Census of Tribal Justice Agencies in Indian Country, 2002 • Law enforcement • Courts and administration • Corrections and intermediate sentences • Criminal history records and justice statistics Bureau of Justice Statistics U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice ProgramsU.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs 810 Seventh Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20531 Alberto R. Gonzales Attorney General Office of Justice Programs Partnerships for Safer Communities Regina B. Schofield Assistant Attorney General World Wide Web site: http//www.ojp.usdoj.gov Bureau of Justice Statistics Lawrence A. Greenfeld Director World Wide Web site: http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs For information contact National Criminal Justice Reference Service 1-800-851-3420Census of Tribal Justice Agencies in Indian Country, 2002 By Steven W. Perry BJS Statistician December 2005, NCJ 205332 U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs Bureau of Justice StatisticsU.S. Department of Justice Bureau of Justice Statistics Lawrence A. Greenfeld, Director Steven W. Perry, BJS Statistician, wrote the report under the supervision of Steven K. Smith. Mark Motivans provided the statistical review. Also at BJS, Thomas Cohen, Matthew Hickman, and Stephanie Ross commented on drafts of the report. Tina Dorsey, Tom Hester and Marianne Zawitz produced and edited the report. Jayne Robinson prepared the report for final publication. Valuable comments were contributed by Norena Henry, American Indian/Alaska Native Affairs Desk in the Office of Justice Programs. Also, Stella Ogunwole of the Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce, provided a special tabulation of Indian country residents based on Census 2000 data used in this report. Highlights v Introduction 1 Table 1— American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN) population, by place of residence, 2000 Figure 1 — Map of States, by Public Law 83-280 Status Table 2 — Number of tribes, by State, Public law 280 status, and court systems Law Enforcement Table 3 — Tribal law enforcement Table 4 — Tribal cross deputization and authority recognition on and off reservation Courts Figure 2 — Federal, State, and tribal court systems Table 5 — Tribal court systems Table 6 —Type of separate courts Table 7 — Tribal justice system full-time staff Corrections Table 8 — Tribal criminal detentions Table 9 — Tribal court intermediate adult sanctions Criminal history records Table 10 — Tribal law enforcement criminal justice data access Table 11 — Tribal offender, incident data, and measuring tribal crime Table 12 — Tribal justice agencies electronically networked Table 13 — Tribal justice criminal statistics electronic sharing Appendix • 2002 Census of Tribal Justice Agencies non-participants • Questionnaire Contents ii Census of Tribal Justice Agencies in Indian Country, 2002 Census of Tribal Justice Agencies, 2002 • Over 92% (314) of the 341 federally recognized American Indian tribes in the lower 48 States participated in the Census of Tribal Justice Agencies, 2002. (See respondent description below). • Public Law 280 establishes criminal justice responsibilities among American Indian tribes with tribal land, the States in which tribes are located, and the Federal Government. Public Law 280 is mandatory or optional for 204 tribes, about two-thirds of the total in the lower 48 States. • During 2000 an estimated 44% (1,021,747) of all American Indians resided in Indian Country – reservatioons trust land, and/or communities. Law enforcement • 165 of the 314 responding tribes employed 1 or more full-time sworn officers with general arrest powers. • Almost all (99%) had cross deputizatiio agreements with another tribal or public agency. • 56% (93) of the tribes that employed 1 or more full-time sworn officers with general arrest powers were also recogniize by their State to possess arrest authority. Courts and administration • An estimated 59% (188) of the 314 tribes had some form of judicial system. • Eighty-four percent of the tribal justice systems operating in Indian Country handled misdemeanor cases. • 175 tribes had a formal tribal court. Of these: – About 174 had a separate, general jurisdiction tribal court, – 91 had an appellate court, – 80 had a juvenile court, – 51 had a family court, and – Over 60% (112) provided victim services. • Sixty percent of the tribes had written family codes for: – establishing paternity, – issuing a child support order, – enforcing a child support order, – modifying or adjusting a child, and support order. • Nearly a third (97) of the tribes had a child support enforcement program. Corrections and intermediate sentences • About 23% (71) of the responding tribes provided their own detention function. About two-thirds relied on local or county agencies to provide a jail or detention facility. • 24 of the 314 tribes had their own residential juvenile facility available for placing juveniles who committed offenses on tribal lands. An estimated 68% (119) of tribes placed juveniles in neighboring county or nontribal agency residential facilities. • About 44% of all tribes (314) imposed some type of intermediate sanction for offenses. • At least three-fourths of the 175 tribes that operated tribal courts could order: – monetary fines without, incarceration (84%), – alcohol rehabilitation (79%), – counseling/therapy (79%), – community service (78%), – drug rehabilitation (74%), and – restitution without incarceration (74%). • Over two-thirds of the tribes with a tribal judicial system imposed probation for adults (130) or juveniles (124). Criminal history records and justice statistics • 75% of the tribes recorded crime incidents on the reservation manually and/or electronically. • Over half of the tribes had access to the National Criminal Information Center (NCIC). • An estimated 54 tribes submitted information on tribal sex offenders to the National Sex Offender Registry (NSOR). • Less than 12% of the tribes reported their justice agencies were electronicaall networked with other justice agencies on or off the reservation. • 14 tribes routinely shared crime statistics with neighboring local governments, the State, or the FBI. Highlights Census of Tribal Justice Agencies in Indian Country, 2002 iii Census respondents American Indians in the United States belong to approximately 562 federally recognized tribes — as well as bands and clans — that have a distinct history, culture, and often a separate language ( Federal Register, Vol. 68, No. 234, Decembbe 5, 2003). Three hundred fortyoon federally recognized American Indian tribes are located in the lower 48 States. This report summarizes results of the 2002 Census of Tribal Justice Agencies. Participation by Alaska Native tribes or villages was not extensive enough to enable their inclusion. Thus, this report provides data for Indian tribes located in the lower 48 States of the continental United States.Overview Purpose This report describes the characteristics of tribal — • law enforcement • courts and administration • corrections and intermediate sanctions • criminal history records • justice statistics. The report addresses basic questions about the criminal justice system in Indian country: Which tribes have sworn law enforcement personnel and the source of authority? What are the number and types of tribal court systems? Who performs the tribal detention function and what types of sanctions are to be imposed? Do tribes have access to State and national criminal record systems? The 13 tables present individual agency data for tribal criminal justice agencies across the United States. The table notes describe the data used and provide information for interpreting the tables. The publication is divided into four parts, according to broad topical areas: Part I: Law enforcement (tables 3-4) • sworn law enforcement personnel • source of tribal law enforcement authority • estimated number of sworn full-time law enforcement officers reported in 2000 • cross-deputization agreements • law enforcement reciprocity with local and State authorities for crimes committed on and off tribal land. Part II: Courts and administration (tables 5-7) • tribal justice systems • BIA Court of Indian Offenses • types of tribal operated court systems • number of full-time judges, prosecutors, public defenders, and peacemakers. Part III: Corrections and intermediate sanctions (tables 8-9) • tribal detention facilities • types of adult intermediate sanctions (for example, drug and alcohol rehabilitattion and fines without incarceration). Part IV: Criminal history records and justice statistics (tables 10-13) • access to the National Crime Informatiio Center (NCIC) • sharing of tribal criminal history records with State repositories or the FBI • participation in the National Sex Offender Registry (NSOR) • types of criminal incidents recorded • method of recording crimes • tribal justice agencies electronically networked within and outside the tribe • sharing of crime statistics with Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), FBI, and local governments. Compilation of census data The data presented was compiled from the Census of Tribal Justice Agencies for 2002. Federally recognized tribes across the United States responded to the questionnaires. Policy Studies, Inc., collected the data on behalf of BJS. Justice and criminal jurisdiction background in Indian country Criminal jurisdiction — the governmentta powers to make and/or enforce laws — in Indian country is divided among the Federal, State, and tribal governmennts Jurisdiction in a specific incident depends on the nature of the offense, whether the offender or victim was a tribal member, and the State in which the crime occurred. Introduction Census of Tribal Justice Agencies in Indian Country, 2002 1 Tribal Justice on the web All of the tables in this report are available in a spreadsheet format on the BJS website:
. Other information not published in this report, either because of low response rates or because it has only specialized interest, is also in a digital table on the web. The web-only table cover the following subjects: • Criminal investigation functions • Criminal case referral to U.S. attorneys office • Number and type of separate courts • Tribal court judge selection • Judicial staffing • Tribal victims services • Tribal reliance on State courts for judicial services • Tribal reliance on county/municipal social service agencies. Public Law 83-280 (commonly referred to as Public Law 280 or P.L. 280) conferred jurisdiction the Federal Government to six State governments. Congress extended criminal jurisdiction over tribal lands to California, Minnesoot (except the Red Lake Reservation), Nebraska, Oregon (except the Warm Springs Reservation), Wisconsin, and Alaska. These are mandatory P.L. 280 States (figure 1). Public Law 280 also permitted other States to acquire jurisdiction at their option. These States could take partial jurisdiction until the 1968 amendment to the law. The optional P.L. 280 States assumed jurisdiction either in whole or in part over Indian country within their boundaries: Nevada, Idaho, Iowa, Washington, South Dakota, Montana, North Dakota, Arizona, and Utah operate under this arrangement. In States where P.L. 280 does not apply, the Federal Government retains criminal jurisdiction for major crimes committed under the "Indian Country" Crimes Act (Title 18, United States Code, Section 1152), the Indian Country Major Crimes Act (Title 18, United States Code, Section 1153), and the Assimilative Crimes Act (Title 18, United States Code, Section 13). The 1994 Crime Act expanded Federal criminal jurisdiction in Indian country in such areas as guns, violent juveniles, drugs, and domestic violence. Tribal authority to sentence offenders in Indian country is limited to a maximum of 1 year of imprisonment and a $5,000 fine or both. (For a detailed discussion of criminal jurisdiction and sentencing in Indian country, see 18 U.S.C. Subsectiio 13; 1151; 1152; 1153; 1162; and 25 U.S.C. Subsection 1302.). American Indians and reservations in the United States In 2000, American Indians and Alaska Natives accounted for 4.3 million, or 1.5%, of the 281 million persons in the United States. This population includes persons who reported their race as “American Indian or Alaska Native” with or without another racial category. About 2.5 million (0.9%) of the U.S. population, listed only American Indian or Alaska Native, and 1.8 million, as American Indian or Alaska Native as well as one or more additional races (table 1). 