoners, by race, 1980-97 1997 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 0 10,000 20,000 30,000 Number of new court commitments All races Whites Blacks to Federal prisonTrends in U.S. correctional populations 9 Note: All data are from the BJS Federal justice database. Data for 1990 and 1995 are for Decembbe 31. Data for 1996 and 1997 are for September 30. aIncludes prisoners of any sentence length. bPercents are based on prisoners for whom most serious offense was known. cIncludes murder, nonnegligent manslaughter, and negligent manslaughter. dBeginning in 1996 assaults with intent to commit robbery were coded as robbery. eIncludes kidnaping, rape, other sexual assault, threats against the President, and other offenses. fIncludes embezzlement, counterfeiting, forgery, bankruptcy, and fraud (excluding tax fraud but including securities fraud). gIncludes motor vehicle theft, trespassing, destruction of property, and transport of stolen property. hIncludes flight to avoid prosecution, escape, parole and probation violation, and other court offenses. iIncludes liquor laws, national security laws, income tax, selective service acts, bribery, gambling, traffic offenses, and other public-order offenses. jIncludes offenses not classifiable or not a violation of the United States Code. 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.8% Otherj 5.4 5.2 4.9 5.9 Other public-orderi 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.7 Escape/courth 8.3 8.4 8.7 5.4 Weapons 5.6 4.9 4.2 3.0 Immigration 19.7% 18.8% 18.3% 15.1% Public-order offenses 60.0% 60.2% 59.9% 53.5% Drug offenses 1.9 2.0 2.0 4.2 Larceny/theft/other propertyg 6.3 6.3 6.5 9.0 Fraudf 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.8 Burglary 8.4% 8.5% 8.7% 13.9% Property offenses 1.5 1.6 1.6 2.1 Other violente 8.7 9.1 7.3 9.1 Robbery 0.7 0.7 3.0 3.4 Assaultd 1.0 1.2 1.1 2.2 Homicidec 11.9% 12.6% 13.1% 16.8% Violent offenses 100% 100% 100% 100% Total 1997b 1996b 1995b 1990 offense Percent of inmates in Federal prisona Most serious Table 1.16. Percent of sentenced inmates in Federal prisons, by the most serious offense, 1990 and 1995-97 Note: Releases exclude escapees, AWOL’s and transfers. All data are limited to prisoners with a sentence of more than 1 year. aThe number of admissions per 100 State prisoners at the beginning of each year. bThe number of releases per 100 State prisoners at the beginning of each year plus the number admitted during the year. cReleases in Alaska, by type, were estimated for 1994. 4.9 16.8 10.4 39.7 28.2 30.9 489,914 3.2 34.7 62.1 51.3 538,375 1997 4.7 16.7 10.2 38.0 30.4 30.9 467,193 2.6 33.7 63.7 51.2 512,618 1996 4.0 14.5 10.1 39.0 32.3 31.2 455,140 1.6 33.7 64.7 55.7 521,970 1995 4.3 12.5 12.6 35.6 35.0 30.8 418,372 1.9 33.6 64.5 58.0 498,919 1994c 4.4 11.9 13.4 31.6 38.8 33.3 417,838 2.3 30.8 66.9 60.9 475,100 1993 5.5 11.4 14.1 29.5 39.5 35.5 430,198 1.0 29.5 69.5 65.6 480,676 1992 5.3 10.8 14.2 29.9 39.7 36.5 421,687 1.5 30.5 68.0 67.6 466,285 1991 3.6% 12.7% 15.5% 28.8% 39.4% 37.0% 405,374 0.8% 29.1% 70.1% 72.7% 460,739 1990 Other of sentence conditional release board rateb Number Other violators commitments ratea Number Year Expiration Other Mandatory Parole Release release New court Admission Percent of all releases Conditional Percent of all admissions Releases from State prison Admissions to State prison Table 1.17. Trends in State prison admissions and releases, 1990-9710 Correctional Populations in the United States, 1997 Note: For Hispanic inmates of unknown racial origin, race was estimated using the racial distribution of Hispanics for whom race was known. All data are based on prisoners with sentences of 1 year or more. Numbers by race are estimated from the NCRP (1990-97) and the Federal Justice Statistics Program (1993-97). aIncludes Asians, Pacific Islanders, American Indians, and Alaska Natives. bFederal admissions data for 1990-93 are from the NCRP and for 1994-97 from the National Prisoners Statistics with detail by race from the Federal Justice Statistics Program. 1,000 9,800 19,800 30,560 3,700 157,300 173,500 334,525 4,700 167,100 193,300 365,085 1997 900 9,300 17,100 27,346 3,400 154,500 168,600 326,547 4,400 163,800 185,700 353,893 1996 800 7,300 15,900 23,972 3,200 163,500 170,800 337,492 4,000 170,800 186,700 361,464 1995 700 8,500 14,800 23,956 3,400 160,700 158,000 322,141 4,100 169,200 172,800 346,097 1994 600 8,100 15,000 23,653 3,000 161,400 153,700 318,069 3,600 169,500 168,700 341,722 1993 600 7,300 14,400 22,197 2,900 170,100 161,300 334,301 3,500 177,400 175,700 356,498 1992 500 6,400 13,300 20,241 3,100 164,300 149,900 317,237 3,600 170,700 163,200 337,478 1991 400 5,900 12,200 18,476 2,400 163,600 157,100 323,069 2,800 169,500 169,300 341,545 1990 Othera Black White admissionsb Othera Black White admissions Othera Black White admissions Year Federal admissions of Federal State admissions of State State and Federal admissions number of Estimated number of Total number Estimated number of Total number Estimated number of Total Table 1.20. New court commitments to State and Federal prison, by race, 1990-97 aThe total number of Federal admissions for 1990-92 is from the National Corrections Reporting Program (NCRP). The breakdown by gender is calculated by taking the percentage reported for each year and applying that to the total number of admissions. bThe number of State admissions for Alaska was estimated. 2,866 27,694 30,560 34,286 300,239 334,525 37,152 327,933 365,085 1997 2,508 24,838 27,346 33,396 293,151 326,547 35,904 317,989 353,893 1996 2,136 21,836 23,972 32,925 304,567 337,492 35,061 326,403 361,464 1995 2,140 21,816 23,956 27,150 292,972 322,141 29,290 314,788 346,097 1994b 2,043 21,610 23,653 27,166 288,883 318,069 29,209 310,493 341,722 1993 2,100 20,100 22,197 29,529 304,772 334,301 31,600 324,900 356,498 1992a 1,900 18,400 20,241 28,829 288,408 317,237 30,700 306,800 337,478 1991a 1,800 16,700 18,476 28,192 294,877 323,069 30,000 311,600 341,545 1990a Females Males Total Females Males Total Females Males Total Year New court admissions to Federal prisons New court admissions to State prisons New court admissions to prison Table 1.18. New court commitments to State and Federal prison, by gender, 1990-97 9.4 90.6 30,560 10.2 89.8 334,525 10.2 89.8 365,085 1997 9.2 90.8 27,346 10.2 89.8 326,547 10.1 89.9 353,893 1996 8.9 91.1 23,972 9.8 90.2 337,492 9.7 90.3 361,464 1995 8.9 91.1 23,956 8.4 90.9 322,141 8.5 91.0 346,097 1994b 8.6 91.4 23,653 8.5 90.8 318,069 8.5 90.9 341,722 1993 9.5 90.6 22,197 8.8 91.2 334,301 8.9 91.1 356,498 1992 9.4 90.9 20,241 9.1 90.9 317,237 9.1 90.9 337,478 1991a 9.7% 90.4% 18,476 8.7% 91.3% 323,069 8.8% 91.2% 341,545 1990a Females Males admissions Females Males admissions Females Males admissions Year Federal admissions of Federal State admissions of State and Federal admissions number of Percent of Total number Percent of Total number Percent of State Total Table 1.19. Percent of new court commitments to State and Federal prison, by gender, 1990-97Trends in U.S. correctional populations 11 Note: For Hispanic inmates of unknown racial origin, race was estimated using the racial distribution of Hispanics for whom race was known. All data are based on prisoners with sentences of 1 year or more. Numbers by race are estimated from the National Corrections Reporting Program (1990-97) and the Federal Justice Statistics Program (1993-96). aIncludes Asians, Pacific Islanders, American Indians, and Alaska Natives. bFederal admissions data for 1990-93 are from the National Corrections Reporting Program and for 1994-97 from the National Prisoners Statistics with detail by race from the Federal Justice Statistics Program. cThe number of State admissions for 1994 was estimated for Alaska. 3.2 32.1 64.6 100 30,560 1.1 47.0 51.9 100 334,525 1.3 45.8 52.9 100 365,085 1997 3.2 34.2 62.6 100 27,346 1.1 47.3 51.6 100 326,547 1.2 46.3 52.5 100 353,893 1996 3.1 30.4 66.5 100 23,972 1.0 48.4 50.6 100 337,492 1.1 47.3 51.7 100 361,464 1995 2.8 35.5 61.7 100 23,956 1.0 49.9 49.1 100 322,141 1.5 51.7 46.8 100 346,097 1994c 2.5 34.2 63.3 100 23,653 0.9 50.7 48.3 100 318,069 1.1 52.5 46.4 100 341,722 1993 2.6 32.7 64.7 100 22,197 0.9 50.9 48.3 100 334,301 1.1 53.0 45.9 100 356,498 1992 2.4 31.7 65.9 100 20,241 1.0 51.8 47.2 100 317,237 1.1 52.7 46.3 100 337,478 1991 2.3% 31.7% 66.0% 100% 18,476 0.8% 50.6% 48.6% 100% 323,069 0.9% 51.1% 48.0% 100% 341,545 1990 Othera Black White Total admissionsb Othera Black White Total admissions Othera Black White Total admissions Year Percent of Federal admissions of Federal Percent of State admissions of State and Federal admissions number of Total number Total number Percent of State Total Table 1.21. New court commitments to State and Federal prison, by race, 1990-97 Note: All data were estimated. For each year, the proportion of new court commitments in each offense category was multiplied by the total number of new court commitments and rounded to the nearest hundred. (See table 1.23 for percentages.) Detail may not add to total because of rounding. aIncludes only those with sentences of more than 1 year. bIncludes nonnegligent manslaughter. cIncludes rape and other sexual assault. 