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A Note On A Severe Salmonella Typhimurium Infection In
Ostrich Chicks
Habeeb M. AI-Nakhli, Suleman M. AI-Juwaid, and Mohammed A. AI-Aboud
National Agriculture Research Center
P.D. Box 17285,Riyadh 11484,Saudi Arabia
Abstract. Ostrich baby chicks 1-2.5 months, raised in a private farm with capacity of 25 birds in Al-Kharj
region south Riyadh. were infected with Salmonella, the mortality was up to 20%. A live sick and dead birds
were sent to the poultry disease laboratory for post-mortem examination and bacteria isolation. Salmonella
Typhimurium was isolated from liver, Spleen ,and Intestines of the infected birds, The birds were treated with
Erythromycin (E), and Enrofioxacin(ENO) for five days, but no response showed up to medication ,the in-
vitro susceptibility test was carried out on the isolated salmonella, the isolates were sensitive to Norfloxacin
(NOR), Fosphomycine (FOS), Ciprotril (CIP), Gentamycin (GM), Flurnequine (AR), and Apramycin (APR)
respectively. Norfloxacin (NOR) was the drug of choice in treating the birds. The isolates were resistant to five
antibiotics used in this study were as follows: Ampicillin (AMP), Amoxycillin (AML), Danofloxacin (DF),
Doxycyclin (D), and Sulfamethoxazole+Trimethoprim (SXT) respectively. The birds were recovered after
treating them with (NOR) for five days, and no more salmonella was detected post treatment with (NOR).
four pounds of feathers for use in fashion and
industry. But feathers have little economic
Ostrich Struthio camelus is a member of the
value and the birds are being farmed for their
family struthionidae which belong to class
gourmet meat and hide, the pure red meat has
Aves. Ostrich known to be the largest and
a higher protein content and lower cholesterol
heaviest bird, weighing up to 156.5kg.(345Ib.).
level than chickens and turkey. The majority of
There are four subspecies of this bird. Human
ostriches are slaughtered at a year old, at this
have had a close relationship with ostrich for
age the bird yield 65-95 pounds of meat and
thousands of years, Ancient Egyptians farmed
produce 13-20 sq. ft. of fine quality leather
ostrich and used it as a symbol of justice.
which is three to five times more durable than
ostrich feathers have been used for adornment
cow hide (Gonzalez, LV. 1992). the Salmonella
by human for at least 5000 years and the eggs
Typhimuriurn is common in multispecies
are still used by Bushmen as jewelry and
collections and causes mortality in ostrich
receptacles for carrying water (Holtzhausen, A.
chicks younger than three months on
and Kotze', M. 1990; Huchzermeyer, F. W. 1998)
commercial farms, but is rarely found in chicks
.Ostrich farming started in South Africa and
older than six months (Verwoerd, D.]. 2000).
elsewhere between 1857 and 1864 as a new
industry in agriculture (The South African Stud Materials and Methods
Book and Livestock Improvement Association Samples collection and processing:
2001). Nowadays, each ostrich produces about Sick and freshly dead ostrich baby chicks were
submitted to the Poultry Disease Laboratory for was applied to examine the sensitivity of the
bacteriological examination by the farm's salmonella isolates. Eleven different antimic-
veterinarian, the pre-mortem examination robial drugs being used predominantly in the
showed the follOWing signs: uncontrolled head field of poultry were used in the examination,
movement, inability to stand, complete inability they were as follows: Ampidllin (AMP),
to lift the head off the ground. On the other Amoxydllin (AML), Apramycin (APR),
hand post-mortem examination revealed liver Ciprotril (CIP), Danofloxacin (OF), Doxycyclin
congestion and sever enteritis in the intestines. (0), Flumequine (AR), Gentamycin (GM),
Norfloxacin (NOR), Fosphomycine (FOS), and
Liver, spleen, intestines:
Sulfamethoxazole+ Trimethoprim (SXT).
Each of the above indicated samples (liver,
spleen, and intestines) were chopped into small
pieces with sterile scissors individually, and
inoculated into selenite broth (Difco) in Because of the behavior of the ostrich
volumetric ratio 1:10,the culture was incubated chicks, always they pick up feces of other chicks
aerobically at 37°C for 18-24 hr. A loopful of ,and in case one chick is infected with
the culture was streaked onto Brilliant Green salmonella the infection will be spread rapidly
Agar plates (BGA) (Difco), the plates were then through the flock. Enteritis can be a major cause
incubated aerobically at 370C for overnight. of mortality in intensive reared ostrich chicks,
Suspected Salmonella colonies on BGA (3 in this case the mortali~y w~ up to 20%. As
colonies) were transferred into Triple Sugar shown in (Table 1). Biochemical test was
Iron Agar (TSI), and lysine Iron Agar (LIA) ~ conducted according to Ewing method (Ewing,
(Difco), the tubes were then incubated at 370C W.H. 1986), on the isolates revealed typical
for overnight. reaction of salmonella primarily on (TSI) and
(LIA). On the other hand, as shown in (Table 2).
Biochemical and Serological Tests:
The serological analysis revealed group B from
Biochemical and serological tests were
the examined samples. Moreover, the prevalent
conducted according to standard method
serovar to be recovered was Salmonella
described by Ewing (Ewing, W.H. 1986) for the
Typhimurium, which possessed the antigenic
cultures showed typical reaction of salmonella
formula 1,4, [5], 12:1:1,2 .
on (TSIA) and (LIA). Serological test as well
Salmonella Typhimurium isolates which
was carried out on pure culture of Salmonella
have been isolated in our laboratory from liver,
isolates confirmed biochemically as Salmonella
spleen and intestines of sick and freshly dead
using slide agglutination technique, salmonella
baby chicks of ostrich aging 1-2.5 months are in
polyvalent "0" A-I and Vi and polyvalent "H"
accordance with the findings ofVerwoerd, who
A-Z and specific somatic antisera (Difco,
pointed out that the Salmonella Typhimurium is
Detroit, Michigan, USA) were used to identify
common in multispecies collections and causes
the isolated salmonella.
mortality in ostrich chicks younger than three
Susceptibility Test: months .on commercial farms, but is rarely
Bauer et al. diffusion method (Bauer, A.W.; found in chicks older than six months
Kirby, W.M.; Sherris, J.e. and Turck, M. 1966) (Verwoerd, D.J. 2000).