2 Census of Tribal Justice Agencies in Indian Country, 2002 Figure 1 Non-PL 280 States Optional PL 280 States Mandatory PL 280 States PL 280 Status Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Special tabulation. . % 92.4 1,725,510 % 64.1 1,568,608 Outside tribal areas 0.3 5,792 2.4 57,964 Alaska native village statistical areas 0.8 14,553 3.2 79,204 State-designated American Indian statistical areas 0.0 100 0.0 917 State reservations 0.1 2,089 0.1 2,221 Tribal-designated statistical areas 5.3 99,360 9.3 227,043 Oklahoma tribal statistical areas 1.1 20,472 20.9 512,032 Federal reservations and/or off-reservation trust lands 7.3 136,354 33.5 821,417 All American Indian areas % 7.6 142,366 % 35.9 879,381 All American Indian and Alaska Native tribal areas % 100.0 1,867,876 % 100.0 2,447,989 All areas Percent Number Percent Number AIAN in combination AIAN alone Table 1. American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN) population, by place of residence, 2000An estimated 43.5% or 1,021,747 of all American Indians who identified themselves as American Indian or Alaska Native indicated they resided on a Federal reservation or in a tribal statistical area during Census 2000. This report summarizes the BJS results from participants in the 2002 Census of Tribal Justice Agencies. Participation by Alaska Native tribes or villages was not extensive enough to enable their inclusiion Ninety-two percent (314) of the 341 tribes in the continental United States participated. The majority (65%) of the 314 tribes are located within "mandatory" (123) or "optional" (81) P.L. 280 States (table 2). About 110 tribes are located in non-PL 280 States. About 188 tribes reported they have some form of a justice system. More than a fifth (39) of those tribes supported the services of an indigenous court; almost a quarter received judicial services from a BIA-operated Court of Indian Offenses (CFR); and a majority (175) of the tribes had tribal courts. Almost 75% (140) of the tribes relied on the States for some justice services (for example, correctional and counseling services). Census of Tribal Justice Agencies in Indian Country, 2002 3 *BIA-operated Court of Indian Offenses. 140 175 46 39 188 314 Total 0 2 0 0 2 2 Wyoming 8 7 0 2 9 11 Mandatory Wisconsin 8 22 3 7 26 29 Optional Washington 2 2 2 0 2 4 Optional Utah 2 2 0 2 2 3 Texas 0 9 2 0 9 9 South Dakota 1 0 0 0 0 1 South Carolina 1 0 0 0 0 1 Rhode Island 6 8 0 1 8 8 Mandatory Oregon 5 16 22 0 18 37 Oklahoma 0 3 0 0 3 3 Optional North Dakota 0 1 0 0 1 1 North Carolina 2 1 0 1 2 4 New York 6 19 1 10 20 21 New Mexico 6 13 4 1 14 16 Optional Nevada 2 3 2 0 3 4 Mandatory Nebraska 0 5 0 1 6 6 Optional Montana 0 0 0 1 1 1 Mississippi 4 12 0 3 12 12 Mandatory Minnesota 3 9 1 2 9 12 Michigan 1 1 0 1 1 1 Massachusetts 4 2 0 0 2 4 Maine 2 3 1 0 3 4 Louisiana 0 4 0 0 4 4 Kansas 1 0 0 0 0 1 Optional Iowa 1 4 0 1 4 4 Optional Idaho 1 0 0 0 0 1 Optional Florida 0 2 0 1 2 2 Connecticut 0 1 1 0 1 2 Colorado 74 7 7 2 7 88 Mandatory California 0 16 0 3 16 17 Optional Arizona 0 1 0 0 1 1 Alabama Relying on State courts Tribal courts CFR* courts Indigenous courts Tribal justice systems Participaate in census Public Law 280 status State Number of tribes using Table 2. Number of tribes, by State, Public Law 280 status, and court systems Law enforcement in Indian country Adding to jurisdictional complexities in Indian country, law enforcement authority is dispersed among Federal, State, local and tribal agencies. Among the tribes' inherent powers are the authority to exercise criminal jurisdicctio over all tribal members and the authority to arrest and detain non-Indians for delivery to State or Federal authorities for prosecution. These tribal police powers are generalll limited to the reservation. The work of tribal police is often critical to resolviin criminal cases referred to State and Federal agencies because tribal police usually discover the crime, interview witnesses, and grasp the circumstaance involved. Often tribal police refer cases to U.S. attorney’s offices for investigation, as tribal courts generally hear only misdemeanor cases. The Federal Government — Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) and Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) — investigates crimes and directly enforces the law in Indian country. BIA also affects law enforcement indirectly by providing funding to tribal governments.* Public Law 93-638, the Indian Self-Determination of Act 1975, affords tribes — through Federal grants and contracts — the opportunity to provide for their own police departments and other institutional services. Public safety on reservations in P.L. 280 States is primarily the responsibility of local and tribal law enforcement. BIA directly provides policing for those tribes that request services and do not have 638 contracts and that are not in P.L. 280 States. Tribal law enforcement agencies In 2001 half the tribes employed at least 1 full-time sworn officer with general arrest powers (table 3). • About 95 (58%) of the 165 tribes with at least 1 full-time sworn officer were in a mandatory or optional P.L. 280 State. • Nearly 80% (130) of the 165 tribes with at least 1 sworn officer indicated that their law enforcement agencies operated through a P.L. 93-638 contract or self-governance compact. • Among the tribes operating with P.L. 638 contracts, about 56% (73) were located in a mandatory or optional P.L. 280 State. Cross deputization agreements Cross deputization agreements have been used to enhance law enforcement capabilities in areas where State and tribal lands were contiguous and interminggled Under some agreements, Federal, State, county/local, and/or tribal law enforcement officers have the power to arrest Indian and non-Indian wrongdoers wherever the violation of law occurs. • About 99% of the 165 tribal law enforcement agencies with at least one sworn officer with arrest powers have cross deputization agreements with BIA law enforcement, neighboring tribes/villages, neighboring nontribal authorities, or Federal law enforcement agencies other than BIA (table 4). • Among the 163 tribes that reported having cross deputization agreements, over half (84) of the agreements were with neighboring nontribal authorities. • An estimated 53% (86) of the tribal police with cross deputization agreemeent were in mandatory or optional P.L. 280 States. T ribal and State law enforcement reciprocating authority Sometimes only one governmental unit, State or tribal, is willing to crossdepuutize In such instances, States have recognized tribal police to have peace officer authority — to arrest tribal offenders off the reservation or detain nontribal offenders on the reservation. • About 57% (93) of the 165 tribes with tribal law enforcement officers reported being recognized by the State to have peace officer authority. • Among the 93 tribes with police officers recognized by the State, 54% were in mandatory or optional P.L. 280 States. • About 74 (45%) of the tribes with law enforcement personnel had arrest authority over tribal members off the reservation, with 55% in mandatory or optional P.L. 280 States. • Almost 101 (62%) tribes with at least 1 sworn officer reported having arrest authority over non-Indians on tribal reservations. The majority (60%) of tribes with arrest authority over non-Indians on the reservation were in mandatory or optional P.L. 280 States. For an in depth discussion on tribal law enforcement, see the BJS report Tribal Law Enforcement, 2000 . Law enforcement Census of Tribal Justice Agencies in Indian Country, 2002 5 *Office of Associate Attorney General, U.S. Department of Justice, Indian Country Law Enforcement Review, December 1999. The BIA funds many tribal governments to conduct their own law enforcement through what is called a 638 contract or compact (P. L. 93-638, the Indian Self-Determination Act (1975)).6 Census of Tribal Justice Agencies in Indian Country, 2002 . . . . . . no Fort Bidwell Indian Community of the Fort Bidwell Reservation of California . . . . . . no Enterprise Rancheria of Maidu Indians of California . . . . . . no Elk Valley Rancheria . . . . . . no Elem Indian Colony of Pomo Indians of the Sulphur Bank Rancheria (California) . . . . . . no Dry Creek Rancheria of Pomo Indians of California . . . no yes Coyote Valley Band of Pomo Indians . . . . . . no Cortina Indian Rancheria of Wintun Indians of California . . . . . . no Cold Springs Rancheria of Mono Indians of California . . . . . . no Cloverdale Rancheria of Pomo Indians of California . . . . . . no Cher-Ae Heights Indian Community of the Trinidad Rancheria . . . . . . no Chemehuevi Indian Tribe of the Chemehuevi Reservation . . . . . . no Cedarville Rancheria . . . . . . no Capitan Grande Band of Diegeuno Mission Indians of California; Barona Group and the Viejas (Baron Long) Group . . . . . . no Campo Band of Diegueno Mission Indians . . . . . . no California Valley Miwok Tribe, California (formerly the Sheep Ranch Rancheria of Me-Wuk Indians of California) . . . . . . no Cahuilla Band of Mission Indians . . . no yes Cahto Indian Tribe of the Laytonville Rancheria . . . . . . no Cachil DeHe Band of Wintun Indians of the Colusa Indian Community of the Colusa Rancheria 17 yes yes Cabazon Band of Cahuilla Mission Indians of the Cabazon Reservation . . . . . . no Buena Vista Rancheria of Me-Wuk Indians . . . . . . no Bridgeport Paiute Indian Colony of California . . . . . . no Blue Lake Rancheria . . . . . . no Big Valley Band of Pomo Indians of the Big Valley Rancheria . . . . . . no Big Sandy Rancheria of Mono Indians of California . . . . . . no Big Pine Band of Owens Valley Paiute Shoshone Indians of the Big Pine Reservation . . . . . . no Big Lagoon Rancheria . . . . . . no Berry Creek Rancheria of Maidu Indians of California . . . . . . no Bear River Band of Rohnerville Rancheria . . . . . . no Alturas Indian Rancheria California 7 yes yes Yavapai-Prescott Tribe 14 yes yes Yavapai-Apache Nation of the Camp Verde Indian Reservation 36 yes yes White (River) Mountain Apache Tribe of the Fort Apache Reservation, Arizona yes yes Tonto Apache Tribe of Arizona 76 yes yes Tohono O'odham Nation 25 yes yes San Carlos Apache Tribe 51 yes yes Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community of the Salt River Reservation (Arizona) . . . yes yes Quechan Tribe of the Fort Yuma Indian Reservation, California and Arizona . . . . . . yes Pascua Yaqui Tribal Council 321 yes yes Navajo Nation . . . . . . no Kaibab Band of Paiute Indians of the Kaibab Indian Reservation (Arizona) 9 no yes Hualapai Indian Tribe of the Hualapai Indian Reservation (Arizona) 9 no yes Hopi Tribe 58 yes yes Gila River Indian Community of the Gila River Indian Reservation (Arizona) 20 yes yes Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation 12 yes yes Cocopah Tribe of Arizona 12 no yes Ak-Chin Indian Community of the Mericopa Indian Reservation Arizona 6 yes yes Poarch Band of Creek Indians of Alabama Alabama Number of full-time sworn officers with arrest powers reported in 2000 Tribal law enforcement agency operates through a PL 93-638 or selfgoverrnanc contract Tribe has at least one sworn law enforcement officer with arrest powers Tribal name State Table 3. Tribal law enforcement, 2002Census of Tribal Justice Agencies in Indian Country, 2002 7 . . . . . . no Santa Ysabel Band of Diegueno Mission Indians of the Santa Ysabel Reservation (California) . . . . . . no