1,400 2,100 2,300 2,900 3,400 3,700 3,500 3,600 Other 35,700 34,600 34,500 32,200 29,500 29,400 28,200 26,000 Public-order offenses 102,600 98,700 104,100 97,300 95,100 101,600 95,200 102,400 Drug offenses 11,600 11,400 11,400 10,300 10,900 12,000 10,800 10,300 Other property 13,400 13,200 13,800 12,600 12,200 12,700 12,100 12,600 Fraud 6,900 6,800 8,000 7,700 7,500 8,400 7,600 8,400 Motor vehicle theft 23,500 24,400 26,200 24,800 25,400 27,100 25,400 26,200 Larceny/theft 39,200 39,000 40,000 39,900 41,000 44,500 42,800 46,800 Burglary 94,700 94,800 99,400 95,400 97,000 104,300 98,700 104,400 Property offenses 6,400 5,700 5,400 5,200 4,600 4,300 4,400 4,200 Other violent 29,800 28,400 27,600 25,800 24,500 25,100 24,100 22,600 Aggravated assault 30,600 29,700 30,400 30,600 31,300 33,100 32,000 29,700 Robbery 20,700 19,700 19,800 19,700 19,200 19,100 17,800 17,800 Sexual assaultc 3,500 3,600 4,000 3,900 4,000 4,000 4,100 3,900 Negligent manslaughter 9,100 9,200 10,000 10,000 9,500 9,700 9,500 8,700 Murderb 100,200 96,300 97,200 94,400 93,000 95,600 91,700 86,600 Violent offenses 334,525 326,547 337,492 322,141 318,069 334,301 317,237 323,069 All offenses 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 serious offense Number of new court commitments to State prisonsa Most Table 1.22. Estimated number of sentenced prisoners admitted to State prisons, by the most serious offense, 1990-9712 Correctional Populations in the United States, 1997 Note: Data are from the National Corrections Reporting Program and are based on the most serious offense as reported by participating States. Data may not sum to total due to rounding. aIncludes only those with sentences of more than 1 year. bIncludes nonnegligent manslaughter. cIncludes rape and other sexual assault. 0.4% 0.7% 0.7% 0.9% 1.1% 1.1% 1.1% 1.1% Other 10.7% 10.6% 10.2% 10.0% 9.3% 8.8% 8.9% 8.0% Public-order offenses 30.7% 30.2% 30.8% 30.2% 29.9% 30.4% 30.0% 31.7% Drug offenses 3.5 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.4 3.2 Other property 4.0 4.1 4.1 3.9 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.9 Fraud 2.0 2.1 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.4 2.6 Motor vehicle theft 7.0 7.5 7.8 7.7 8.0 8.1 8.0 8.1 Larceny/theft 11.7 12.0 11.9 12.4 12.9 13.3 13.5 14.5 Burglary 28.3% 29.0% 29.5% 29.6% 30.5% 31.2% 31.1% 32.3% Property offenses 1.9 1.8 1.6 1.6 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.3 Other violent 8.9 8.7 8.2 8.0 7.7 7.5 7.6 7.0 Aggravated assault 9.2 9.1 9.0 9.5 9.8 9.9 10.1 9.2 Robbery 6.2 6.0 5.9 6.1 6.0 5.7 5.6 5.5 Sexual assaultc 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.2 Negligent manslaughter 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.1 3.0 2.9 3.0 2.7 Murderb 29.9% 29.5% 28.8% 29.3% 29.2% 28.6% 28.9% 26.8% Violent offenses 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Total 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 serious offense Percent of new court commitments to State prisonsa Most Table 1.23. Percent of sentenced prisoners admitted to State prisons, by the most serious offense, 1990-97 Note: Data are from the National Corrections Reporting Program and are based on the most serious offense as reported by participating States. Data may not sum to total due to rounding. aIncludes only those with sentences of more than 1 year. bIncludes nonnegligent manslaughter. cIncludes rape and other sexual assault. 1,700 300 400 300 300 300 300 300 Other 15,500 14,300 13,600 12,500 10,600 9,900 9,000 7,800 Public-order offenses 59,400 54,300 53,900 49,500 41,500 38,400 36,900 30,900 Drug offenses 5,800 4,500 4,600 4,300 3,400 3,300 2,700 2,700 Other property 5,600 4,700 5,500 5,300 4,900 5,200 6,000 5,500 Fraud 7,100 7,700 6,800 6,500 5,500 5,200 6,000 5,600 Motor vehicle theft 17,500 17,300 17,700 17,500 15,700 15,700 16,900 16,600 Larceny/theft 28,400 26,400 30,500 30,500 28,100 29,100 30,100 31,300 Burglary 64,400 60,600 65,100 64,100 57,800 58,600 61,700 61,700 Property offenses 2,400 1,900 2,000 1,700 1,200 1,200 1,000 900 Other violent 12,900 11,700 11,100 10,500 8,700 8,100 8,000 7,200 Aggravated assault 19,800 19,000 19,800 20,400 18,700 17,700 16,800 18,100 Robbery 7,300 7,200 6,400 6,000 4,600 4,800 5,300 4,000 Sexual assaultc 700 700 900 900 700 700 700 700 Negligent manslaughter 2,600 2,400 2,700 2,600 2,200 2,300 2,600 2,300 Murderb 45,700 43,000 42,800 42,000 36,200 34,900 34,200 33,200 Violent offenses 186,659 172,633 175,726 168,504 146,366 141,961 142,100 133,870 All offenses 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 serious offense Number of parole violators returned to State prisonsa Most Table 1.24. Estimated number of sentenced prisoners returned to State prisons for a parole revocation, by the most serious offense, 1990-97Trends in U.S. correctional populations 13 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% Percent of new court commitments Violent Property Drug Public-order to State prisons 1997 Figure 5. Percent of sentenced prisoners admitted to State prisons, by offense type, 1980-97 Note: Data are from the National Corrections Reporting Program and are based on the most serious offense as reported by participating States. Data may not sum to total due to rounding. aIncludes only those with sentences of more than 1 year. bIncludes nonnegligent manslaughter. cIncludes rape and other sexual assault. 0.9% 1.4% 1.7% 1.9% 2.4% 2.5% 0.2% 0.2% Other 8.3% 8.2% 7.6% 7.3% 7.1% 6.8% 6.3% 5.8% Public-order offenses 31.8% 31.1% 30.2% 28.9% 27.7% 26.4% 26.0% 23.1% Drug offenses 3.1 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.3 2.3 1.9 2.0 Other property 3.0 2.7 3.1 3.1 3.3 3.6 4.2 4.1 Fraud 3.8 4.4 3.8 3.8 3.7 3.6 4.2 4.2 Motor vehicle theft 9.4 9.9 9.9 10.2 10.5 10.8 11.9 12.4 Larceny/theft 15.2 15.1 17.1 17.8 18.8 20.0 21.2 23.4 Burglary 34.5% 34.7% 36.5% 37.4% 38.6% 40.3% 43.4% 46.1% Property offenses 1.3 1.1 1.1 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 Other violent 6.9 6.7 6.2 6.1 5.8 5.6 5.6 5.4 Aggravated assault 10.6 10.9 11.1 11.9 12.5 12.2 11.8 13.5 Robbery 3.9 4.0 3.0 4.0 3.0 4.0 4.0 3.0 Sexual assaultc 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Negligent manslaughter 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.8 1.7 Murderb 24.5% 24.6% 24.0% 24.5% 24.2% 24.0% 24.1% 24.8% Violent offenses 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Total 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 serious offense Percent of parole violators returned to State prisonsa Most Table 1.25. Percent of sentenced prisoners returned to State prisons for a parole revocation, by the most serious offense, 1990-9714 Correctional Populations in the United States, 1997 Note: Data are from the BJS Federal Justice Statistics Program. Data for 1990-94 are based on persons sentenced during each calendar year. Data for 1995-97 are based on the fiscal year ending September 30. aIncludes all offenders sentenced to incarceration. Excludes offenders with suspended sentenced to time already served, and those convicted of petty offenses. bTotal may include offenders for whom the offense category could not be determined. cIncludes murder, nonnegligent manslaughter, and negligent manslaughter. dIncludes rape and other sex offenses. eIncludes forgery, fraud, embezzlement, and counterfeiting. fIncludes arson, transportation of stolen property, and other property offenses. gIncludes bribery, perjury, national defense, tax law violations (excluding tax fraud), racketeering extortion, gambling, liquor offenses, mail or transport of obscene materials, and other public-order offenses. 