Source and antigenic formula of isolated Salmonella
Biochemical Salmonella Liver Spleen Intestine
characteristics typical reaction 1,4 [5],12: 1: 1,2 1,4, [5],12: 1: 1,2 1,4, [5],12: 1: 1,2
Motility + + + +
Nitrate reduction + + + +
Glucose utilization with + + + +
acid and gas formatioin
Methyl red reactiion + + + +
Hydrogen sulfide + + + +
production on TSI
Growth on Simmon 0 + + +
Indole production
Urea hydrolysis
Lysine decarboxylation
Arginine
decarboxylation
Malonate utilization
Fermentation of Lactose
Fermentation of
Saccharose
Fermentation of Salicin
Fermentation of
Fermentation of
Raffinose
Source Serogroup Salmonella Serovar Seroformula
Liver B Salmonella Typhimurium 1,4, [5], 12: 1: 1,2
Spleen B Salmonella Typhimurium 1,4, [5], 12: 1: 1,2
Intestines B Salmonella Typhimurium 1,4, [5], 12: 1: 1,2
The birds were treated in the farm prior isolated salmonella using eleven antibiotics
sending them to the laboratory with (E) and being used predominantly in the field of
(ENO) for five days, but no response has shown poultry, and the results were as shown in
up to the used medication. Accordingly, the in- (Table 3). The isolates were sensitive to six
vitro susceptibility test was carried out on antimicrobial drugs, (NOR), (FOS), (CIP), (GM),
Result
Interpretation
Ampicillin AMP 10
Amoxycillin AML 10
Apramycin APR 15
Ciprotril elP
Danofloxacin DF 5
Doxcyclin D 30
Flumequine AR 30
Gentamycin GM 10
Norfloxacin NOR 10
Fosphomycine FOS 50
Sulfa + trimetho. SXT25
Sulfa + trimetho. = Sulfamethoxazole + Trimethoprim
R = Resistant 5 = Sensitive MIZ = Minimum Inhibition zone.
Sulfa + trirnetho.= Sulfamelhoxazole + Trirnethoprim.
(AR), and (APR) respectively. Nevertheless, addition, a stress free environment Should be
(NOR) was the drug of choice in treating the secure. In order to avoid emerging bacterial
infected birds. Meanwhile, the isolates were resistant strains on the farm and spe~y
resistant to five antibiotics used in this study salmonella, the farmers and veterinarians.
and they were as follows: (AMP), (AML),(OF), should limit their use to antibiotics and use
(D), and (SXT) respectively. Salmonella Typhi- them based on the laboratory recommen-
murium multi-drug resistant pattern has been dations. The avoidance 'of unnecessary
observed among farm animals, due to the antibiotics usage in food animals concurrently
extensive use of the antibiotics to combat with good husbandry, good abattoir practice
Salmonella infection. However, the birds were and good hygiene at all stages in the feed
treated with Norfloxacin for five days. production chain. Typing of salmonella isolates
Consequently, the birds were recovered post is a must, because of the drastic increasing
treatment and no salmonella was detected. As incidence of antibiotics resistance among
a matter of fact, Ostriches does not have lymph salmonella bacteria. Salmonella in pure culture
nodes preventing' the spread of bacteria from will be forwarded to international reference
the intestine into the blood stream. So, laboratory (LOHMANN TIERZUCHT GMBH
septicemia frequently accompanies or follows Veterinary Laboratory, Cuxhaven, Germany)
the enteritis. for further typing and phage typing
Salmonella and other pathogenic bacteria identification.
are freely provided by flies, lizards, rats etc.,
Acknowledgement
which always are attracted to ostrich rearing
The authors are grateful to 'the laboratory
sites. Meanwhile, in intensive ostrich rearing
technician Jayaraman Moorthi, for assisting in
units, these animals are frequently carry
post-mortem examination and media
salmonella and it's impossible to keep them
preparation.
away from ostrich baby chicks reared in wide
open area. References
Nevertheless, biosecurity and meticulous Bauer, A.W.; Kirby, W.M; Sherris, J.e. and Turck, M.
hygiene should be emphasized in such cases. In 1966. Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a
standardized single d;sc method. Am. j. Clin. H uchzermeyer, F. W. 1998. Diseases of Ostriches and
Path. 45: 493-496. other Ratites. Agricultural Research Council,
Ewing, W.H. 1986. Edwards and Ewing's identification Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Republic of
of Enterobacteriaceae.4th edition. Elsevier Science South Africa, 296p.
Publishing Co., Inc., New York 536p. The South African Stud Book and Livestock
Gonzalez, 1. V. 1992. Ostriches in central America: Improvement Association 2001. Guidelines for
big business in big birds. World Poultry 8, 7:8-9. successful ostrich farming, Overview of ostrich
Holtzhausen, A. and Kotze', M. 1990. The Ostrich, C. farming 1863 to 1994. SASBA, pp 1-3.
P. Nell Museum, Bowles Oudtshoorn publishing Verwoerd, D.J. 2000. Ostrich Diseases. Rev. sci. tech.
Co.56p. Off. Int. Epiz. 19,2:638-661.
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