Santa Ynez Band of Chumash Mission Indians of the Santa Ynez Reservation (California) . . . . . . no Santa Rosa Indian Community of the Santa Rosa Rancheria (California) . . . . . . no Santa Rosa Band of Cahuilla Mission Indians of the Santa Rosa Reservation, California . . . . . . no San Manuel Band of Serrano Mission Indians of the San Manuel Reservation, California . . . . . . no Rumsey Indian Rancheria of Wintun Indians of California . . . . . . no Round Valley Reservation . . . . . . no Robinson Rancheria of Pomo Indians of California . . . . . . no Rincon Band of Luiseno Mission Indians of the Rincon Reservation, California . . . . . . no Resighini Rancheria . . . . . . no Redwood Valley Rancheria of Pomo Indians of California . . . . . . no Redding Rancheria . . . . . . no Ramona Band or Village of Cahuilla Mission Indians of California . . . . . . no Potter Valley Rancheria of Pomo Indians of California . . . . . . no Pit River Tribe (includes Big Bend Rancheria, Lookout Rancheria, Montgomery Creek Rancheria, Roaring Creek Rancheria, XL Ranch) . . . . . . no Pinoleville Rancheria of Pomo Indians of California . . . . . . no Picayune Rancheria of Chukchansi Indians . . . . . . no Pechanga Band of Luiseno Mission Indians of the Pechanga Reservation (California) . . . . . . no Pauma Band of Luiseno Mission Indians of the Pauma and Yuima Reservation (California) . . . . . . no Pauite-Shoshone Indians of the Lone Pine Community . . . no yes Pala Band of Luiseno Mission Indians of the Pala Reservation, California . . . . . . no Mooretown Rancheria of Maidu Indians of California . . . . . . no Middletown Rancheria of Pomo Indians of California . . . . . . no Mesa Grande Band of Diequeno Mission Indians . . . . . . no Manzanita Band of Diegueno Mission Indians of the Manzanita Reservation (California) . . . . . . no Manchester Band of Pomo Indians of the Manchester-Point Arena Rancheria (California) . . . . . . no Lytton Rancheria . . . . . . no Los Coyotes Band of Cahuilla Mission Indians of the Los Coyotes Reservation, California . . . . . . no La Posta Band of Diegueno Mission Indians of the La Posta Indian Reservation (California) . . . . . . no La Jolla Band of Luiseno Mission Indians . . . . . . no Karuk Tribe of California . . . . . . no Jamul Indian Village . . . yes yes Jackson Rancheria of Me-Wuk Indians of California . . . . . . no Ione Band of Miwok Indians . . . . . . no Inaja Band of Diegueno Mission Indians of the Inaja and Cosmit Reservation (California) . . . no yes Hopland Band of Pomo Indians 7 yes yes Hoopa Valley Tribe . . . . . . no Guideville Rancheria . . . . . . no Grindstone Indian Rancheria of Wintun-Waikai Indians of California . . . . . . no Greenville Rancheria of Maidu Indians . . . . . . no Graton Rancheria . . . yes yes Fort Mojave Indian Tribe of Arizona, California, and Nevada . . . . . . no Fort Independence Indian Community of Paiute Indians of the Fort Independence Reservation (California) Number of full-time sworn officers with arrest powers reported in 2000 Tribal law enforcement agency operates through a PL 93-638 or selfgoverrnanc contract Tribe has at least one sworn law enforcement officer with arrest powers Tribal name State Table 3. Tribal law enforcement, 20028 Census of Tribal Justice Agencies in Indian Country, 2002 . . . yes yes Hannahville Indian Community, Michigan (previously listed as the Hannahville Indian Community of Wisconsin Potawatomie Indians of Michigan) . . . yes yes Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians of Michigan Michigan . . . yes yes Wampanoag Tribe of Gay Head (Aquinnah) Massachusetts 5 yes yes Penobscot Tribe of Maine 7 yes yes Passamaquoddy Tribe of Maine . . . . . . no Houlton Band of Maliseet Indians . . . . . . no Aroostook Band of Micmac Indians of Maine Maine 9 yes yes Tunica-Biloxi Indian Tribe . . . . . . no Jena Band of Choctaw Indians 7 yes yes Coushatta Tribe of Louisiana 9 yes yes Chitimacha Tribe of Louisiana Louisiana . . . yes yes Sac and Fox Nation of Missouri in Kansas and Nebraska 8 no yes Prairie Band of Potawatomi Indians, Kansas (formerly the Prairie Band of Potawatomi Indians) 10 yes yes Kickapoo Tribe of Indians of the Kickapoo Reservation in Kansas 10 yes yes Iowa Tribe of Kansas and Nebraska Kansas . . . . . . no Sac and Fox Tribe of Mississippi in Iowa Iowa 18 yes yes Shoshone-Bannock Tribes of the Fort Hall Reservation of Idaho 23 yes yes Nez Perce Tribe of Idaho . . . . . . no Kootenai Tribe of Idaho . . . yes yes Coeur D'Alene Tribe of the Coeur D'Alene Reservation (Idaho) Idaho 67 yes yes Seminole Tribe of Florida, Dania, Big Cypress, Brighton, Hollywood, and Tampa Reservations Florida . . . no yes Mohegan Indian Tribe 16 yes yes Mashantucket Pequot Tribe Connecticut . . . . . . no Ute Mountain Tribe of the Ute Mountain Reservation, (Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah) 13 yes yes Southern Ute Indian Tribe Colorado . . . . . . no Yurok Tribe . . . yes yes Washoe Tribe of Nevada and California (Carson Colony, Dresslerville Colony, Woodsford Community, Stewart Community, and Washoe Ranches) . . . . . . no Upper LakeBand of Pomo Indians of Upper Lake Rancheria of California . . . . . . no United Auburn Indian Community of the Auburn Rancheria of California . . . . . . no Twenty-Nine Palms Band of Mission Indians of California . . . . . . no Tuolumne Band of Me-Wuk Indians of the Toulumne Rancheria of California . . . . . . no Tule River Indian Tribe of the Tule River Reservation . . . . . . no Torres-Martinez Band of Cahuilla Mission Indians of California 14 . . . no Table Mountain Rancheria . . . . . . no Table Bluff Reservation — Wiyot Tribe, California . . . . . . no Sycuan Band of Diegueno Mission Indians of California . . . . . . no Susanville Indian Rancheria . . . . . . no Soboba Band of Luiseno Indians . . . . . . no Smith River Rancheria . . . . . . no Shingle Springs Band of Miwok Indians, Shingle Springs Rancheria (California) . . . . . . no Sherwood Valley Rancheria of Pomo Indians of California Number of full-time sworn officers with arrest powers reported in 2000 Tribal law enforcement agency operates through a PL 93-638 or selfgoverrnanc contract Tribe has at least one sworn law enforcement officer with arrest powers Tribal name State Table 3. Tribal law enforcement, 2002Census of Tribal Justice Agencies in Indian Country, 2002 9 . . . yes yes Moapa Band of Paiute Indians of the Moapa River Indian Reservation (Nevada) 3 yes yes Lovelock Paiute Tribe of the Lovelock Indian Colony (Nevada) 9 yes yes Las Vegas Tribe of Paiute Indians . . . no yes Fort McDermitt Paiute and Shoshone Tribes of the Fort McDermitt Indian Reservation (Nevada and Oregon) 2 yes yes Ely Shoshone Tribe of Nevada 1 yes yes Duckwater Shoshone Tribe of the Duckwater Reservation (Nevada) Nevada . . . no yes Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska . . . yes yes Santee Sioux Tribe of the Santee Reservation of Nebraska . . . . . . no Ponca Tribe of Nebraska 7 yes yes Omaha Tribe of Nebraska Nebraska . . . . . . no Northern Cheyenne Tribe 10 yes yes Fort Belknap Indian Community of the Fort Belknap Reservation of Montana . . . yes yes Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Reservation (Montana) 13 yes yes Chippewa Cree Indians of Rocky Boy’s Reservation 23 . . . no Blackfeet Tribe of the Blackfeet Indian Reservation of Montana 31 yes yes Assinibione and Sioux Tribes of Fort Peck Indian Reservation, Montana Montana 38 yes yes Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians Mississippi . . . . . . no Upper Sioux Community of Minnesota . . . . . . no Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community of Minnesota . . . yes yes Red Lake Band of Chippewa Indians, Minnesota (previously known as the Red Lake Band of Chippewa Indians of the Red Lake Reservation, Minnesota) . . . . . . no Prairie Island Indian Community . . . no yes Minnesota Chippewa Tribe — White Earth Reservation 17 yes yes Minnesota Chippewa Tribe — Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe . . . no yes Minnesota Chippewa Tribe — Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe . . . . . . no Minnesota Chippewa Tribe — Grand Portage Reservation . . . yes yes Minnesota Chippewa Tribe — Fond du Lac Reservation . . . . . . no Minnesota Chippewa Tribe — Bois Forte Band of Chippewa . . . . . . no Minnesota Chippewa Tribe 1 no yes Lower Sioux Indian Community in the State of Minnesota (previously listed as the Lower Sioux Indian Community of Minnesota Mdewakanton Sioux Indians of the Lower Sioux Reservation) Minnesota . . . . . . no Scotts Valley Band of Pomo Indians 15 yes yes Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians of Michigan 37 yes yes Saginaw Chippewa Indian Tribe of Michigan . . . yes yes Pokagon Band of Potawatomi Indians . . . . . . no Match-E-Be-Nash-She-Wish Band of Pottawatomi Indians . . . yes yes Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa Indians , Michigan (previously listed as the Little Traverse Bay Bands Odawa Indians of Michigan) . . . no yes Little River Band of Ottowa Indians, Michigan 8 yes yes Lac Vieux Desert Band of Lake Superior Chippewa, Michigan (previously listed as Lac Vieux Desert Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians of Michigan) 15 yes yes Keweenaw Bay Indian Community, Michigan (previously listed as the Keweenaw Bay Indian Community of L'Anse and Ontonagon Bands of Chippewa Indians of the L'Anse Reservation, Michigan) . . . . . . no Huron Potawatomi, Inc. Number of full-time sworn officers with arrest powers reported in 2000 Tribal law enforcement agency operates through a PL 93-638 or selfgoverrnanc contract Tribe has at least one sworn law enforcement officer with arrest powers Tribal name State Table 3. Tribal law enforcement, 200210 Census of Tribal Justice Agencies in Indian Country, 2002 . . . . . . no Delaware Nation, Oklahoma (formerly Delaware Tribe of Western Oklahoma) 4 yes yes Comanche Nation [formerly the Comanche Indian Tribe (Oklahoma)] . . . yes yes Citizen Potawatomi Nation 20 yes yes Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma . . . . . . no Chickasaw Nation 8 yes yes Cheyenne-Arapahoe Tribes of Oklahoma 11 yes yes Cherokee Nation . . . no yes Caddo Indian Tribe of Oklahoma . . . . . . no Apache Tribe of Oklahoma . . . . . . no Alabama-Quassarte Tribal Town (Oklahoma) 9 yes yes Absentee-Shawnee Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma Oklahoma 26 yes yes Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians of North Dakota 21 no yes Three Affiliated Tribes of the Fort Berthold Reservation, (North Dakota) 9 no yes Spirit Lake Tribe, North Dakota North Dakota 30 no yes Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians North Carolina . . . . . . no Tuscarora Nation 14 yes yes St. Regis Band of Mohawk Indians of New York . . . . . . no Onondaga Nation of New York . . . . . . no Cayuga Nation of New York New York 22 yes yes Zuni Tribe of the Zuni Reservation, New Mexico . . . . . . no Pueblo of Zia 9 yes yes Pueblo of Tesuque 7 yes yes Pueblo of Taos . . . . . . no Pueblo of Santo Domingo 9 yes yes Pueblo of Santa Clara 12 yes yes Pueblo of Santa Ana 8 no yes Pueblo of Sandia 6 yes yes Pueblo of San Juan . . . . . . no Pueblo of San Ildefonso . . . . . . no Pueblo of San Felipe 7 yes yes Pueblo of Pojoaque 3 . . . no Pueblo of Picuris . . . . . . no Pueblo of Nambe 10 yes yes Pueblo of Laguna . . . no yes Pueblo of Jemez 14 yes yes Pueblo of Isleta . . . . . . no Pueblo of Cochiti 8 yes yes Pueblo of Acoma . . . no yes Mescalero Apache Tribe 18 no yes Jicarilla Apache Nation, New Mexico (formerly the Jicarilla Apache Tribe of the Jicarilla Apache Indian Reservation) New Mexico . . . yes yes Yomba Shoshone Tribe of the Yomba Reservation (Nevada) 3 yes yes Yerington Paiute Tribe of the Yerington Colony and Campbell Ranch, Nevada . . . . . . no Winnemucca Indian Colony of Nevada 4 . . . no Walker River Paiute Tribe 2 yes yes Te-Moak Tribe of Western Shoshone Indians of Nevada (Four constituent bands: Battle