1,636 2,053 1,784 1,459 1,474 1,547 1,522 1,536 Otherg 603 540 572 876 912 856 884 799 Regulatory 410 435 485 448 438 475 470 545 Escape 2,662 2,773 2,803 2,812 2,910 3,426 2,632 1,894 Weapons 5,502 4,492 3,169 2,243 2,099 1,741 1,742 1,876 Immigration 10,813 10,293 8,813 7,838 7,833 8,045 7,250 6,650 Public-order offenses 1,246 1,244 934 563 676 414 454 452 Possession 16,718 15,248 13,133 14,272 16,667 15,987 14,558 13,640 Trafficking 17,964 16,492 14,067 14,835 17,343 16,401 15,012 14,092 Drug offenses 424 453 359 209 194 260 251 198 Otherf 6,282 5,751 5,258 4,967 5,378 5,039 4,542 4,464 Fraude 92 94 264 308 321 251 170 200 Motor vehicle theft 850 805 754 851 929 901 951 940 Larceny/theft 38 58 74 131 158 106 119 83 Burglary 7,686 7,161 6,709 6,466 6,980 6,557 6,033 5,885 Property offenses 102 125 90 94 82 70 79 67 Other violent 171 220 281 284 272 282 283 282 Assault 1,691 1,515 1,289 1,628 1,950 1,860 1,504 1,313 Robbery 422 326 242 215 227 271 254 226 Sexual assaultd 233 233 307 222 148 135 140 144 Homicidec 2,619 2,419 2,209 2,443 2,679 2,618 2,260 2,032 Violent offenses 39,431 36,373 31,805 31,586 34,844 33,622 30,555 28,659 Totalb 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 serious offense Number of offenders sentenced to Federal prisona Most Table 1.26. Number of offenders sentenced to Federal prison in U.S. district court, by the most serious offense, 1990-97Trends in U.S. correctional populations 15 Note: Data are from the BJS Federal Justice Statistics Program. Data for 1990-94 are based on persons sentenced during each calendar year. Data for 1995-97 are based on the fiscal year ending September 30. aIncludes all offenders sentenced to incarceration. Excludes offenders with suspended sentenced those sentenced to time already served, and those convicted of petty offenses. bPercents exclude offenders for whom the offense category could not be determined. cIncludes murder, nonnegligent manslaughter, and negligent manslaughter. dIncludes rape and other sex offenses. eIncludes forgery, fraud, embezzlement, and counterfeiting. fIncludes arson, transportation of stolen property, and other property offenses. gIncludes bribery, perjury, national defense, tax law violations (excluding tax fraud), racketeering, extortion, gambling, liquor offenses, traffic offenses, mail or transport of obscene materials, and other public-order offenses. 4.2 5.6 5.6 4.6 4.2 4.6 5.0 5.4 Otherg 1.5 1.5 1.8 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.9 2.8 Regulatory 1.0 1.2 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.9 Escape 6.8 7.6 8.8 8.9 8.4 10.2 8.6 6.6 Weapons 14.1 12.3 10.0 7.1 6.0 5.2 5.7 6.5 Immigration 27.7% 28.3% 27.7% 24.8% 22.5% 23.9% 23.7% 23.2% Public-order offenses 3.2 3.4 2.9 1.8 1.9 1.2 1.5 1.6 Possession 42.8 41.9 41.3 45.2 47.8 47.5 47.6 47.6 Trafficking 46.0% 45.3% 44.2% 47.0% 49.8% 48.8% 49.1% 49.2% Drug offenses 1.1 1.2 1.1 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.7 Otherf 16.1 15.8 16.5 15.7 15.4 15.0 14.9 15.6 Fraude 0.2 0.3 0.8 1.0 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.7 Motor vehicle theft 2.2 2.2 2.4 2.7 2.7 2.7 3.1 3.3 Larceny/theft 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.3 Burglary 19.7% 19.7% 21.1% 20.5% 20.0% 19.5% 19.7% 20.5% Property offenses 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 Other violent 0.4 0.6 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.9 1.0 Assault 4.3 4.2 4.1 5.2 5.6 5.5 4.9 4.6 Robbery 1.1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 Sexual assaultd 0.6 0.6 1.0 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 Homicidec 6.7% 6.7% 6.9% 7.7% 7.7% 7.8% 7.4% 7.1% Violent offenses 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Totalb 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 serious offense Percent of offenders sentenced to Federal prisona Most Table 1.27. Percent of offenders sentenced to Federal prison in U.S. district court, by the most serious offenses, 1990-9716 Correctional Populations in the United States, 1997 bExcludes Hispanics. and adjusted for the 1990 census undercount. aBased on estimates of the U.S. resident population on July 1 192 724 1,288 2,239 6,668 11,840 25,170 45,465 47,704 55 or older 1,808 4,044 4,107 10,281 20,783 55,602 66,519 147,409 157,690 45-54 1,985 6,684 5,393 14,528 29,132 74,869 69,563 178,431 192,959 40-44 3,578 12,859 9,319 26,377 37,649 122,413 99,612 265,695 292,072 35-39 4,459 17,174 11,262 33,487 52,390 134,371 107,253 301,844 335,332 30-34 4,234 11,967 8,523 25,661 56,147 143,498 90,017 298,243 323,904 25-29 3,468 6,497 6,385 16,734 58,735 128,854 85,699 281,825 298,559 20-24 479 1,241 1,466 3,277 15,251 33,495 22,818 74,289 77,566 18-19 20,531 61,697 47,863 133,533 279,018 715,051 571,182 1,610,489 1,744,022 Total Hispanic Blackb Whiteb All Hispanic Blackb Whiteb All Total Female inmates Male inmates Estimated total custody population in prison and jail, 1997 1,791 2,835 25,626 31,133 1,434 1,975 20,143 24,266 55,399 55 or older 1,343 1,896 13,203 17,162 1,328 1,583 12,969 16,516 33,679 45-54 986 1,351 8,019 10,846 1,052 1,197 8,045 10,730 21,526 40-44 1,178 1,486 8,250 11,431 1,322 1,340 8,341 11,478 22,908 35-39 1,284 1,436 7,275 10,520 1,496 1,307 7,320 10,604 21,125 30-34 1,235 1,379 6,553 9,698 1,493 1,231 6,571 9,824 19,522 25-29 1,241 1,324 5,822 8,828 1,495 1,261 6,088 9,322 18,150 20-24 507 577 2,474 3,724 593 572 2,608 3,951 7,675 18-19 14,787 17,655 99,854 138,269 15,741 15,996 95,980 133,416 271,686 Total Hispanic Blackb Whiteb All Hispanic Blackb Whiteb All Total Adjusted female U.S. resident count Adjusted male U.S. resident count Midyear population estimates in 1,000’s for the calculation of total incarceration rates, 1997 11 26 5 7 465 599 125 187 86 55 or older 135 213 31 60 1,565 3,511 513 892 468 45-54 201 495 67 134 2,769 6,257 865 1,663 894 40-44 304 865 113 231 2,847 9,138 1,194 2,315 1,275 35-39 347 1,196 155 318 3,501 10,278 1,465 2,846 1,587 30-34 343 868 130 265 3,760 11,658 1,370 3,036 1,659 25-29 280 491 110 190 3,928 10,219 1,408 3,023 1,645 20-24 95 215 59 88 2,570 5,860 875 1,880 1,011 18-19 139 349 48 97 1,773 4,470 595 1,207 642 Total Hispanic Blackb Whiteb All Hispanic Blackb Whiteb All Total Age Female Male Number of persons in prison and jail per 100,000 residents in each groupa Table 1.28. Number of persons held in State or Federal prison and local jails per 100,000 residents, by gender, race, Hispanic origin, and age, 1997Trends in U.S. correctional populations 17 cIncludes persons under age 18 under adult correctional supervision. bExcludes Hispanics. and adjusted for the 1990 census undercount. Note: Populations are estimated and rounded to the nearest 100. aBased on estimates of the U.S. resident population on July 1 1,100 3,200 10,300 14,700 16,400 43,100 94,100 159,100 173,800 55 or older 8,600 26,700 47,700 84,000 50,500 134,500 220,400 418,300 502,300 45-54 10,300 29,400 64,500 105,800 56,900 171,300 236,300 477,300 583,100 40-44 16,600 54,000 96,300 168,800 91,500 265,800 370,300 748,600 917,400 35-39 19,900 65,200 106,800 194,200 131,200 319,900 389,900 864,000 1,058,200 30-34 14,500 54,500 93,600 166,000 145,500 337,800 406,800 911,400 1,077,400 25-29 22,700 41,400 68,600 136,800 156,600 350,900 435,300 972,800 1,109,700 20-24 6,500 5,100 12,500 24,100 33,000 77,100 100,700 220,000 244,100 18-19 100,827 279,945 500,514 895,800 687,070 1,718,655 2,263,888 4,805,800 5,701,600 Totalc Hispanic Blackb Whiteb All Hispanic Blackb Whiteb All Total Adult females Adult males Total under correctional supervision, 1997 1,791 2,835 25,626 31,133 1,434 1,975 20,143 24,266 55,399 55 or older 1,343 1,896 13,203 17,162 1,328 1,583 12,969 16,516 33,679 45-54 986 1,351 8,019 10,846 1,052 1,197 8,045 10,730 21,576 40-44 1,178 1,486 8,250 11,431 1,322 1,340 8,341 11,478 22,908 35-39 1,284 1,436 7,275 10,520 1,496 1,307 7,320 10,604 21,125 30-34 1,235 1,379 6,553 9,698 1,493 1,231 6,571 9,824 19,522 25-29 1,241 1,324 5,822 8,828 1,495 1,261 6,088 9,322 18,150 20-24 507 577 2,474 3,724 593 572 2,608 3,951 7,675 18-19 5,220 5,370 22,632 34,927 5,526 5,531 23,896 36,726 71,653 <18 14,787 17,655 99,854 138,269 15,741 15,996 95,980 133,416 271,686 Total Hispanic Blackb Whiteb All Hispanic Blackb Whiteb All Adjusted female resident count, 1997 Adjusted male resident count, Midyear population estimates in 1,000’s for the calculation of total incarceration rates, 1997 60 114 40 47 1,144 2,180 467 656 314 55 or older 638 1,411 362 490 3,800 8,496 1,699 2,533 1,491 45-54 1,045 2,173 804 975 5,405 14,320 2,937 4,449 2,703 40-44 1,407 3,631 1,168 1,476 6,921 19,840 4,439 6,522 4,005 35-39 1,549 4,540 1,468 1,846 8,770 24,468 5,327 8,147 5,009 30-34 1,177 3,949 1,428 1,712 9,744 27,443 6,191 9,277 5,519 25-29 1,828 3,126 1,179 1,550 10,475 27,828 7,150 10,436 6,114 20-24 1,274 881 506 647 5,562 13,487 3,861 5,567 3,180 18-19 1,054 2,279 648 867 6,726 16,423 3,141 4,970 2,850 Totalc Hispanic Blackb Whiteb All Hispanic Blackb Whiteb All Total Age Female Male Number of adults under correctional supervision per 1000,000 residents in each groupa Table 1.29. Number of adults on probation, in jail, in prison, or on parole per 100,000 adult residents, by gender, race, Hispanic origin, and age, 1997Tables By Darrell Gilliard, BJS Statistician 2.1 Persons under jail supervision, by confinement status and type of program, midyear 1995-97 20 2.2 One-day count and average daily population of jail inmates, midyear 1990-97 20 2.3 Gender, race, and Hispanic origin of jail inmates, midyear 1990-97 20 2.4 Number of jail inmates and rates per 100,000 U.S. residents, midyear 1985-97 21 2.5 Number of jail inmates and rates per 100,000 U.S. residents, by race, midyear 1985-97 21 2.6 Conviction status of adult jail inmates, by gender, midyear 1990-97 22 2.7 Jail capacity and occupancy, midyear 1990-93 and 1995-97 22 2.8 The 25 largest local jail jurisdictions: Number of inmates held, average daily population, and rated capacity, midyear 1995-97 23 2.9 Standard error estimates for the Annual Survey of Jails, 1997 23 2.10 Standard error estimates for the number of inmates and rated capacity for the Annual Survey of Jails, midyear 1990-97 23 Figure 6. Number of jail inmates per 100,000 U.S. residents, by race, 1985-97 21 Methodology 24 Questionnaire 1997 Annual Survey of Jails 25 Jail inmates in 1997 Jail inmates in 1997 19Explanatory notes Offense distributions are estimated The offense distributions of State prisoners at yearend were estimated for 1990-97 by combining data from the 1991 and 1997 State prison inmate surveys, counts by offense of annual admissions and releases in the National Corrections Reporting Program (NCRP, 1990-97), and NPS data for 1990-97. The following procedures were used: 1. The total number of sentenced prisoners under State jurisdiction in 1990 by offense was estimated using the forward and backward stock-flow procedures, as outlined in Correctional Populations in the United States, 1995 (NCJ 163916). 