Mountain Band, Elko Band, South Fork Band, and Wells Band) . . . . . . no Summit Lake Paiute Tribe 14 . . . no Shoshone-Paiute Tribes of the Duck Valley Reservation, Nevada 9 yes yes Reno-Sparks Indian Colony 7 yes yes Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe of the Pyramid Lake Reservation (Nevada) . . . yes yes Paiute-Shoshone Indians of the Fallon Reservation and Colony, Nevada Number of full-time sworn officers with arrest powers reported in 2000 Tribal law enforcement agency operates through a PL 93-638 or selfgoverrnanc contract Tribe has at least one sworn law enforcement officer with arrest powers Tribal name State Table 3. Tribal law enforcement, 2002Census of Tribal Justice Agencies in Indian Country, 2002 11 . . . . . . no Ute Indian Tribe of the Uintah and Ouray Reservation, Utah . . . . . . no Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah (Cedar City Band of Paiutes, Kanosh Band of Paiutes, Koosharem Band of Paiutes, Indian Peaks Band of Paiutes, and Shivwits Band of Paiutes) . . . . . . no Northwestern Band of Shoshoni Nation 1 yes yes Confederated Tribes of the Goshute Reservation Utah 11 yes yes Ysleta del Sur Pueblo . . . . . . no Kickapoo Traditional Tribe of Texas . . . . . . no Alabama-Coushatta Tribes of Texas Texas . . . no yes Yankton Sioux Tribe of South Dakota . . . no yes Standing Rock Sioux Tribe of North and South Dakota 13 yes yes Sisseton-Wahpeton Sioux Tribe of the Lake Traverse Reservation (South Dakota) 35 yes yes Rosebud Sioux Tribe 58 yes yes Oglala Sioux Tribe . . . no yes Lower Brule Sioux Tribe of the Lower Brule Reservation (South Dakota) . . . yes yes Flandreau Santee Sioux Tribe of South Dakota 8 no yes Crow Creek Sioux Tribe 53 yes yes Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe South Dakota . . . . . . no Catawba Indian Nation (also known as Catawba Tribe of South Carolina) South Carolina 3 yes yes Narrangansett Indian Tribe of Rhode Island Rhode Island . . . . . . no Klamath Indian Tribe . . . no yes Cow Creek Band of Umpqua Indians 3 yes yes Coquille Tribe of Oregon 33 yes yes Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs Reservation of Oregon 15 yes yes Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Reservation 1 yes yes Confederated Tribes of the Siletz Indians . . . . . . no Confederated Tribes of Coos, Lower Umpqua, and Siuslaw Indians . . . . . . no Confederated Tribes Grand Ronde Community of Oregon 4 yes yes Burns Paiute Tribe of the Burns Paiute Indian Colony of Oregon Oregon 3 yes yes Wyandotte Tribe of Oklahoma . . . . . . no Wichita and Affiliated Tribes (Wichita, Keechi, Waco, and Tawakonie) 4 yes yes Tonkawa Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma . . . . . . no Thlopthlocco Tribal Town . . . . . . no Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma . . . . . . no Seneca-Cayuga Tribe of Oklahoma 3 . . . no Seminole Nation of Oklahoma 6 yes yes Sac and Fox Nation of Oklahoma . . . . . . no Quapaw Tribe of Indians 8 yes yes Ponca Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma . . . . . . no Peoria Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma 3 yes yes Pawnee Nation of Oklahoma . . . . . . no Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma 6 yes yes Otoe-Missouria Tribe of Indians 3 yes yes Osage Tribe 17 yes yes Muscogee (Creek) Nation . . . . . . no Modoc Tribe of Oklahoma . . . . . . no Kiowa Indian Tribe of Oklahoma 7 yes yes Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma . . . . . . no Kialegee Tribal Town 5 yes yes Kaw Nation 5 yes yes Iowa Tribe of Oklahoma . . . . . . no Fort Sill Apache Tribe of Oklahoma . . . yes yes Eastern Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma . . . . . . no Delaware Tribe of Indians Number of full-time sworn officers with arrest powers reported in 2000 Tribal law enforcement agency operates through a PL 93-638 or selfgoverrnanc contract Tribe has at least one sworn law enforcement officer with arrest powers Tribal name State Table 3. Tribal law enforcement, 200212 Census of Tribal Justice Agencies in Indian Country, 2002 Note: States without tribal data are omitted. . . .Not reported or applicable. Data on full-time sworn officers are from the 2000 Census of State and local law enforcement agencies. . . . . . . no Arapahoe Tribe and Shoshone Tribe of the Wind River Reservation (Wyoming) Wyoming . . . no yes Stockbridge Munsee Community, Wisconsin (previously known as the Stockbridge Munsee Community of Mohican Indians of Wisconsin) . . . no yes St. Croix Chippewa Indians of Wisconsin . . . . . . no Sokaogon Chippewa Community, Wisconsin (previously known as the Sokaogon Chippewa Community of the Mole Lake Band of Chippewa Indians, Wisconsin) . . . yes yes Red Cliff Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians of Wisconsin . . . no yes Oneida Tribe of Indians of Wisconsin . . . yes yes Menominee Indian Tribe of Wisconsin . . . yes yes Lac du Flambeau Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians . . . . . . no Lac Courte Oreilles Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians of Wisconsin . . . . . . no Ho-Chunk Nation of Wisconsin (formerly the Wisconsin Winnebago Tribe) . . . . . . no Forest County Potawatomi Community, Wisconsin (previously Forest County Potawatomi Community of Wisconsin Potawatomi Indians) . . . no yes Bad River Band Lake Superior Tribe of Chippewa Indians of the Bad River Reservation Wisconsin 1 yes yes Upper Skagit Indian Tribe of Washington . . . yes yes Tulalip Tribes 7 yes yes Swinomish Indians of the Swinomish Reservation (Washington) 11 yes yes Suquamish Indian Tribe of the Port Madison Reservation (Washington) . . . yes yes Stillaguamish Tribe 7 yes yes Squaxin Island Tribe of (Island) Reservation . . . no yes Spokane Tribe . . . . . . no Snoqualmie Tribe 5 no yes Skokomish Indian Tribe 4 yes yes Shoalwater Bay Tribe of the Shoalwater Bay Indian Reservation, Washington 1 yes yes Sauk-Suiattle Indian Tribe of Washington . . . . . . no Samish Indian Tribe, Washington 15 yes yes Quinault Tribe of the Quinalt Reservation (Washington) . . . yes yes Quileute Tribe of the Quilete Reservation (Washington) 17 yes yes Puyallup Tribe Reservation 5 yes yes Port Gamble Indian Community . . . yes yes Nooksack Indian Tribe of Washington 11 yes yes Nisqually Indian Tribe of the Nisqually Reservation, (Washington) . . . . . . no Muckleshoot Indian Tribe of the Muckleshoot Reservation (Washington State) 4 yes yes Makah Indian Tribe 16 yes yes Lummi Tribe 5 yes yes Lower Elwha Tribal Community of the Lower Elwha Reservation (Washington State) 1 yes yes Kalispel Indian Community . . . . . . no Jamestown S’Klallam . . . yes yes Hoh Indian Tribe . . . . . . no Cowlitz Indian Tribe 21 yes yes Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation 5 yes yes Confederated Tribes of the Chehalis Reservation . . . yes yes Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Nation (formerly the Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Indian Nation of the Yakama Reservation) Washington Number of full-time sworn officers with arrest powers reported in 2000 Tribal law enforcement agency operates through a PL 93-638 or selfgoverrnanc contract Tribe has at least one sworn law enforcement officer with arrest powers Tribal name State Table 3. Tribal law enforcement, 2002Census of Tribal Justice Agencies in Indian Country, 2002 13 yes yes yes no yes no yes Seminole Tribe of Florida, Dania, Big Cypress, Brighton, Hollywood, and Tampa Reservations Florida yes no no no no no yes Mohegan Indian Tribe yes no no no no no no Mashantucket Pequot Tribe Connecticut yes no yes no no no yes Southern Ute Indian Tribe Colorado yes no no no no no yes Washoe Tribe of Nevada and California (Carson Colony, Dresslerville Colony, Woodsford Community, Stewart Community, and Washoe Ranches) no no no no no no no Pala Band of Luiseno Mission Indians of the Pala Reservation (California) yes yes no no no no no Jackson Rancheria of Me-Wuk Indians of California no no no no no no no Hopland Band of Pomo Indians yes yes yes no yes no no Hoopa Valley Tribe yes yes yes no yes no yes Fort Mojave Indian Tribe of Arizona, California, and Nevada yes no no no no no no Coyote Valley Band of Pomo Indians no no no no no no no Cahto Indian Tribe of the Laytonville Rancheria yes no no no no no yes Cabazon Band of Cahuilla Mission Indians of the Cabazon Reservation California yes no yes no yes no yes Yavapai-Prescott Tribe yes yes yes yes yes no no Yavapai-Apache Nation of the Camp Verde Indian Reservation yes no yes no yes yes yes White (River) Mountain Apache Tribe of the Fort Apache Reservation (Arizona) yes yes yes no yes no no Tonto Apache Tribe of Arizona yes yes yes no yes no yes Tohono O'odham Nation no yes yes no yes no yes San Carlos Apache Tribe yes no yes no yes no yes Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community of the Salt River Reservation (Arizona) yes yes yes yes yes no yes Quechan Tribe of the Fort Yuma Indian Reservation (California and Arizona) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pascua Yaqui Tribal Council yes no yes yes yes no yes Navajo Nation no no yes yes no no yes Hualapai Indian Tribe of the Hualapai Indian Reservation (Arizona) yes yes yes yes yes no yes Hopi Tribe yes yes yes no no no yes Gila River Indian Community of the Gila River Indian Reservation (Arizona) yes no yes no yes no yes Fort McDowell Yavapai Tribal Council no yes yes no no no no Reservation yes yes yes no yes no no Ak-Chin Indian Community of the Mericopa Indian Arizona yes yes no yes yes no no Poarch Band of Creek Indians of Alabama Alabama Non-Indians on the reservation Tribal members off the reservation by State to have peace officer authority Federal law enforcemeen other than BIA Neighborrin non-tribal authorities Neighborrin tribes BIA Tribal name State Arrest authority over– Recognized Cross deputization agreements with – Tribal law enforcement agency Table 4. Tribal cross deputization and authority recognition on and off reservation, 200214 Census of Tribal Justice Agencies in Indian Country, 2002 no no no no yes no no Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians of Michigan yes yes yes no yes no yes Saginaw Chippewa Indian Tribe of Michigan yes yes yes no yes no no Pokagon Band of Potawatomi Indians (previously listed as the Pokagon Band of Potawatomi Indians of Michigan) yes no yes no yes no yes Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa Indians, Michigan (previously listed as the Little Traverse Bay Bands Odawa Indians of Michigan) yes no no no no no no Little River Band of Ottowa Indians, Michigan (previously listed as the Little River Band of Ottowa Indians of Michigan) yes yes yes no yes no no Lac Vieux Desert Band of Lake Superior Chippewa, Michigan (previously listed as Lac Vieux Desert Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians of Michigan) no no yes no yes no yes Keweenaw Bay Indian Community, Michigan (previously listed as the Keweenaw Bay Indian Community of L'Anse and Ontonagon Bands of Chippewa Indians of the L'Anse Reservation, Michigan) yes yes yes no yes no yes Hannahville Indian Community, Michigan (previously listed as the Hannahville Indian Community of Wisconsin Potawatomie Indians of Michigan) yes yes yes no yes no no Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians of Michigan Michigan yes yes yes no no no no Penobscot Tribe of Maine yes yes yes no no no no Passamaquoddy Tribe of Maine Maine no no no no no no no Wampanoag Tribe of Gay Head (Aquinnah) Massachusetts yes yes yes no yes no no Tunica-Biloxi Tribe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jena Band of Choctaw Indians yes yes yes no yes no no Coushatta Tribe of Louisiana yes yes yes yes yes no yes Chitimacha Tribe of Louisiana Louisiana no no no no no no yes Sac and Fox Nation of Missouri in Kansas and Nebraska yes yes no no no no yes Prairie Band of Potawatomi Indians, Kansas (formerly the Prairie Band of Potawatomi Indians) no no no no no no yes Kickapoo Tribe of Indians of the Kickapoo Reservation in Kansas yes yes yes no yes no yes Iowa Tribe of Kansas and Nebraska Kansas yes yes yes yes no no yes Shoshone-Bannock Tribes of the Fort Hall Reservation of Idaho no yes no no no no yes Nez Perce Tribe of Idaho Kootenai Tribe of Idaho no no no no yes no yes Coeur D'Alene Tribe of the Coeur D'Alene Reservation (Idaho) Idaho Non-Indians on the reservation Tribal members off the reservation by State to have peace officer authority Federal law enforcemeen other than BIA Neighborrin non-tribal authorities Neighborrin tribes BIA Tribal name State Arrest authority over– Recognized Cross deputization agreements with – Tribal law enforcement agency Table 4. Tribal cross deputization and authority recognition on and off reservation, 2002Census of Tribal Justice Agencies in Indian Country, 2002 15 no no no no no no no Te-Moak Tribe of Western Shoshone Indians of Nevada (Four constituent bands: Battle Mountain Band, Elko Band, South Fork Band, and Wells Band) yes no yes no no no no Reno-Sparks Indian Colony yes no yes no yes no no Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe of the Pyramid Lake Reservation (Nevada) no yes yes no no no yes Paiute-Shoshone Indians of the Fallon Reservation and Colony (Nevada) yes no no no no no no Moapa Band of Paiute Indians of the Moapa River Indian Reservation (Nevada) yes no yes no no no no Lovelock Paiute Tribe of the Lovelock Indian Colony, Nevada yes yes no no no no no Las Vegas Tribe of Paiute no no no no no no no Fort McDermitt Paiute and Shoshone Tribes of the Fort McDermitt Indian Reservation (Nevada and Oregon) no no yes no no no no Ely Shoshone Tribe of Nevada no no no no no no no Duckwater Shoshone Tribe of the Duckwater Reservation (Nevada) Nevada yes no yes no yes no yes Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska yes no yes no no no no Santee Sioux Tribe of the Santee Reservation of Nebraska Ponca Tribe of Nebraska no no no no no no no Omaha Tribe of Nebraska Nebraska Northern Cheyenne Tribe no no no no no no no Fort Belknap Indian Community of the Fort Belknap Reservation of Montana no no yes no yes no yes Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Reservation (Montana) yes yes no no no no no Chippewa Cree Indians of Rocky Boy’s Reservation yes no yes no yes no no Assinibione and Sioux Tribes of Fort Peck Indian Reservation (Montana) Montana yes no yes no no no yes Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians Mississippi no no no no no no no Red Lake Band of Chippewa Indians, Minnesota (previously known as the Red Lake Band of Chippewa Indians of the Red Lake Reservation, Minnesota) yes no yes no yes no no Minnesota Chippewa Tribe — White Earth Reservation yes yes yes no yes no no Minnesota Chippewa Tribe — Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe yes yes yes no yes no no Minnesota Chippewa Tribe — Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe yes no yes no yes no no Minnesota Chippewa Tribe — Fond du Lac Reservation yes no yes no yes no no Lower Sioux Indian Community in the State of Minnesota (previously listed as the Lower Sioux Indian Community of Minnesota Mdewakanton Sioux Indians of the Lower Sioux Reservation) Minnesota Non-Indians on the reservation Tribal members off the reservation by State to have peace officer authority Federal law enforcemeen other than BIA Neighborrin non-tribal authorities Neighborrin tribes BIA Tribal name State Arrest authority over– Recognized Cross deputization agreements with – Tribal law enforcement agency Table 4. Tribal cross deputization and authority recognition on and off reservation, 200216 Census of Tribal Justice Agencies in Indian Country, 2002 yes yes yes yes yes no no Wyandotte Tribe of Oklahoma no yes no no no no no Tonkawa Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma no no yes no yes yes yes Sac and Fox Nation of Oklahoma no yes no no no no no Ponca Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma yes yes yes no yes no no Pawnee Nation of Oklahoma no no no no no no no Otoe-Missouria Tribe of Indians yes yes yes no yes no yes Osage Tribe yes yes yes yes yes no no Muscogee (Creek) Nation no no no no yes yes no Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma no no no no no no no Kaw Nation yes yes yes no yes no yes Iowa Tribe of Oklahoma yes yes yes no yes yes yes Eastern Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma yes yes yes no no no yes Comanche Nation [formerly the Comanche Indian Tribe (Oklahoma)] yes yes yes no yes no yes Citizen Potawatomi Nation no no no no yes no yes Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma no no yes no yes no no Cheyenne-Arapahoe Tribes of Oklahoma yes yes yes no yes no no Cherokee Nation no no yes no no no no Caddo Indian Tribe of Oklahoma no yes yes no yes no no Absentee-Shawnee Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma Oklahoma yes yes no no no no no Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians of North Dakota yes no no yes yes no yes Three Affiliated Tribes of the Fort Berthold Reservation, North Dakota no no no no no no yes Spirit Lake Tribe, North Dakota North Dakota yes no yes no no no no Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians North Carolina no yes no no no no yes St. Regis Band of Mohawk Indians of New York New York yes no yes no yes no yes Zuni Tribe of the Zuni Reservation, (New Mexico) yes yes yes no yes no no Pueblo of Tesuque yes yes yes no yes no yes Pueblo of Taos no no yes no no no no Pueblo of Santa Clara no no yes no yes no no Pueblo of Santa Ana yes no yes no yes no yes Pueblo of Sandia yes no no no yes no no Pueblo of San Juan yes yes yes no yes no no Pueblo of Pojoaque yes yes no no yes no no Pueblo of Laguna no no no no no no no Pueblo of Jemez yes no yes no yes no yes Pueblo of Isleta Pueblo of Cochiti yes yes yes no yes no yes Pueblo of Acoma no no no no no no no Mescalero Apache Tribe no yes yes no yes no no Jicarilla Apache Nation, New Mexico (formerly the Jicarilla Apache Tribe of the Jicarilla Apache Indian Reservation) New Mexico yes no no no yes no no Yomba Shoshone Tribe of the Yomba Reservation, Nevada yes no no no no no yes Yerington Paiute Tribe of the Yerington Colony and Campbell Ranch, Nevada Non-Indians on the reservation Tribal members off the reservation by State to have peace officer authority Federal law enforcemeen other than BIA Neighborrin non-tribal authorities Neighborrin tribes BIA Tribal name State Arrest authority over– Recognized Cross deputization agreements with – Tribal law enforcement agency Table 4. Tribal cross deputization and authority recognition on and off reservation, 2002Census of Tribal Justice Agencies in Indian Country, 2002 17 no no no no yes no no Shoalwater Bay Tribe of the Shoalwater Bay Indian Reservation (Washington) yes yes yes no yes no no Sauk-Suiattle Indian Tribe of Washington no yes yes no no no no Quinault Tribe of the Quinalt Reservation (Washington) no no no no no no no Quileute Tribe of the Quilete Reservation (Washington) yes yes yes no yes no no Puyallup Tribal Council no no no no no no yes Port Gamble Indian Community yes no no no no no no Nooksack Indian Tribe of Washington yes yes no yes no no yes Nisqually Indian Tribe of the Nisqually Reservation (Washington) no no no no no no no Makah Indian Tribe no yes no no no no no Lummi Tribe no no no no no no no Lower Elwha Tribal Community of the Lower Elwha Reservation (Washington State) yes no yes yes no yes yes Kalispel Indian Community Jamestown S’Klallam Tribal Council no no no no no no no Hoh Indian Tribe no no yes no yes no no Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation no no no no no no no Confederated Tribes of the Chehalis Reservation no yes no no no no no Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Nation (formerly the Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Indian Nation of the Yakama Reservation) Washington no no no no no no no Confederated Tribes of the Goshute Reservation Utah no no no no no no no Ysleta del Sur Pueblo Texas no no yes yes no no no Yankton Sioux Tribe of South Dakota yes no yes no yes no no Standing Rock Sioux Tribe of North and South Dakota no no no no no no no Sisseton-Wahpeton Sioux Tribe of the Lake Traverse Reservation, South Dakota no no no no no no no Rosebud Sioux Tribe no no no no no no no Oglala Sioux Tribe no no no no no no yes Lower Brule Sioux Tribe of the Lower Brule Reservation (South Dakota) yes yes yes yes yes no no Flandreau Santee Sioux Tribe of South Dakota yes no yes no no no no Crow Creek Sioux Tribe no no no yes no yes no Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe South Dakota no no no no no no yes Narrangansett Indian Tribe of Rhode Island Rhode Island yes yes no no no no no Cow Creek Band of Umpqua Indians yes yes no no yes no no Coquille Tribe of Oregon yes no yes no yes no no Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs Reservation of Oregon yes yes no no yes no no Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation yes yes yes no yes no no Confederated Tribes of the Siletz Reservation yes no yes no yes no no Burns Paiute Tribe of the Burns Paiute Indian Colony of Oregon Oregon Non-Indians on the reservation Tribal members off the reservation by State to have peace officer authority Federal law enforcemeen other than BIA Neighborrin non-tribal authorities Neighborrin tribes BIA Tribal name State Arrest authority over– Recognized Cross deputization agreements with – Tribal law enforcement agency Table 4. Tribal cross deputization and authority recognition on and off reservation, 200218 Census of Tribal Justice Agencies in Indian Country, 2002 Note: States without tribal data are omitted. . . .Not reported or applicable. yes yes yes no yes no no Stockbridge Munsee Community, Wisconsin (previously known as the Stockbridge Munsee Community of Mohican Indians of Wisconsin) yes yes yes no yes no no St. Croix Chippewa Indians of Wisconsin yes yes yes no yes no no Red Cliff Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians of Wisconsin yes yes yes no yes no no Oneida Tribe of Indians of Wisconsin yes no yes no no no no Menominee Indian Tribe of Wisconsin yes no yes no no no no Lac du Flambeau Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians of Wisconsin yes yes yes no yes no no Bad River Band Lake Superior Tribe of Chippewa Indians of the Bad River Reservation Wisconsin yes yes no no no no no Upper Skagit Indian Tribe of Washington yes yes no no yes no yes Tulalip Tribes yes no no no yes no no Swinomish Indians of the Swinomish Reservation (Washington) no no no no no no no Suquamish Indian Tribe of the Port Madison Reservation (Washington) no yes no no yes no yes Stillaguamish Tribe yes yes yes no yes no no Squaxin Island Tribe yes no no no no no yes Spokane Tribe no yes yes no no no no Skokomish Indian Tribe Non-Indians on the reservation Tribal members off the reservation by State to have peace officer authority Federal law enforcemeen other than BIA Neighborrin non-tribal authorities Neighborrin tribes BIA Tribal name State Arrest authority over– Recognized Cross deputization agreements with – Tribal law enforcement agency Table 4. Tribal cross deputization and authority recognition on and off reservation, 2002Courts, caseloads, and special judicial services The complexity of criminal jurisdiction in Indian country among the Federal, State, and tribal authorities also carries forward to the forums that decide criminna cases in Indian country. Some issues are handled directly by indigenoou forums or tribal courts; others are sent through the Federal court system; and still others are handled by State courts (figure 1). Tribal justice systems in Indian country The court systems operating in Indian country vary by tribe. The Indian country judicial system revolves around a core of four legal institutions: Court of Indian Offenses (Code of Federal Regulations or CFR), tribal courts of appeal, tribal courts of general jurisdictiion and indigenous forums (also known as traditional courts). In 2002, about 60% (188) of all the tribes had some form of a tribal justice