2. The offense distribution for 1991 was obtained from the 1991 State prison inmate survey and then multiplied by the total number of sentenced inmates under State jurisdiction (from NPS-1) to obtain estimates by offense at yearend. 3. The offense distributions for 1992-96 were derived from the NCRP. In each year forward estimates of the number of inmates by offense were calculated by adding all admissions and subtracting all releases from the base population of the previous year. The estimated end-of-year distributiio was then used as the base for the next year. This procedure was repeated for each year through 1996. Backward estimates were obtained annually by adding releases and subtracting admissiion from the yearend base populations. This procedure was repeated for each year until the 1991 survey year was reached. 4. Final estimates were obtained by calculattin a weighted sum of the forward and backward estimates. The forward and backward estimates were weighted inversely to the elapsed number of years (up to 6 years) from the base population and then summed. 5. Because the 1991 and 1997 survey estimates were based on custody counts, the final estimates (which were based on the sentenced jurisdictional counts) were then converted to custody counts. To estimate the number of inmates by offense, the total number of inmates in physical custody was multiplied by the proportion of inmates in each offense category. Racial distributions of offenders are estimated The following procedures were used to estimate counts by race: 1. For the probation and parole populations in 1995-97, estimates were obtained by summing the number of Hispanic probatiooner and parolees in States that reported Hispanics as having an unknown race. The race of these Hispanic offenders was then calculated, using racial self-identifications reported in BJS surveys. For probationers, the racial identification of Hispanics in the 1995 Survey of Adults on Probation was used; for parolees, the race of Hispanic inmates in the 1997 State prison inmate survey. An estimate of the counts by race were then obtained by multiplying the total number of Hispanics with unknown race by the proportions from each survey. The racial distribution of the remaining probatiooner and parolees (with an unknown race) was then calculated using the combined distributions for whom data on race were reported. 2. The racial distributions of jail inmates in 1995-97 were estimated by combining estimates from the Annual Survey of Jails (ASJ) in each year and the 1996 Survey of Inmates in Local Jails (SILJ). Estimated proportions from SILJ by race and sex were multiplied by the national estimates by sex from the ASJ. 3. Estimates of State inmates at yearend for 1990-97 were obtained by first summing the numbers of Hispanic inmates among States that reported Hispanics as having an unknown race. The racial distribution of these inmates was then calculated using the racial self-identification in the 1991 and 1997 prisoner surveys (and interpolated for other years). The race of the remaining inmates (with an unknown race) was then based on the combined distribution of inmates for whom race was known. 4. The racial distributions of new court commitments to State prison for 1990-97 were obtained from NCRP. For Hispanic inmates of unknown racial origin, race was estimated using the racial distribution of Hispanics for whom race was known. By combining these estimates with the known totals from NCRP, the distributions were recalculated and then multiplied by the total number of new court commitments with sentences of more than 1 year (from NPS-1) to obtain estimates by race. Technical note To estimate the total correctional populatioons the four correctional populations were assumed to contain individuals with only one status at a time. This assumption may not be valid. Multiple correctional statuses may occur because ¾ probation and parole agencies are not always notified of new arrests, jail entries, or prison admissions; absconders on agency caseloads in one jurisdiction may actually be incarcerrate in another jurisdiction; individuals may be admitted to jail or prison before formal revocation hearinng by a probation or parole agency. By adding the number of persons on probatiion on parole, in jail, and in prison, we may count some persons more than once; consequently, the sum will be an overestimate of the total number of persons under correctional supervision at any one time. The magnitude of the overestimation is not known; however, past estimates have suggested the double counting may total about 4%. (See Correctional Populations In the United States, 1995.) 18 Correctional Populations in the United States, 199720 Correctional Populations in the United States, 1997 Note: Data are for June 30 in 1992-95 and 1997; for June 29, 1990; and for June 28, 1991 and 1996. Detailed data for 1993-96 were estimated and rounded to the nearest 100. Previously published numbers for 1994-95 have been revised to include only inmates physically held in jail facilities. --Not available. aInmate counts for 1990-93 include an unknown number of persons who were under jail supervision but not confined. bThe average daily population is the sum of the number of inmates in a jail each day for a year, divided by 365. cJuveniles are persons defined by State statute as being under a certain age, usually 18, and subject initially to juvenile court authority even if tried as adults in criminal court. In 1994 the definition was changed to include all persons under age 18. dIncludes juveniles who were tried or awaiting trial as adults. 2,098 2,400 1,800 1,600 1,000 2,804 2,350 2,301 Held as juveniles 7,007 5,700 5,900 5,100 3,300 ------Held as adultsd 9,105 8,100 7,800 6,700 4,300 2,804 2,350 2,301 Juvenilesc 59,296 55,700 51,300 48,500 44,100 40,674 39,501 37,198 Female 498,678 454,700 448,000 431,300 411,500 401,106 384,628 365,821 Male 557,974 510,400 499,300 479,800 455,500 441,780 424,129 403,019 Adults 567,079 518,492 507,044 486,474 459,804 444,584 426,479 405,320 One-day countb 556,586 515,432 509,828 479,757 466,155 441,889 422,609 408,075 Average daily populationa 1997 1996 1995 1994 of Jails, 1993 1992 1991 1990 Annual Survey of Jails Census Annual Survey of Jails Number of jail inmates Table 2.2. One-day count and average daily population of jail inmates, midyear 1990-97 health, and other medical treatment. dIncludes persons under drug, alcohol, mental programs administered by the jail jurisdiction. work gangs/crews, and other work alternative cIncludes persons in work release programs, bIncludes only those without electronic monitoring. or parole agency. aExcludes persons supervised by a probation --Not available. 3,342 517 887 Other 6,693 10,425 --Treatment programsd 6,631 14,469 9,144 Other work programsc 7,368 2,135 3,229 Other pretrial supervision 17,656 16,336 1,909 Weekender program 15,918 17,410 10,253 Community service 2,768 3,298 1,283 Day reporting 1,164 907 1,376 Home detentionb 8,699 7,480 6,788 Electronic monitoring 70,239 72,977 34,869 a jail facilitya Supervised outside 567,079 518,492 507,044 Held in jail 637,319 591,469 541,913 Total 1997 1996 1995 under jail supervision Number of persons midyear 1995-97 by confinement status and type of program, Table 2.1. Persons under jail supervision, Detail may not add to total because of rounding. aDetailed data for race were rounded to the nearest 100. bIncludes American Indians, Alaska Natives, Asians, and Pacific Islanders. Note: Data on race and Hispanic origin were reported for 89.7% of inmates in 1990, 91.1% in 1991, 97.6% in 1992, 85.1% in 1993, 95.8% in 1994, 97.1% in 1995, 99.3% in 1996, and 99.1% in 1997. Data for 1990-93 may include persons supervised outside of jail facilities. Data for 1994-95 were estimated for only those persons held in custody. 