system. Indigenous forum Historically, most tribes addressed criminal activity by consensus through "indigenous forum"– often referred to as peacemaking, council of elders, and sentencing circles. Indigenous courts have served one of the most important roles exercised by tribal government: resolving disputes in the community, which may also extend to nonmemmber who consent. Courts Census of Tribal Justice Agencies in Indian Country, 2002 19 U.S. Supreme Court State supreme court State appellate court U.S. Federal district court * General Crimes Act * Major Crimes Act * Assimilative Crimes Act * Tribal Justice Habeas Corpus Petition Tribal judicial system Federal justice State justice Federal, State, and tribal court systems in the United States State trial court (Public Law 280 States) Court of Indian Offenses (CFR) Indigenous forum (known as Traditional court) Tribal court of appeals Tribal court U.S. court of appeals Major felony offender and victim crimes and non-Indian Misdemeanor Indian offenders and victims crimes among Habeas corpus Source: Adapted from Vine Deloria and Clifford M. Lytle, American Indians, American Justice, University of Texas Press, 1983.A primary goal of the indigenous courts has been dispute resolution, to mediate the case to the satisfaction of all parties. In 2002 about 39 (21%) of all tribes with a justice system reported operating an indigenous court in their tribal jurisdiction (table 5). Court of Indian Offenses The U.S. Department of Interior initially set up the Court of Indian Offenses (CFR) to handle less serious criminal offenses and to resolve disputes between tribal members in Indian country. In 1883 the CFR Courts were made a regular part of the BIA activitiie on the reservations, operating under written guidelines set down in the Code of Federal Regulations. Between the 1880's and 1934, the CFR court system operated in about two-thirds of all reservations. In 2002, about 46 tribes operated under a CFR court on their reservation. Among the 188 tribes with some form of tribal justice system, about 25% (46) had CFR courts. Tribal courts Passage of the Indian Reorganization Act in 1934, encouraged tribes to enact their own laws and establish their own modern tribal courts. Tribes that could not afford to set up their own courts retained CFR courts operated by BIA, but the majority of tribes have establisshe a formal tribal court system. Modern tribal courts, unlike the CFR courts, are under tribal control and are directly oriented to the needs of tribal members. Some tribes have developpe a hybrid or blended judicial system that incorporates the dispute resolution elements of indigenous or CFR courts and the more modern focus to ensure due process. Tribal courts were designed to operate and enforce tribal constitutions and codes. About 175 (56%) of all tribes operated tribal courts on their reservatiio in 2002. Appeals from tribal trial courts are rare, although most tribes do provide some form of judicial review in criminal cases. Fifty-eight percent (103) of the tribal courts also had an appellate court. Inter-tribal court system Where it is economically and administrattivel feasible, a consortium of tribal governments (small or remotely located tribes) share a court (for example, the Northwest Inter-tribal Court System and the Southwest Intertriiba Court of Appeals). Member tribes of an intertribal court have joined their limited resources to ensure that each tribe is able to have a court by sharing judges, prosecutors, and related court services. About 15 (8%) of the 188 tribes that had some form of tribal justice system, were members of an intertribal justice system in 2002. Some member tribes of the intertribal court consortium were entitled to appeal matters to a court of last resort. Types of cases and courts The types of cases handled by the tribal justice systems vary with the tribes and types of courts operating in Indian country. In 2002 about 84% of all tribes with some form of tribal justice system handled criminal misdemeaano cases (table 6). Most tribal courts heard traffic cases (160), juvenile (157), family law cases (147), domestic violence protective orders (157), civil matters (182), probate (115), and wildlife offenses (123). Over half (174) of all tribes indicated they had at least one general jurisdictiio tribal court. Twenty-five percent (80) had a juvenile court, and 16% (51) had a separate family court. Full-time court employees and services for juvenile and family cases In 2002 an estimated 200 judges, 153 prosecutors, and 20 peacemakers were employed full time in Indian country (table 7). On account of limited personnel and resources, some tribes relied on State courts for judicial services. About 140 (45%) of all tribes relied on State court judicial services in some form. An estimated 179 (57%) of all tribes in Indian country ordered treatment in juvenile and/or family cases using county/municipal social service agencies (not shown in table). Child support enforcement program Just under a third (97) of all the tribes reported having a child support enforcement program. A third of the tribes had tribal family codes for establisshin paternity (115), codes for establisshin a child support order (119), codes for enforcing a child support order (120), and codes for modifying or adjusting a child support order (115). 20 Census of Tribal Justice Agencies in Indian Country, 2002Census of Tribal Justice Agencies in Indian Country, 2002 21 . . . . . . . . . no no California Valley Miwok Tribe, California (formerly the Sheep Ranch Rancheria of Me-Wuk Indians of California) . . . . . . . . . no no Cahuilla Band of Mission Indians . . . . . . . . . no no Cahto Indian Tribe of the Laytonville Rancheria . . . . . . . . . no no Cachil DeHe Band of Wintun Indians of the Colusa Indian Community of the Colusa Rancheria no no yes yes yes Cabazon Band of Cahuilla Mission Indians of the Cabazon Reservation . . . . . . . . . no no Buena Vista Rancheria . . . . . . . . . no no Bridgeport Paiute Indian Colony of California . . . . . . . . . no no Blue Lake Rancheria . . . . . . . . . yes no Big Valley Band of Pomo Indians of the Big Valley Rancheria . . . . . . . . . no no Big Sandy Rancheria of Mono Indians of California . . . . . . . . . no no Big Pine Band of Owens Valley Paiute Shoshone Indians of the Big Pine Reservation . . . . . . . . . no no Big Lagoon Rancheria . . . . . . . . . no no Berry Creek Rancheria of Maidu Indians of California . . . . . . . . . no no Bear River Band of Rohnerville Rancheria . . . . . . . . . no no Alturas Indian Rancheria California no no yes . . . yes Yavapai-Prescott Tribe no no yes no yes Yavapai-Apache Nation of the Camp Verde Indian Reservation no no yes no yes White Mountain Apache Tribe of the Fort Apache Reservation, Arizona no no yes no yes Tonto Apache Tribe of Arizona no no yes no yes Tohono O'odham Nation no no yes no yes San Carlos Apache Tribe no no yes no yes Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community of the Salt River Reservation, Arizona no no yes no yes Quechan Tribe of the Fort Yuma Indian Reservation, California and Arizona no no yes no yes Pascua Yaqui Tribal Council no yes yes no yes Navajo Nation no no yes no yes Kaibab Band of Paiute Indians of the Kaibab Indian Reservation (Arizona) no no yes no yes Hualapai Indian Tribe of the Hualapai Indian Reservation (Arizona) yes yes yes no yes Hopi Tribe no no yes no yes Gila River Indian Community of the Gila River Indian Reservation (Arizona) no yes yes no yes Fort McDowell Yavapai Tribal Council . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cocopah Tribe of Arizona no no yes . . . yes Ak-Chin Indian Community of the Mericopa Indian Reservation Arizona no no yes no yes Poarch Band of Creek Indians of Alabama Alabama Intertribal court system Indigenous methods and/or forum Tribal courts Availability of BIA Court of Indian Offenses (CFR Court) Operates tribal justice system Tribal name State Table 5. Tribal court systems, 2002 22 Census of Tribal Justice Agencies in Indian Country, 2002 . . . . . . . . . no no Manchester Band of Pomo Indians of the Manchester-Point Arena Rancheria (California) . . . . . . . . . no no Lytton Rancheria . . . . . . . . . yes no Los Coyotes Band of Cahuilla Mission Indians of the Los Coyotes Reservation, California . . . . . . . . . no no La Posta Band of Diegueno Mission Indians of the La Posta Indian Reservation (California) . . . . . . . . . no no La Jolla Band of Luiseno Mission Indians . . . . . . . . . no no Karuk Tribe of California . . . . . . . . . no no Jamul Indian Village . . . . . . . . . no no Jackson Rancheria of Me-Wuk Indians of California . . . . . . . . . no no Ione Band of Miwok Indians . . . . . . . . . no no Inaja Band of Diegueno Mission Indians of the Inaja and Cosmit Reservation (California) no no Hopland Band of Pomo Indians no no yes no yes Hoopa Valley Tribe . . . . . . . . . no no Guideville Rancheria . . . . . . . . . no no Grindstone Indian Rancheria of Wintun-Waikai Indians of California . . . . . . . . . no no Greenville Rancheria of Maidu Indians . . . . . . . . . no no Graton Rancheria no no yes no yes Fort Mojave Indian Tribe of Arizona, California, and Nevada . . . . . . . . . no no Fort Independence Indian Community of Paiute Indians of the Fort Independence Reservation (California) . . . . . . . . . no no Fort Bidwell Indian Community of the Fort Bidwell Reservation of California . . . . . . . . . no no Enterprise Rancheria of Maidu Indians of California . . . . . . . . . no no Elk Valley Rancheria . . . . . . . . . no no Elem Indian Colony of Pomo Indians of the Sulphur Bank Rancheria (California) . . . . . . . . . no no Dry Creek Rancheria of Pomo Indians of California no yes yes no yes Coyote Valley Band of Pomo Indians . . . . . . . . . no no Cortina Indian Rancheria of Wintun Indians of California . . . . . . . . . no no Cold Springs Rancheria of Mono Indians of California . . . . . . . . . no no Cloverdale Rancheria of Pomo Indians of California . . . . . . . . . no no Cher-Ae Heights Indian Communiit of the Trinidad Rancheria no yes yes no yes Chemehuevi Indian Tribe of the Chemehuevi Reservation . . . . . . . . . no no Cedarville Rancheria . . . . . . . . . no no Capitan Grande Band of Diegeuun Mission Indians of California; Barona Group and the Viejas (Baron Long) Group . . . . . . . . . yes no Campo Band of Diegueno Mission Indians Band of Diegueno Mission Indians Intertribal court system Indigenous methods and/or forum Tribal courts Availability of BIA Court of Indian Offenses (CFR Court) Operates tribal justice system Tribal name State Table 5. Tribal court systems, 2002Census of Tribal Justice Agencies in Indian Country, 2002 23 . . . . . . . . . yes no Soboba Band of Luiseno Indians . . . . . . . . . yes no Smith River Rancheria . . . . . . . . . no no Shingle Springs Band of Miwok Indians, Shingle Springs Rancheria, California . . . . . . . . . no no Sherwood Valley Rancheria of Pomo Indians of California . . . . . . . . . no no Santa Ysabel Band of Diegueno Mission Indians of the Santa Ysabel Reservation, California . . . . . . . . . no no Santa Ynez Band of Chumash Mission Indians of the Santa Ynez Reservation, California . . . . . . . . . no no Santa Rosa Indian Community of the Santa Rosa Rancheria, California . . . . . . . . . no no Santa Rosa Band of Cahuilla Mission Indians of the Santa Rosa Reservation, California . . . . . . . . . no no San Manuel Band of Serrano Mission Indians of the San Manuel Reservation, California . . . . . . . . . no no Rumsey Indian Rancheria of Wintun Indians of California . . . . . . . . . no no Round Valley Reservation . . . . . . . . . no no Robinson Rancheria of Pomo Indians of California . . . . . . . . . no no Rincon Band of Luiseno Mission Indians of the Rincon Reservation, California . . . . . . . . . no no Resighini Rancheria . . . . . . . . . yes no Redwood Valley Rancheria of Pomo Indians of California . . . . . . . . . no no Redding Rancheria . . . . . . . . . no no Ramona Band