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 10,000 8,600 8,800 8,100 6,200 6,000 5,400 5,400 Otherb 15.7 15.6 14.7 15.4 15.1 14.5 14.2 14.3 88,900 80,900 74,400 74,900 69,200 64,500 60,700 58,100 Hispanic 42.0 41.1 43.5 43.9 44.2 44.1 43.4 42.5 237,900 213,100 220,600 213,400 203,500 195,900 185,300 172,300 Black non-Hispanic 40.6% 41.6% 40.1% 39.1% 39.3% 40.1% 41.1% 41.8% 230,300 215,900 203,300 190,100 180,900 178,200 175,100 169,600 White non-Hispanic Race and Hispanic origina 10.6 10.8 10.2 10.0 9.6 9.2 9.3 9.2 59,900 55,800 51,600 48,800 44,200 40,816 39,614 37,318 Female 89.4% 89.2% 89.8% 90.0% 90.4% 90.8% 90.7% 90.8% 507,200 462,500 455,400 437,600 415,600 403,768 386,865 368,002 Male Gender 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 567,079 518,492 507,044 486,474 459,804 444,584 426,479 405,320 Total 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 Characteristic Percent of jail inmates Number of jail inmates Table 2.3. Gender, race, and Hispanic origin of jail inmates, midyear 1990-97Jail inmates in 1997 21 Note: Categories for black and white inmates include Hispanics. Inmate counts for 1985-87, 1989-92, and 1994-97 are survey estimates subject to sampling error. Data are estimated and rounded to the nearest 100. 368 105,200 73 147,600 1985 375 108,600 79 160,000 1986 392 115,000 86 176,700 1987 478 142,000 96 197,700 1988 568 171,300 106 220,700 1989 569 174,300 106 221,400 1990 604 188,300 109 229,900 1991 619 195,200 109 233,000 1992 665 214,100 111 239,500 1993 688 224,900 117 253,500 1994 700 232,000 122 266,200 1995 658 220,600 130 285,200 1996 725 246,200 138 306,500 1997 residents Black residents White Year black U.S. white U.S. Per Per 100,000 Number of jail inmates Table 2.5. Number of jail inmates and rates per 100,000 U.S. residents, by race, midyear 1985-97 Figure 6. Number of jail inmates per 100,000 U.S. residents, by race, 1985-97 1985 1990 1995 0 200 400 600 800 Number of inmates in local jails 1997 Blacks Whites per 100,000 U.S. residents in each group Note: Inmate counts for 1985-87 and 1994-97 are survey estimates subject to sampling error. For estimates of the sampling error for each year, see table 2.10. aInmate counts for 1985-93 may include an unknown number of persons who were under jail supervision but not confined. bThe number of adult inmates was estimated and rounded to the nearest 100. See Methodology. 145 254,986 108 256,615 1985 154 272,736 114 274,444 1986 164 294,092 122 295,873 1987 189 341,893 141 343,569 1988 214 393,303 160 395,553 1989 218 403,019 163 405,320 1990 277 424,129 169 426,479 1991 234 441,781 174 444,584 1992 239 455,500 178 459,804 1993 249 479,800 187 486,474 1994b 257 499,300 193 507,044 1995b 260 510,400 196 518,492 1996b 282 557,974 212 567,079 1997 adult inmates residents inmatesa Year per 100,000 Adult jail per 100,000 All jail Adult inmates Inmates Table 2.4. Number of jail inmates and rates per 100,000 U.S. residents, midyear 1985-9722 Correctional Populations in the United States, 1997 Note: The number of convicted inmates may be undercounted because some jail records do not distinguish between inmates who are unconvicted and those who are convicted but waiting to be sentenced. Data for 1994 are not available. *Data on conviction status by gender were reported for 88.9% of all adult inmates in 1993, 96.3% in 1995, 98.5% in 1996, and 99.6% in 1997. Totals were estimated using known data and rounded to the nearest 100. Detail may not add to total because of rounding. 34,600 32,100 29,600 21,300 19,390 18,990 19,156 Female 288,200 266,000 250,000 207,600 204,450 198,681 188,202 Male 322,700 298,100 279,600 228,900 223,840 217,671 207,358 Unconvicted 24,700 31,400 21,200 22,700 21,284 20,511 18,042 Female 210,600 252,800 198,400 203,900 196,656 185,947 177,619 Male 235,200 284,200 219,600 226,600 217,940 206,458 195,661 Convicted 558,000 582,300 499,300 455,500 441,780 424,129 403,019 Total 1997* 1996* 1995* 1993* 1992 1991 1990 Percent of jail inmates Table 2.6. Conviction status of adult jail inmates, by gender, midyear 1990-93 and 1995-97 Note: Data for 1-day counts are for June 30, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, and 1997; June 29 in 1990; and June 28 in 1991 and 1996. aPopulation counts for 1990-93 could include persons supervised outside of jail facilities. Population counts for 1994 through 1996 are for custody only. bRated capacity is the number of beds or inmates assigned to facilities within each jurisdiction. cPercent of rated capacity occupied is based on the 1-day count of inmates. This count for 1990-93 may include some inmates not in physical custody but under the jurisdiction of a local jail, such as inmates on electronic monitoring, under house arrest, or in day reporting or other community service supervision programs. dThe amount of bedspace added during the 12 months before the survey or census in each year. 19,713 16,257 41,439 29,100 26,027 27,960 32,066 21,402 Amount of capacity addedd 97% 92% 93% 96% 97% 99% 101% 104% capacity occupiedc Percent of rated 581,733 562,020 545,763 504,324 475,224 449,197 421,237 389,171 Rated capacity of jailsb 567,079 518,492 507,044 486,474 459,804 444,584 426,479 405,320 Number of inmates helda 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 Annual Survey of Jails of Jails Annual Survey of Jails Census Table 2.7. Jail capacity and occupancy, midyear 1990-97 Jail inmates in 1997 23 Note: Jurisdictions are ordered by their average daily population in 1997. aNumber of inmates held in jail facilities. bBased on the average daily population for the year ending June 30. The average daily population is the sum of the number of inmates in jail each day for a year, divided by the number of days in the year. cRated capacity is the number of beds or inmates assigned by a rating official to facilities within each jurisdiction. dThe number of inmates divided by the rated capacity multiplied by 100. 95 102 99 2,850 2,658 2,628 2,750 2,711 2,600 2,708 2,711 2,598 Wayne County, MI 126 117 110 2,274 2,274 2,274 2,757 2,653 2,501 2,876 2,653 2,491 Milwaukee County, WI 110 97 96 2,877 2,757 2,649 2,973 2,661 2,384 3,155 2,661 2,536 Hillsborough County, FL 80 69 88 4,193 4,193 4,369 3,291 2,881 4,468 3,366 2,881 3,865 Tarrant County, TX 105 94 102 3,234 3,329 3,329 3,321 3,120 3,441 3,411 3,120 3,405 Orange County, FL 128 113 114 2,749 2,749 2,749 3,329 3,093 3,094 3,505 3,093 3,125 Sacramento County, CA 133 107 108 2,987 2,320 2,353 3,401 2,489 2,353 3,982 2,489 2,546 Fulton County, GA 100 84 85 3,670 3,640 3,640 3,491 2,821 3,569 3,683 3,058 3,099 Bexar County, TX 123 113 129 2,933 2,933 2,933 3,636 3,300 3,380 3,598 3,309 3,777 Baltimore City, MD 97 94 94 4,218 4,264 4,063 4,109 3,954 3,903 4,098 3,994 3,838 Alameda County, CA 110 96 98 3,736 3,656 3,656 4,129 3,470 3,546 4,125 3,528 3,573 Broward County, FL 122 112 111 3,774 3,774 3,774 4,317 4,314 4,161 4,588 4,213 4,174 Santa Clara County, CA 83 80 82 5,000 4,957 4,930 4,500 4,119 4,100 4,156 3,958 4,025 San Bernardino County, CA 140 139 135 3,821 3,821 3,821 5,246 5,143 5,074 5,368 5,326 5,157 Orange County, CA 85 83 95 6,532 6,364 5,512 5,297 5,153 5,091 5,568 5,264 5,247 Shelby County, TN 103 119 106 5,539 4,653 5,670 5,588 5,522 5,820 5,709 5,549 6,006 San Diego County, CA 99 102 135 5,600 5,600 3,750 5,600 5,341 4,968 5,563 5,695 5,076 Philadelphia City, PA 91 75 77 7,174 7,174 7,174 6,270 5,433 5,549 6,537 5,368 5,558 Orleans Parish, LA 108 91 116 6,252 6,252 4,910 6,520 5,542 5,503 6,732 5,679 5,717 Maricopa County, AZ 79 76 66 8,182 8,374 8,629 6,528 5,862 7,151 6,439 6,380 5,721 Dallas County, TX 97 100 101 7,519 6,387 6,604 7,157 6,499 6,728 7,320 6,357 6,653 Dade County, FL 95 89 101 8,657 8,698 8,698 8,153 7,140 8,962 8,224 7,703 8,825 Harris County, TX 98 91 93 9,376 9,617 9,317 9,100 9,169 10,837 9,189 8,713 8,626 Cook County, IL 99 95 95 17,643 20,862 19,033 19,205 18,382 18,200 17,528 19,890 18,143 New York City, NY 103 93 91 21,416 20,099 20,049 19,931 18,167 19,896 21,962 18,627 18,236 Los Angeles County, CA 1997 1996 1995 1997 1996 1995 1997 1996 1995 1997 1996 1995 Jurisdiction occupied at midyeard Rated capacityc Average daily populationb Number of inmates helda Percent of capacity Table 2.8. The 25 largest local jail jurisdictions: Number of inmates held, average daily population, and rated capacity, midyear 1995-97 aExcludes persons of unknown race and Hispanic origin. bIncludes American Indians, Alaska Natives, Asians, and Pacific Islanders. 1.02 2,392 234,316 Convicted % 0.87 2,784 321,484 unconvicted category Awaiting trial or in other Adult conviction status 3.62 357 9,874 Otherb 1.63 1,437 88,078 Hispanic 1.00 2,350 235,741 Black non-Hispanic % 1.13 2,573 228,143 White non-Hispanic Race/Hispanic origina 6.34 133 2,098 Held as juveniles 2.75 193 7,007 Held as adults % 2.69 245 9,105 Juveniles % 0.65 3,626 557,974 Adults 0.85 506 59,884 Female % 0.66 3,324 507,195 Male Gender % 0.76 4,428 581,733 Rated capacity % 0.64 3,532 556,586 Average daily population 5.18 3,637 70,239 a jail facility Supervised outside 0.64 3,649 567,079 Held in jail % 0.86 5,508 637,319 Total number under supervision standard error error Estimate Characteristic Relative Standard Table 2.9. Standard error estimates for the Annual Survey of Jails, 1997 aData for 1985-93 may include persons held outside of jail facilities. Data for 1994-97 are for custody only. bRelative standard error is the estimated standard error divided by the estimated number of inmates or rated capacity. 0.58 2,249 389,171 0.44 1,778 405,320 1990 0.60 2,522 421,237 0.50 2,151 426,479 1991 % 0.60 2,693 449,197 % 0.47 2,076 444,584 1992 0.64 3,221 504,324 0.51 2,485 486,474 1994 0.69 3,788 545,763 0.58 2,931 507,044 1995 % 0.70 3,932 562,020 % 0.59 3,065 518,492 1996 % 0.76 4,428 581,733 % 0.64 3,649 567,079 1997 Relative standard error (percent)b Estimated standard error Numbera Relative standard error (percent)b Estimated standard error Number a Year Rated capacity of jail Number of inmates Table 2.10. Standard error estimates for the number of inmates and rated capacity for the Annual Survey of Jails, midyear 1990-97Methodology Annual Survey of Jails In each year between the full censuses, a survey of jails is conducted to estimate baseline characteristics of the Nation's jails and the inmates housed in these jails. The 1996 Annual Survey of Jails is the 13th such survey in a series begun in 1982. The reference date for the 1997 survey was June 30, 1997. Using information from the 1993 Census of Jails, a new sample of jail jurisdictions was selected in 1994. A jurisdiction is an administrative unit, such as a county (parish in Louisiana) or municipal governmeen that administers one or more local jails. The sample included all jails in 795 selected jail jurisdictions and 25 multijurisdicctio jails. A multijurisdiction jail is one in which two or more jurisdictions have a formal agreement to operate the facility. In the drawing of the sample in 1994, jail jurisdictions were first stratified into two groups: single-jurisdiction jails and multijurisdiictio jails. All of the multijurisdiction jails were included in the survey. The remaining jurisdictions were then further stratified into two groups: jurisdictions with jails authorized to hold juveniles and jurisdicttion with jails holding adults only. Jurisdicttion were then selected based on the average daily population in the 1993 census. All jails in 204 jurisdictions were automatically included if the jurisdiction held juveniles and had an average daily population of 250 or more inmates in 1993 or if it held only adults and had an average population of 500 or more. The other jurisdicttion (591) were then selected based on stratified probability sampling. Data were obtained by mailed questionnaires. After follow-up phone calls to nonrespondents, the response rate for the survey was 100%. National estimates for the inmate populatiio on June 30, 1997, were produced by gender, race/Hispanic origin, and age group and for the average daily population during the year ending June 30, 1997. National estimates were also produced for rated capacity. Sampling error Survey estimates have an associated sampling error because jurisdictions with smaller average daily populations were sampled for the survey. Estimates based on the sample survey may differ somewhat from the results of conducting a complete census. Different samples could yield somewhat different results. Standard error is a measure of the variation among the estimates from all possible samples, stating the precision with which an estimate from a particular sample approximates the average of all possible samples. The estimated relative sampling error for the total inmate population of 567,079 on June 30, 1997, was 0.64%. (See tables 2.9 and 2.10.) Measures of population Two measures of inmate population are used: the average daily population for the year ending June 30 and the inmate count on June 30 of each year. The average daily population balances out any extraordinaar events that may render atypical the inmate count on June 30. The June 30 count provides data on characteristics of inmates, such as race, Hispanic origin, and age, that may not be available on an annual basis. For the first time in 1995 the Annual Survey of Jails obtained separate counts of the total number of offenders under jail jurisdictiion those held in jail facilities, and those supervised outside of jail facilities. Previoou surveys and censuses included a small but unknown number of offenders under community supervision. Juveniles State statutes and judicial practices allow juveniles to be incarcerated in adult jails under a variety of circumstances. Because of the differing statutes and practices, however, accurate and comparable data on juveniles are difficult to collect. Beginning in 1994 the Annual Jail Survey provided estimates of the total number of jail inmates under age 18, the number held as adults, and the number held as juveniles. New sampling procedures were also introduced in 1994 to minimize the standard errors of these estimates. By stratifying jurisdictions based on the authority to house juveniles, the precision of the juvenile counts was improved. 24 Correctional Populations in the United States, 1997 The Survey of Jails (CJ-5) questionnaire for Jail inmates in 1997 is not available electronicallyTables By Thomas P. Bonczar, BJS Statistician Assisted by Lauren E. Glaze, BJS Statistician Adults on probation, 1997 3.1 Characteristics 28 3.2 Counts, January 1 and December 31 29 3.3 Status of probation 30 3.4 Status of supervision 31 3.5 Adults entering probation, by type of sentence 32 3.6 Adults leaving probation, by type of exit 33 3.7 Gender and Hispanic origin 34 3.8 Race 35 3.9 Type of offense 36 3.10 Intensive supervision, electronic monitoring, and bootcamp 37 3.11 States with the largest probation populations and growth 38 Explanatory notes by jurisdiction 39 Questionnaire 1997 Probation Data Survey 43 Probation in 1997 Probation in 1997 2728 Correctional Populations in the United States, 1997 Note: Detail may not sum to total because of rounding. See the detailed tables, the questionnaire, and the Explanatory notes for definitions, limitations, and exceptions. For every characteristic there were persons of unknown status or type; their numbers are in the detailed tables. Jurisdictions failed to report data for 44% of “status of probation,” 6% of “status of supervision,” 44% of “adults entering probation,” 29% of “adults leaving probation,” 22% of “gender of adults on probation,” 30% of “race of adults on probation,” 42% of “Hispanic origin of adults on probation,” and 16% of “type of offense of adults on probation.” --Less than 0.5%. 3 95,693 Other infractions 14 382,970 Driving while intoxicated 29 790,358 Misdemeanor 54 1,483,754 Felony % 100 2,752,775 Type of offense of adults on probation 84 1,595,586 Non-Hispanic 16 305,326 Hispanic % 100 1,900,912 Hispanic origin of adults on probation --10,745 Asian/Pacific Islander 1 21,257 American Indian/Alaska Native 34 777,974 Black 64 1,448,241 White % 100 2,258,217 Race of adults on probation 21 536,977 Female 79 2,023,069 Male % 100 2,560,046 Gender of adults on probation 7 77,158 Other 1 6,911 Death 12 136,952 Other unsuccessful 14 157,217 With the same sentence 5 60,238 With new sentence 19 217,455 Returned to incarceration 62 722,747 Successful completions % 100 1,161,223 Adults leaving probation 6 60,336 Probation of other types 17 161,013 Probation with incarceration 77 741,931 Probation without incarceration % 100 963,280 Adults entering probation 2 50,286 Other 2 59,573 Supervised out of State 10 299,920 Absconded from supervision 8 241,177 Inactive supervision 79 2,411,938 Active supervision % 100 3,062,894 Status of supervision 7 123,349 Other 9 163,759 Split sentence (incarceration with probation) 55 1,000,805 Direct imposition of probation 6 116,146 Imposition of sentence suspended 23 427,631 Execution of sentence suspended % 100 1,831,690 Status of probation % 100 3,266,837 Total number of adults on probation known status Federal courts Characteristic persons with a from State or Percent of those on probation Number of adults Table 3.1. Characteristics of adults on probation, 1997Probation in 1997 29 kTotal exits are estimated. jTotal entries are estimated. IData are for year beginning September 1, 1996, and ending August 31, 1997. hData do not include inactive cases. gData are for year beginning July 1, 1996, and ending June 30, 1997. fAll data are estimated. eMultiple agencies reporting; see Explanatory notes for more detail. dData do not include out-of-State cases. cData do not include absconders. bSee Explanatory notes for more detail. aBecause of nonresponse or incomplete data, the population on December 31, 1997, does not equal the population on January 1, 1997, plus entries, minus exits. : Not known. 993 0.7 3,456 2,256 2,280 3,432 Wyoming 3,177 5.0 132,014 38,016 44,511 125,780 Washingtona,b,e 690 1.7 9,461 3,952 4,107 9,306 Utah 1,808 4.0 43,980 14,522 16,210 42,292 Oregon 723 -0.1 8,895 7,478 7,470 8,903 New Mexicoe 884 11.7 10,902 : : 9,760 Nevadaa 720 4.6 4,678 1,052 1,257 4,473 Montanab,k 741 8.7 6,367 1,796 2,308 5,855 Idahoj 1,742 9.8 15,401 6,147 7,521 14,027 Hawaii 1,580 6.5 45,447 16,051 20,153 42,688 Coloradoa,b,e 1,306 6.3 304,531 146,877 164,882 286,526 California 1,368 10.4 44,813 25,398 29,604 40,607 Arizonae,f 1,040 9.5 4,378 1,659 2,038 3,999 Alaska 1,473 % 6.1 634,323 265,204 302,341 597,648 West 438 8.5 6,149 : : 5,669 West Virginiaa,f 589 1.3 30,002 22,588 22,970 29,620 Virginiaf 3,095 -0.1 429,093 193,364 193,128 429,329 Texasb,i 946 3.4 38,251 19,056 20,305 37,002 Tennesseeb,e 1,512 0.0 42,404 15,059 15,046 42,417 South Carolina 1,178 2.3 28,733 13,131 13,812 28,090 Oklahomaa,b,e 1,899 2.9 105,416 56,394 59,327 102,483 North Carolina 556 6.0 10,997 3,926 3,547 10,376 Mississippia,b,c,d 1,950 5.8 74,612 35,104 39,163 70,553 Maryland 1,122 0.2 35,453 11,737 11,815 35,375 Louisiana 410 3.5 12,093 5,683 6,087 11,689 Kentuckyh 2,699 3.5 148,420 60,489 65,452 143,457 Georgiae 2,146 1.2 239,932 196,902 196,263 237,117 Floridaa,b,e 2,560 10.9 10,797 8,818 9,875 9,740 District of Columbia 3,225 8.1 17,872 : : 16,528 Delawarea,b,f 1,419 4.8 26,392 7,315 8,529 25,178 Arkansas 1,100 -5.7 35,723 1,669 2,153 37,865 Alabamaa,b,e 1,850 % 1.6 1,292,339 651,235 667,472 1,272,488 South 1,422 5.0 54,367 22,085 24,695 51,757 Wisconsin 641 -2.3 3,467 4,764 4,768 3,548 South Dakotaa,g 1,416 1.6 118,212 61,957 64,512 116,321 Ohioa,b,e 559 2.2 2,657 1,440 1,498 2,599 North Dakota 1,198 1.1 14,525 14,534 14,696 14,363 Nebraska 1,159 9.3 46,301 16,785 20,718 42,368 Missourie,f 2,641 0.6 90,707 55,509 55,258 90,202 Minnesotaa 2,122 4.5 154,236 117,525 124,731 147,598 Michigana,b,e 850 3.0 16,205 19,029 19,502 15,732 Kansasb,c,d 791 9.4 16,834 13,980 15,428 15,386 Iowab 2,222 3.8 97,045 78,263 81,799 93,509 Indiana 1,370 3.4 119,481 59,318 63,296 115,503 Illinoisb 1,588 % 3.5 734,037 465,189 490,901 708,886 Midwest 1,833 9.0 8,128 5,317 5,986 7,459 Vermont 2,607 -3.9 19,648 9,271 8,473 20,446 Rhode Island 1,229 1.8 112,493 45,405 47,366 110,532 Pennsylvania 1,369 6.6 185,881 36,159 47,634 174,406 New York 2,153 3.7 130,565 54,967 59,651 125,881 New Jerseyb 556 10.5 4,876 3,123 3,585 4,414 New Hampshire 995 3.5 46,430 37,449 39,021 44,858 Massachusetts 909 10.7 8,584 : : 7,753 Mainea 2,260 0.0 55,989 38,264 38,275 55,978 Connecticut 1,470 % 3.8 572,594 229,955 249,991 551,727 Northeast 1,632 3.3 3,233,293 1,611,583 1,710,705 3,130,749 State 17 % -2.1 33,544 15,559 14,726 34,247 Federala,b 1,649 % 3.2 3,266,837 1,627,142 1,725,431 3,164,996 U.S. total residents during 1997 12/31/97 Exits Entries 1/1/97 jurisdiction 100,000 adult population population 1997 population Region and 12/31/97 per in probation Probation Probation probation on change Number on Percent Table 3.2. Adults on probation, 199730 Correctional Populations in the United States, 1997 dDetailed data are estimated for status of probation. cSee Explanatory notes for more detail. bPersons not fully adjudicated. aSentence to incarceration imposed, then suspended. : Not known. ...Not applicable. 0 290 1,305 401 1,460 3,456 Wyoming 119,027 2,590 3,575 2,380 4,442 132,014 Washington 0 0 9,461 0 0 9,461 Utah 1,070 25,876 9,454 3,790 3,790 43,980 Oregonc 8,895 : : : : 8,895 New Mexico 10,902 : : : : 10,902 Nevada 4,678 : : : : 4,678 Montana 6,367 : : : : 6,367 Idaho 308 : 15,093 : : 15,401 Hawaii 41,384 301 2,142 296 1,324 45,447 Colorado 139,649 : 164,882 : : 304,531 California 0 841 110 0 43,862 44,813 Arizonad 4,378 : : : : 4,378 Alaska 336,658 29,898 206,022 6,867 54,878 634,323 West 6,149 : : : : 6,149 West Virginiad 30,002 : : : : 30,002 Virginiad 429,093 : : : : 429,093 Texas 29,579 2,408 894 1,361 4,009 38,251 Tennesseed 0 6,337 36,067 : : 42,404 South Carolina 1,125 2,626 350 11,316 13,316 28,733 Oklahomac 0 8,906 0 0 96,510 105,416 North Carolina 10,997 : : : : 10,997 Mississippi 0 7,547 ... 8,875 58,190 74,612 Maryland 0 448 35,005 0 0 35,453 Louisiana 10 0 12,083 0 0 12,093 Kentucky 0 13,491 133,659 0 1,270 148,420 Georgia 22,995 10,929 196,045 9,154 809 239,932 Florida 10,797 : : : : 10,797 District of Columbia 17,872 : : : : 17,872 Delawared 0 430 25,962 : : 26,392 Arkansasc 35,723 : : : : 35,723 Alabama 594,342 53,122 440,065 30,706 174,104 1,292,339 South 213 0 0 35,760 18,394 54,367 Wisconsinc 3,467 : : : : 3,467 South Dakota 64,461 5,965 12,269 3,426 32,091 118,212 Ohio 0 : 0 624 2,033 2,657 North Dakota 0 2,178 12,347 0 0 14,525 Nebraska 5,030 74 0 22,516 18,681 46,301 Missouric,d 90,707 : : : : 90,707 Minnesota 86,658 12,375 47,489 3,458 4,256 154,236 Michigan 0 : : : 16,205 16,205 Kansasc 16,834 : ... : : 16,834 Iowa 16,372 19,578 0 0 61,095 97,045 Indianac 119,481 : : : : 119,481 Illinois 403,223 40,170 72,105 65,784 152,755 734,037 Midwest 0 1,832 0 1,052 5,244 8,128 Vermont 19,648 : : : : 19,648 Rhode Island 0 0 112,492 1 0 112,493 Pennsylvania 18,979 30,918 135,984 0 0 185,881 New York 130,565 : : : : 130,565 New Jersey 0 0 1,219 488 3,169 4,876 New Hampshired 46,430 : : : : 46,430 Massachusetts 8,584 : : : : 8,584 Maine 0 7,260 0 11,248 37,481 55,989 Connecticut 224,206 40,010 249,695 12,789 45,894 572,594 Northeast 1,558,429 163,200 967,887 116,146 427,631 3,233,293 State 67 559 32,918 0 0 33,544 Federalc 1,558,496 163,759 1,000,805 116,146 427,631 3,266,837 U.S. total not reported with probation) probation suspendedb suspendeda 12/31/97 jurisdiction unknown, or (incarceration position of of sentence of sentence population Region and Other, Split sentence Direct im-Imposition Execution Probation Table 3.3. Adults on probation, by status of probation, 1997Probation in 1997 31 cDetailed data are estimated for status of supervision. bExcludes absconders and out-of-State cases. aSee Explanatory notes for more detail. : Not known. ... Not applicable. 0 371 311 0 2,774 3,456 Wyoming 5,707 802 23,292 20,759 81,454 132,014 Washington 0 290 936 0 8,235 9,461 Utah 0 494 14,411 1,339 27,736 43,980 Oregon 0 869 0 0 8,026 8,895 New Mexico 6,809 2,223 1,870 : : 10,902 Nevada 0 0 0 0 4,678 4,678 Montana 0 800 0 0 5,567 6,367 Idaho 15,401 : : : : 15,401 Hawaii 6,430 1,436 105 12,337 25,139 45,447 Colorado 0 : : : 304,531 304,531 California 3,152 1,612 6,866 408 32,775 44,813 Arizonaa,c 0 435 523 0 3,420 4,378 Alaska 37,499 9,332 48,314 34,843 504,335 634,323 West 6,149 0 0 0 0 6,149 West Virginiac 0 2,910 69 24 26,999 30,002 Virginiac 35,674 10,261 74,226 16,005 292,927 429,093 Texasa 4,200 0 6,265 4,041 23,745 38,251 Tennessee 0 1,943 8,317 978 31,166 42,404 South Carolina 0 650 4,531 1,141 22,411 28,733 Oklahomaa 758 4,398 13,233 3,783 83,244 105,416 North Carolina 0 0 0 0 10,997 10,997 Mississippia,b 911 2,095 6,290 26,805 38,511 74,612 Marylanda 0 718 1,808 0 32,927 35,453 Louisiana 0 : : : 12,093 12,093 Kentuckya 0 0 4,221 68 144,131 148,420 Georgia 3,484 5,909 61,377 14,589 154,573 239,932 Florida 0 995 1,950 : 7,852 10,797 District of Columbia 0 1,255 3,928 ... 12,689 17,872 Delawarec 932 1,275 4,008 2,931 17,246 26,392 Arkansas 5,000 1,362 7,145 4,436 17,780 35,723 Alabamaa 57,108 33,771 197,368 74,801 929,291 1,292,339 South 0 2,194 6,881 0 45,292 54,367 Wisconsin 0 170 : 0 3,297 3,467 South Dakota 1,374 1,954 7,377 21,501 86,006 118,212 Ohio 0 333 0 0 2,324 2,657 North Dakota 0 359 1,096 0 13,070 14,525 Nebraska 12 3,480 143 489 42,177 46,301 Missouric 90,707 : : : : 90,707 Minnesota 18,242 35 15,290 9,614 111,055 154,236 Michigan 0 0 0 0 16,205 16,205 Kansasb 0 301 678 0 15,855 16,834 Iowaa 2,277 0 0 0 94,768 97,045 Indiana 0 0 0 37,513 81,968 119,481 Illinois 112,612 8,826 31,465 69,117 512,017 734,037 Midwest 0 381 779 230 6,738 8,128 Vermont 0 966 878 6,154 11,650 19,648 Rhode Island 287 181 153 35,155 76,717 112,493 Pennsylvania 0 2,210 : ... 183,671 185,881 New York 0 3,361 19,671 18,876 88,657 130,565 New Jersey 293 379 221 1,026 2,957 4,876 New Hampshirea 46,430 : : : : 46,430 Massachusetts 0 166 888 0 7,530 8,584 Maine 0 0 0 0 55,989 55,989 Connecticut 47,010 7,644 22,590 61,441 433,909 572,594 Northeast 254,229 59,573 299,737 240,202 2,379,552 3,233,293 State 0 ... 183 975 32,386 33,544 Federal 254,229 59,573 299,920 241,177 2,411,938 3,266,837 U.S. total not reported Out of State Absconded Inactive Active 12/31/97 jurisdiction unknown, or each status of supervision population Region and Other, Number on probation in Probation Table 3.4. Adults on probation, by status of supervision, 199732 Correctional Populations in the United States, 1997 bDetailed data are estimated for entries. aSee Explanatory notes for more detail. : Not known. ... Not applicable. 2,280 : : 2,280 Wyoming 15,911 17,342 11,258 44,511 Washington 36 2,360 1,711 4,107 Utaha 0 9,775 6,435 16,210 Oregon 7,470 : : 7,470 New Mexicoa 0 : : : Nevada 1,257 : : 1,257 Montana 0 0 2,308 2,308 Idahoa 7,521 : : 7,521 Hawaii 16,178 229 3,746 20,153 Colorado 164,882 : : 164,882 California 0 14,781 14,823 29,604 Arizonab 0 1,389 649 2,038 Alaska 215,535 45,876 40,930 302,341 West 0 : : : West Virginiab 11,715 0 11,255 22,970 Virginiaa,b 193,128 : : 193,128 Texas 0 3,609 16,696 20,305 Tennessee 0 1,127 13,919 15,046 South Carolina 2,873 3,196 7,743 13,812 Oklahoma 0 4,267 55,060 59,327 North Carolina 0 1,463 2,084 3,547 Mississippi 0 32,686 6,477 39,163 Maryland 43 448 11,324 11,815 Louisianaa 0 ... 6,087 6,087 Kentucky 0 5,719 59,733 65,452 Georgia 26,043 11,462 158,758 196,263 Florida 9,875 : : 9,875 District of Columbia 0 : : : Delawareb 0 383 8,146 8,529 Arkansas 2,153 : : 2,153 Alabama 245,830 64,360 357,282 667,472 South 0 0 24,695 24,695 Wisconsin 4,768 : : 4,768 South Dakota 28,766 4,996 30,750 64,512 Ohioa 0 0 1,498 1,498 North Dakota 0 3,674 11,022 14,696 Nebraska 0 1,510 19,208 20,718 Missourib 55,258 : : 55,258 Minnesota 69,361 14,184 41,186 124,731 Michigan 1,455 5,556 12,491 19,502 Kansasa 15,428 : : 15,428 Iowa 0 12,034 69,765 81,799 Indiana 63,296 : : 63,296 Illinois 238,332 41,954 210,615 490,901 Midwest 0 1,053 4,933 5,986 Vermont 8,473 : : 8,473 Rhode Island 261 0 47,105 47,366 Pennsylvania 5,925 7,676 34,033 47,634 New Yorka 27,220 0 32,431 59,651 New Jerseya 3,585 : : 3,585 New Hampshire 39,021 : : 39,021 Massachusetts 0 : : : Maine 38,275 : : 38,275 Connecticut 122,760 8,729 118,502 249,991 Northeast 822,457 160,919 727,329 1,710,705 State 30 94 14,602 14,726 Federala 822,487 161,013 741,931 1,725,431 U.S. total not reported incarceration incarceration Total jurisdiction unknown, or with without Region and Other, Probation Probation Number of adults entering probation Table 3.5. Adults entering probation, by type of sentence, 1997Probation in 1997 33 cDetailed data are estimated for type of exit. bSee Explanatory notes for more detail. aOther unsuccessful exits include violations of probation, probation revocations, warrants issued, and some absconders. : Not known 0 14 416 518 0 1,308 2,256 Wyomingb 16,943 216 3,532 484 630 16,211 38,016 Washington 18 35 1,215 354 243 2,087 3,952 Utahb 3 156 271 3,158 502 10,432 14,522 Oregonb 0 44 2,744 864 0 3,826 7,478 New Mexicob 0 : 0 : : : : Nevada 0 23 0 262 48 719 1,052 Montanab 0 : 0 411 : 1,385 1,796 Idaho 6,147 : 0 : : : 6,147 Hawaii 595 1 0 1,408 912 13,135 16,051 Colorado 146,877 : 0 : : : 146,877 California 2,897 49 10,938 3,378 0 8,136 25,398 Arizonab,c 0 2 0 571 340 746 1,659 Alaska 173,480 540 19,116 11,408 2,675 57,985 265,204 West 0 : 0 : : : : West Virginiac 0 156 14,237 0 0 8,195 22,588 Virginiab,c 30,376 1,519 0 44,972 : 116,497 193,364 Texasb 1,684 105 3,412 2,309 968 10,578 19,056 Tennesseeb,c 0 208 0 3,648 731 10,472 15,059 South Carolina 0 104 1,072 819 1,168 9,968 13,131 Oklahoma 755 462 0 17,992 1,075 36,110 56,394 North Carolina 381 23 0 1,437 9 2,076 3,926 Mississippi 6,143 338 3,801 4,923 3,308 16,591 35,104 Maryland 1,542 206 0 2,730 436 6,823 11,737 Louisianab 165 54 0 2,032 124 3,308 5,683 Kentuckyb 8,403 338 6,725 2,853 2,263 39,907 60,489 Georgia 28,551 450 46,155 28,686 13,555 79,505 196,902 Florida 178 30 3,936 : : 4,674 8,818 District of Columbiac 0 : 0 : : : : Delawarec 2,182 79 0 682 755 3,617 7,315 Arkansasb 0 0 0 290 0 1,379 1,669 Alabama 80,360 4,072 79,338 113,373 24,392 349,700 651,235 South 1,884 130 42 4,751 952 14,326 22,085 Wisconsinb 0 : 169 : : 4,595 4,764 South Dakota 7,441 254 5,865 4,356 1,152 42,889 61,957 Ohiob 0 6 0 253 226 955 1,440 North Dakota 0 0 0 0 1,338 13,196 14,534 Nebraska 40 206 2,795 2,544 1,261 9,939 16,785 Missourib,c 55,509 : 0 : : : 55,509 Minnesota 60,683 298 3,876 5,819 3,648 43,201 117,525 Michigan 1,505 9 7,414 1,923 185 7,993 19,029 Kansasb 4,348 0 0 1,139 978 7,515 13,980 Iowab 0 0 11,793 0 11,551 54,919 78,263 Indianab 59,318 : 0 : : : 59,318 Illinois 190,728 903 31,954 20,785 21,291 199,528 465,189 Midwest 0 15 0 1,127 788 3,387 5,317 Vermont 0 : 0 : 622 8,649 9,271 Rhode Island 2,708 288 0 3,845 2,376 36,188 45,405 Pennsylvaniab 2,359 534 0 6,679 4,307 22,280 36,159 New Yorkb 17,262 375 6,544 : 1,595 29,191 54,967 New Jerseyb 137 15 0 0 389 2,582 3,123 New Hampshire 37,449 : 0 : : : 37,449 Massachusetts 0 : 0 : : : : Maine 38,264 : 0 : : : 38,264 Connecticut 98,179 1,227 6,544 11,651 10,077 102,277 229,955 Northeast 542,747 6,742 136,952 157,217 58,435 709,490 1,611,583 State 330 169 0 : 1,803 13,257 15,559 Federalb 543,077 6,911 136,952 157,217 60,238 722,747 1,627,142 U.S. total not reported Death unsuccessfula sentence sentence completion Total jurisdiction unknown, or Other current new Successful Region and Other, Under With Incarcerated Number of adults leaving probation Table 3.6. Adults leaving probation, by type of exit, 199734 Correctional Populations in the United States, 1997 bDetailed data are estimated for Hispanic origin. aDetailed data are estimated for gender. : Not known. 0 3,164 292 0 871 2,585 3,456 Wyoming 60,296 57,925 13,793 25,612 21,359 85,043 132,014 Washington 426 8,060 975 0 2,033 7,428 9,461 Utah 0 40,725 3,255 0 8,465 35,515 43,980 Oregon 920 3,600 4,375 3 1,682 7,210 8,895 New Mexico 0 9,340 1,562 0 2,615 8,287 10,902 Nevada 4,678 : : 0 1,497 3,181 4,678 Montana 0 5,677 690 0 1,485 4,882 6,367 Idaho 15,401 : : 0 3,388 12,013 15,401 Hawaiia 11,221 28,025 6,201 8,904 8,292 28,251 45,447 Colorado 304,531 : : 304,531 : : 304,531 California 0 32,791 12,022 0 7,804 37,009 44,813 Arizonaa,b 0 4,282 96 0 830 3,548 4,378 Alaska 397,473 193,589 43,261 339,050 60,321 234,952 634,323 West 6,149 : : 6,149 0 0 6,149 West Virginiaa,b 0 29,618 384 0 6,828 23,174 30,002 Virginiaa,b 7,701 275,717 145,675 7,701 96,583 324,809 429,093 Texasa,b 4,478 33,372 401 1 8,190 30,060 38,251 Tennessee 42,404 : : 0 6,683 35,721 42,404 South Carolina 1,407 26,219 1,107 1,407 6,782 20,544 28,733 Oklahoma 105,416 : : 0 22,293 83,123 105,416 North Carolina 10,997 : : 0 2,144 8,853 10,997 Mississippi 74,612 : : 0 13,329 61,283 74,612 Maryland 35,453 : : 0 7,941 27,512 35,453 Louisiana 12,093 : : 12,093 : : 12,093 Kentucky 139,554 8,856 10 0 30,445 117,975 148,420 Georgia 33,926 187,963 18,043 33,263 44,484 162,185 239,932 Florida 0 9,825 972 0 1,619 9,178 10,797 District of Columbiaa,b 0 17,169 703 0 3,664 14,208 17,872 Delawarea,b 0 26,022 370 0 6,772 19,620 26,392 Arkansas 35,723 : : 33,572 460 1,691 35,723 Alabama 509,913 614,761 167,665 94,186 258,217 939,936 1,292,339 South 0 51,167 3,200 0 12,614 41,753 54,367 Wisconsin 3,467 : : 3,467 : : 3,467 South Dakota 54,913 61,946 1,353 29,441 23,060 65,711 118,212 Ohio 0 2,571 86 0 614 2,043 2,657 North Dakota 0 12,836 1,689 0 3,193 11,332 14,525 Nebraska 45,540 761 : 0 9,852 36,449 46,301 Missouria,b 0 86,927 3,780 0 19,259 71,448 90,707 Minnesota 98,725 51,443 4,068 77,455 18,651 58,130 154,236 Michigan 16,205 : : 0 2,917 13,288 16,205 Kansas 0 16,187 647 0 3,687 13,147 16,834 Iowa 97,045 : : 97,045 : : 97,045 Indiana 0 107,772 11,709 0 24,733 94,748 119,481 Illinoisa,b 315,895 391,610 26,532 207,408 118,580 408,049 734,037 Midwest 0 8,128 : 0 1,525 6,603 8,128 Vermont 19,648 : : 19,648 : : 19,648 Rhode Island 0 106,937 5,556 0 23,710 88,783 112,493 Pennsylvania 67,697 84,950 33,234 0 30,460 155,421 185,881 New York 0 115,112 15,453 0 23,371 107,194 130,565 New Jerseya,b 0 3,901 975 0 1,219 3,657 4,876 New Hampshirea,b 46,430 : : 46,430 : : 46,430 Massachusetts 8,584 : : 0 1,038 7,546 8,584 Maine 0 47,712 8,277 0 9,070 46,919 55,989 Connecticuta,b 142,359 366,740 63,495 66,078 90,393 416,123 572,594 Northeast 1,365,640 1,566,700 300,953 706,722 527,511 1,999,060 3,233,293 State 285 28,886 4,373 69 9,466 24,009 33,544 Federal 1,365,925 1,595,586 305,326 706,791 536,977 2,023,069 3,266,837 U.S. total reported Hispanic Hispanic reported Female Male 12/31/97 jurisdiction Not Non-Not population Region and Hispanic origin Gender Probation Number of adults on probation Table 3.7. Adults on probation, by gender and Hispanic origin, 1997Probation in 1997 35 cSee Explanatory notes for more detail. b“Other” includes Hispanic probationers of unknown race. aDetailed data are estimated for race. : Not known. 307 9 70 97 2,973 3,456 Wyomingb 38,333 1,936 2,507 12,479 76,759 132,014 Washingtonb 426 198 288 313 8,236 9,461 Utah 3,506 341 631 2,405 37,097 43,980 Oregonb 972 : 650 573 6,700 8,895 New Mexico 1,736 118 98 2,020 6,930 10,902 Nevada 4,678 : : : : 4,678 Montana 690 35 194 91 5,357 6,367 Idahoa,b 15,401 : : : : 15,401 Hawaii 13,690 : : 3,735 28,022 45,447 Colorado 304,531 : : : : 304,531 California 0 182 2,496 3,827 38,308 44,813 Arizonaa 14 98 1,293 562 2,411 4,378 Alaska 384,284 2,917 8,227 26,102 212,793 634,323 West 6,149 : : : : 6,149 West Virginiaa 42 177 15 15,271 14,497 30,002 Virginiaa 157,253 : : 79,685 192,155 429,093 Texasa,b 323 293 63 16,064 21,508 38,251 Tennesseeb 298 9 22 23,195 18,880 42,404 South Carolina 2,585 90 1,995 6,053 18,010 28,733 Oklahomab 3,073 219 2,049 51,458 48,617 105,416 North Carolina 308 : : 6,433 4,256 10,997 Mississippi 284 335 63 43,172 30,758 74,612 Maryland 177 3 13 20,560 14,700 35,453 Louisianab 12,093 : : : : 12,093 Kentucky 0 0 0 79,128 69,292 148,420 Georgiac 37,757 578 147 66,732 134,718 239,932 Florida 972 108 0 9,501 216 10,797 District of Columbiaa,b 727 30 15 8,041 9,059 17,872 Delawarea,b 370 36 53 9,295 16,638 26,392 Arkansasb 33,599