or Village of Cahuilla Mission Indians of California . . . . . . . . . no no Potter Valley Rancheria of Pomo Indians of California . . . . . . . . . no no Pit River Tribe (includes Big Bend Rancheria, Lookout Rancheria, Montgomery Creek Rancheria, Roaring Creek Rancheria, XL Ranch) . . . . . . . . . no no Pinoleville Reservation of Pomo Indians of California . . . . . . . . . no no Picayune Rancheria of Chukchansi Indians . . . . . . . . . no no Pechanga Band of Luiseno Mission Indians of the Pechanga Reservation (California) . . . . . . . . . no no Pauma Band of Luiseno Mission Indinas of the Pauma and Yuima Reservation (California) . . . . . . . . . no no Pauite-Shoshone Indians of the Lone Pine Community . . . . . . . . . no no Pala Band of Luiseno Mission Indians of the Pala Reservation, California . . . . . . . . . no no Mooretown Rancheria of Maidu Indians of California . . . . . . . . . no no Middletown Rancheria of Pomo Indians of California . . . . . . . . . no no Mesa Grande Band of Diegueno Mission Indians . . . . . . . . . no no Manzanita Band of Diegueno Missions of the Manzanita Reservation (California) Intertribal court system Indigenous methods and/or forum Tribal courts Availability of BIA Court of Indian Offenses (CFR Court) Operates tribal justice system Tribal name State Table 5. Tribal court systems, 200224 Census of Tribal Justice Agencies in Indian Country, 2002 no yes yes no yes Wampanoag Tribe of Gay Head (Aquinnah) Massachusetts no no yes yes yes Tunica-Biloxi Tribe no no . . . no no Jena Band of Choctaw Indians no no yes no yes Coushatta Tribe of Louisiana no no yes no yes Chitimacha Tribe of Louisiana Louisiana no no yes no yes Sac and Fox Nation of Missouri in Kansas and Nebraska no no yes no yes Prairie Band of Potawatomi Indians, Kansas (formerly the Prairie Band of Potawatomi Indians) no no yes no yes Kickapoo Tribe of Indians of the Kickapoo Reservation in Kansas no no yes no yes Iowa Tribe of Kansas and Nebraska Kansas . . . . . . . . . no no Sac and Fox Tribe of Mississippi in Iowa Iowa no yes yes no yes Shoshone-Bannock Tribes of the Fort Hall Reservation of Idaho no no yes no yes Nez Perce Tribe of Idaho no no yes no yes Kootenai Tribe of Idaho no no yes no yes Coeur D'Alene Tribe of the Coeur D'Alene Reservation (Idaho) Idaho . . . . . . . . . no no Seminole Tribe of Florida, Dania, Big Cypress, Brighton, Hollywoood and Tampa Reservations Florida no no yes no yes Mohegan Indian Tribe no yes yes no yes Mashantucket Pequot Tribe Connecticut . . . . . . . . . yes no Ute Mountain Tribe of the Ute Mountain Reservation, Colo--rado, New Mexico, and Utah no no yes no yes Southern Ute Indian Tribe Colorado yes no yes no yes Yurok Tribe no no yes no yes Washoe Tribe of Nevada and California (Carson Colony, Dresslerville Colony, Woodsfoor Community, Stewart Community, and Washoe Ranches) . . . . . . . . . no no Upper Lake Band of Pomo Indians of Upper Lake Rancheria of California . . . . . . . . . no no United Auburn Indian Community of the Auburn Rancheria of California . . . . . . . . . no no Twenty-nine Palms Band of Mission Indians of California . . . . . . . . . no no Tuolumne Band of Me-Wuk Indians of the Toulumne Rancheria of California . . . . . . . . . no no Tule River Indian Tribe of the Tule River Reservation . . . . . . . . . no no Torres-Martinez Band of Cahuilla Mission Indians of California . . . . . . . . . no no Table Mountain Rancheria . . . . . . . . . no no Table Bluff Reservation — Wiyot Tribe, California . . . . . . . . . no no Sycuan Band of Diegueno Mission Indians of California . . . . . . . . . no no Susanville Indian Rancheria Intertribal court system Indigenous methods and/or forum Tribal courts Availability of BIA Court of Indian Offenses (CFR Court) Operates tribal justice system Tribal name State Table 5. Tribal court systems, 2002Census of Tribal Justice Agencies in Indian Country, 2002 25 no yes yes no yes Minnesota Chippewa Tribe -Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe no yes yes no yes Minnesota Chippewa Tribe -Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe no no yes no yes Minnesota Chippewa Tribe -Grand Portage Reservation no no yes no yes Minnesota Chippewa Tribe -Fond du Lac Reservation no no yes no yes Minnesota Chippewa Tribe -Bois Forte Band of Chippewa no no yes no yes Minnesota Chippewa Tribe no no yes no yes Lower Sioux Indian Community in the State of Minnesota (previously listed as the Lower Sioux Indian Community of Minnesota Mdewakanton Sioux Indians of the Lower Sioux Reservation) Minnesota . . . . . . . . . no no Scotts Valley Band of Pomo Indians no no yes no yes Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians of Michigan no no yes no yes Saginaw Chippewa Indian Tribe of Michigan no no yes no yes Pokagon Band of Potawatomi Indians (previously listed as the Pokagon Band of Potawattom Indians of Michigan) . . . . . . . . . no no Match-E-Be-Nash-She-Wish Band of Pottawatomi Indians no no yes no yes Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa Indians, Michigan (previously listed as the Little Traverse Bay Bands Odawa Indians of Michigan) no yes yes yes yes Little River Band of Ottowa Indians, Michigan (previously listed as the Little River Band of Ottowa Indians of Michigan) no no yes no yes Lac Vieux Desert Band of Lake Superior Chippewa, Michigan (previously listed as Lac Vieux Desert Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians of Michigan) no no yes no yes Keweenaw Bay Indian Communiity Michigan (previously listed as the Keweenaw Bay Indian Community of L'Anse and Ontonagon Bands of Chippewa Indians of the L'Anse Reservattion Michigan) no . . . . . . no no Huron Potawatomi, Inc. no no yes no yes Hannahville Indian Community, Michigan (previously listed as the Hannahville Indian Community of Wisconsin Potawatomie Indians of Michigan) no yes yes no yes Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians of Michigan Michigan no no yes no yes Penobscot Tribe of Maine no no yes no yes Passamaquoddy Tribe of Maine . . . . . . . . . no no Houlton Band of Maliseet Indians . . . . . . . . . no no Aroostook Band of Micmac Indians of Maine Maine Intertribal court system Indigenous methods and/or forum Tribal courts Availability of BIA Court of Indian Offenses (CFR Court) Operates tribal justice system Tribal name State Table 5. Tribal court systems, 200226 Census of Tribal Justice Agencies in Indian Country, 2002 . . . . . . . . . no no Summit Lake Paiute Tribe no no yes yes yes Shoshone-Paiute Tribes of the Duck Valley Reservation, Nevada no no yes no yes Reno-Sparks Indian Colony no no yes no yes Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe of the Pyramid Lake Reservation (Nevada) no no yes no yes Paiute-Shoshone Indians of the Fallon Reservation and Colony, Nevada no no yes no yes Moapa Band of Paiute Indians of the Moapa River Indian Reservation (Nevada) no no yes yes yes Lovelock Paiute Tribe of the Lovelock Indian Colony, Nevada no no yes no yes Las Vegas Tribe of Paiute Indians no no yes no yes Fort McDermitt Paiute and Shoshone Tribes of the Fort McDermitt Indian Reservation (Nevada and Oregon) no no yes yes yes Ely Shoshone Tribe of Nevada no yes yes no yes Duckwater Shoshone Tribe of the Duckwater Reservation (Nevada) Nevada no no yes no yes Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska . . . . . . yes yes no Santee Sioux Tribe of the Santee Reservation of Nebraska yes no yes no yes Ponca Tribe of Nebraska no no yes yes yes Omaha Tribe of Nebraska Nebraska no no no no yes Northern Cheyenne Tribe no no yes no yes Fort Belknap Indian Community of the Fort Belknap Reservattio of Montana no no yes no yes Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Reservation (Montana) no no yes no yes Chippewa Cree Indians of Rocky Boy’s Reservation no no yes no yes Blackfeet Tribe of the Blackfeet Indian Reservation of Montana no yes yes no yes Assinibione and Sioux Tribes of Fort Peck Indian Reservation, Montana Montana no yes no no yes Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians Mississippi no no yes no yes Upper Sioux Community of Minnesota no no yes no yes Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community of Minnesota no no yes no yes Red Lake Band of Chippewa Indians, Minnesota (previously known as the Red Lake Band of Chippewa Indians of the Red Lake Reservation, Minnesota) no no yes no yes Prairie Island Indian Community no yes yes no yes Minnesota Chippewa Tribe -White Earth Reservation Intertribal court system Indigenous methods and/or forum Tribal courts Availability of BIA Court of Indian Offenses (CFR Court) Operates tribal justice system Tribal name State Table 5. Tribal court systems, 2002Census of Tribal Justice Agencies in Indian Country, 2002 27 no no yes no yes Cheyenne-Arapahoe Tribes of Oklahoma no no yes no yes Cherokee Nation . . . . . . yes yes no Caddo Indian Tribe of Oklahoma . . . . . . yes yes no Apache Tribe of Oklahoma . . . . . . yes no no Alabama-Quassarte Tribal Town (Oklahoma) no no yes no yes Absentee-Shawnee Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma Oklahoma no no yes no yes Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians of North Dakota no no yes no yes Three Affiliated Tribes of the Fort Berthold Reservation, North Dakota no no yes no yes Spirit Lake Tribe, North Dakota North Dakota no no yes no yes Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians North Carolina . . . . . . yes no no Tuscarora Nation no no yes no yes St. Regis Band of Mohawk Indians of New York no yes no no yes Onondaga Nation of New York no no Cayuga Nation of New York New York no no yes no yes Zuni Tribe of the Zuni Reservattion New Mexico no no yes no yes Pueblo of Zia no yes yes no yes Pueblo of Tesuque no yes yes no yes Pueblo of Taos no yes yes yes yes Pueblo of Santo Domingo no no yes no yes Pueblo of Santa Clara no yes yes no yes Pueblo of Santa Ana no no yes no yes Pueblo of Sandia yes no yes no yes Pueblo of San Juan no yes yes no yes Pueblo of San Ildefonso no . . . . . . no no Pueblo of San Felipe no yes yes no yes Pueblo of Pojoaque no yes yes no yes Pueblo of Picuris no no yes no yes Pueblo of Nambe no yes yes no yes Pueblo of Laguna no yes yes no yes Pueblo of Jemez no no yes no yes Pueblo of Isleta no yes no no yes Pueblo of Cochiti no no yes . . . yes Pueblo of Acoma no no yes no yes Mescalero Apache Tribe no no yes no yes Jicarilla Apache Nation, New Mexico (formerly the Jicarilla Apache Tribe of the Jicarilla Apache Indian Reservation) New Mexico no no yes no yes Yomba Shoshone Tribe of the Yomba Reservation, Nevada no no yes no yes Yerington Paiute Tribe of the Yerington Colony and Campbell Ranch, Nevada no no . . . no no Winnemucca Indian Colony of Nevada no no yes no yes Walker River Paiute Tribe no no no yes yes Te-Moak Tribe of Western Shoshone Indians of Nevada (Four constituent bands: Battle Mountain Band, Elko Band, South Fork Band, and Wells Band) Intertribal court system Indigenous methods and/or forum Tribal courts Availability of BIA Court of Indian Offenses (CFR Court) Operates tribal justice system Tribal name State Table 5. Tribal court systems, 200228 Census of Tribal Justice Agencies in Indian Country, 2002 . . . . . . . . . no no Narrangansett Indian Tribe of Rhode Island Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . yes no Klamath Indian Tribe no no yes no yes Cow Creek Band of Umpqua Indians no no yes no yes Coquille Tribe of Oregon no no yes no yes Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs Reservation of Oregon no no yes no yes Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation no yes yes no yes Confederated Tribes of the Siletz Reservation no no yes no yes Confederated Tribes of Coos, Lower Umpqua and Siuslaw Indians no no yes no yes Confederated Tribes Grand Ronde Community of Oregon yes no yes no yes Burns Paiute Tribe of the Burns Paiute Indian Colony of Oregon Oregon . . . . . . . . . yes no Wyandotte Tribe of Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . yes no Wichita and Affiliated Tribes (Wichita, Keechi, Waco, and Tawakonie) no no yes no yes Tonkawa Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . yes no Thlopthlocco Tribal Town . . . . . . . . . yes no Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . yes no Seneca-Cayuga Tribe of Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . yes no Seminole Nation of Oklahoma no no yes no yes Sac and Fox Nation of Oklahoma yes no Quapaw Tribal Business Committee no no yes no yes Ponca Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . yes no Peoria Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma no no yes no yes Pawnee Nation of Oklahoma no no yes no Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma no no no yes yes Otoe-Missouria Tribe of Indians no no yes no yes Osage Tribe no no yes no yes Muscogee (Creek) Nation . . . . . . . . . yes no Modoc Tribe of Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . yes no Kiowa Indian Tribe of Oklahoma no no yes no yes Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma no no yes no yes Kialegee Tribal Town no no yes no yes Kaw Nation no no yes no yes Iowa Tribe of Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . yes no Fort Sill Apache Tribe of Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . yes no Eastern Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma no no yes no yes Delaware Tribe of Indians . . . . . . . . . yes no Delaware Nation, Oklahoma (formerly Delaware Tribe of Western Oklahoma) no no no yes yes Comanche Nation [formerly the Comanche Indian Tribe (Oklahoma)] no no yes yes yes Citizen Potawatomi Nation no no yes yes yes Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma no no yes yes no Chickasaw Nation Intertribal court system Indigenous methods and/or forum Tribal courts Availability of BIA Court of Indian Offenses (CFR Court) Operates tribal justice system Tribal name State Table 5. Tribal court systems, 2002Census of Tribal Justice Agencies in Indian Country, 2002 29 no yes yes no yes Puyallup Tribal Council yes no no . . . yes Port Gamble Indian Community yes no yes yes yes Nooksack Indian Tribe of Washington no no yes no yes Nisqually Indian Tribe of the Nisquaall Reservation, Washington no no yes no yes Muckleshoot Indian Tribe of the Muckleshoot Reservation (Washington State) no no yes no yes Makah Indian Tribe no yes yes no yes Lummi Tribe no no yes no yes Lower Elwha Tribal Community of the Lower Elwha Reservation (Washington State) no yes yes no yes Kalispel Indian Community yes no no no yes Jamestown S’Klallam no yes yes no yes Hoh Indian Tribe no yes Cowlitz Indian Tribe no no yes no no Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation yes no no no yes Confederated Tribes of the Chehalis Reservation no yes yes no yes Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Nation (formerly the Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Indian Nation of the Yakama Reservation) Washington no no yes no yes Ute Indian Tribe of the Uintah and Ouray Reservation, Utah . . . . . . . . . yes yes Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah (Cedar City Band of Paiutes, Kanosh Band of Paiutes, Koosharem Band of Paiutes, Indian Peaks Band of Paiutes, and Shivwits Band of Paiutes) . . . . . . . . . yes no Northwestern Band of Shoshoni Nation . . . . . . . . . . . . no Confederated Tribes of the Goshute Utah no yes yes no yes Ysleta del Sur Pueblo yes . . . no no Kickapoo Traditional Tribe of Texas no yes yes no yes Alabama-Coushatta Tribes of Texas Texas no no yes no yes Yankton Sioux Tribe of South Dakota no no yes no yes Standing Rock Sioux Tribe of North and South Dakota no no yes no yes Sisseton-Wahpeton Sioux Tribe of the Lake Traverse Reservation, South Dakota no no yes no yes Rosebud Sioux Tribe no no yes no yes Oglala Sioux Tribe no no yes yes yes Lower Brule Sioux Tribe of the Lower Brule Reservation (South Dakota) no no yes no yes Flandreau Santee Sioux Tribe of South Dakota no no yes no yes Crow Creek Sioux Tribe no no yes yes yes Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe South Dakota . . . . . . . . . no no Catawba Indian Nation (also known as Catawba Tribe of South Carolina) South Carolina Intertribal court system Indigenous methods and/or forum Tribal courts Availability of BIA Court of Indian Offenses (CFR Court) Operates tribal justice system Tribal name State Table 5. Tribal court systems, 200230 Census of Tribal Justice Agencies in Indian Country, 2002 Note: States without tribal data are omitted. . . .Not reported or applicable. no no yes no yes Arapahoe Tribe and Shoshone Tribe of the Wind River Reservation (Wyoming) Wyoming . . . . . . . . . no no Stockbridge Munsee Community, Wisconsin (previously known as the Stockbridge Munsee Community of Mohican Indians of Wisconsin) no no yes no yes St. Croix Chippewa Indians of Wisconsin no . . . yes no no Sokaogon Chippewa Community, Wisconsin (previously known as the Sokaogon Chippewa Community of the Mole Lake Band of Chippewa Indians, Wisconsin) no no yes no yes Red Cliff Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians of Wisconsin no no no no yes Oneida Tribe of Indians of Wisconsin no no yes no yes Menominee Indian Tribe of Wisconsin no no yes . . . yes Lac du Flambeau Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians of Wisconsin no no yes no yes Lac Courte Oreilles Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians of Wisconsin no yes no no yes Ho-Chunk Nation of Wisconsin (formerly the Wisconsin Winnebago Tribe) no no yes no yes Forest County Potawatomi Community, Wisconsin (previouusl Forest County Potawatoom Community of Wisconsin Potawatomi Indians) yes yes yes no yes Bad River Band Lake Superior Tribe of Chippewa Indians of the Bad River Reservation Wisconsin no no yes no yes Upper Skagit Indian Tribe of Washington yes no yes no yes Tulalip Tribes yes no yes no yes Swinomish Indians of the Swinomiis Reservation, Washington no no yes yes yes Suquamish Indian Tribe of the Port Madison Reservation, Washington yes yes yes no yes Stillaguamish Tribe no no yes no yes Squaxin Island Tribe no no yes no yes Spokane Tribe . . . . . . . . . no no Snoqualmie Tribe 1 no no no yes Skokomish Indian Tribe no no yes no yes Shoalwater Bay Tribe of the Shoalwater Bay Indian Reservation, Washington yes yes yes yes yes Sauk-Suiattle Indian Tribe of Washington . . . . . . . . . no no Samish Indian Tribe, Washington no no yes no yes Quinault Tribe of the Quinalt Resevation, Washington Intertribal court system Indigenous methods and/or forum Tribal courts Availability of BIA Court of Indian Offenses (CFR Court) Operates tribal justice system Tribal name State Table 5. Tribal court systems, 2002Census of Tribal Justice Agencies in Indian Country, 2002 31 no yes yes yes yes Kickapoo Tribe of Indians of the Kickapoo Reservation in Kansas no no no no yes Iowa Tribe of Kansas and Nebraska Kansas no yes yes yes yes Shoshone-Bannock Tribes of the Fort Hall Reservation of Idaho no no no no yes Nez Perce Tribe of Idaho no no no no yes Kootenai Tribe of Idaho no no no yes yes Coeur D'Alene Tribe of the Coeur D'Alene Reservation (Idaho) Idaho no no no no yes Mohegan Indian Tribe yes no no no yes Mashantucket Pequot Tribe Connecticut no no no no yes Southern Ute Indian Tribe Colorado no no no no yes Yurok Tribe no no no yes yes Washoe Tribe of Nevada and California (Carson Colony, Dresslerville Colony, Woodsford Community, Stewart Community, and Washoe Ranches) no no yes yes yes Hoopa Valley Tribe no no no no yes Fort Mojave Indian Tribe of Arizona, California, and Nevada no no no yes no Coyote Valley Band of Pomo Indians yes yes yes yes yes Chemehuevi Indian Tribe of the Chemehuevi Reservation no no no yes yes Cabazon Band of Cahuilla Mission Indians of the Cabazon Reservation California no no no no yes Yavapai-Prescott Tribe no no no no yes Yavapai-Apache Nation of the Camp Verde Indian Reservation no no no yes yes White Mountain Apache Tribe of the Fort Apache Reservation, Arizona no no no no yes Tonto Apache Tribe of Arizona no no no yes yes Tohono O'odham Nation no yes yes yes yes San Carlos Apache Tribe no no no yes yes Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community of the Salt River Reservation, Arizona no no yes yes yes Quechan Tribe of the Fort Yuma Indian Reservation, California and Arizona no no yes yes yes Pascua Yaqui Tribal Council yes yes yes yes yes Navajo Nation no no no yes yes Kaibab Band of Paiute Indians of the Kaibab Indian Reservation (Arizona) no no yes yes yes Hualapai Indian Tribe of the Hualappa Indian Reservation (Arizona) no yes yes yes yes Hopi Tribe no no no yes yes Gila River Indian Community of the Gila River Indian Reservattio (Arizona) no no no yes yes Fort McDowell Yavapai Tribal Council no no no no yes Ak-Chin Indian Community of the Mericopa Indian Reservation Arizona no no no yes yes Poarch Band of Creek Indians of Alabama Alabama Peacemaking/circle sentencing Wildlife conservation Family court Juvenile court General jurisdiction tribal court Tribal name State Table 6. Type of separate tribal courts, 200232 Census of Tribal Justice Agencies in Indian Country, 2002 yes yes no no yes Minnesota Chippewa Tribe — Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe no yes no no no Minnesota Chippewa Tribe — Grand Portage Reservation no no no no yes Minnesota Chippewa Tribe — Fond du Lac Reservation no yes no yes yes Minnesota Chippewa Tribe — Bois Forte Band of Chippewa no yes no yes yes Minnesota Chippewa Tribe no no no no no Lower Sioux Indian Community in the State of Minnesota (previously listed as the Lower Sioux Indian Community of Minnesota Mdewakanton Sioux Indians of the Lower Sioux Reservation) Minnesota no yes yes yes yes Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians of Michigan no no no yes yes Saginaw Chippewa Indian Tribe of Michigan no yes yes yes yes Pokagon Band of Potawatomi Indians (previously listed as the Pokagon Band of Potawatomi Indians of Michigan) no no no no yes Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa Indians, Michigan (previously listed as the Little Traverse Bay Bands Odawa Indians of Michigan yes no no no yes Little River Band of Ottowa Indians, Michigan (previously listed as the Little River Band of Ottowa Indians of Michigan) no no no yes yes Lac Vieux Desert Band of Lake Superior Chippewa, Michigan (previously listed as Lac Vieux Desert Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians of Michigan) no no no yes yes Keweenaw Bay Indian Community, Michigan (previously listed as the Keweenaw Bay Indian Community of L'Anse and Ontonagon Bands of Chippewa Indians of the L'Anse Reservation, Michigan) no no no no yes Hannahville Indian Community, Michigan (previously listed as the Hannahville Indian Community of Wisconsin Potawatomie Indians of Michigan) no yes no yes yes Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians of Michigan Michigan no yes yes yes yes Penobscot Tribe of Maine no yes yes yes yes Passamaquoddy Tribe of Maine Maine yes no no no yes Wampanoag Tribe of Gay Head (Aquinnah) Massachusetts no no no yes yes Tunica-Biloxi Tribe no no no no yes Coushatta Tribe of Louisiana no no yes yes yes Chitimacha Tribe of Louisiana Louisiana no yes yes yes yes Sac and Fox Nation of Missouri in Kansas and Nebraska no no no no yes Prairie Band of Potawatomi Indians, Kansas (formerly the Prairie Band of Potawatomi Indians) Peacemaking/circle sentencing Wildlife conservation Family court Juvenile court General jurisdiction tribal court Tribal name State Table 6. Type of separate tribal courts, 2002Census of Tribal Justice Agencies in Indian Country, 2002 33 no no no no no Yomba Shoshone Tribe of the Yomba Reservation, Nevada no no no yes yes Yerington Paiute Tribe of the Yerington Colony and Campbell Ranch, Nevada no no no no yes Walker River Paiute Tribe no no no no no Te-Moak Tribe of Western Shoshone Indians of Nevada (Four constitu ent bands: Battle Mountain Band, Elko Band, South Fork Band, and Wells Band) no no no no yes Shoshone-Paiute Tribes of the Duck Valley Reservation, Nevada no no no no yes Reno-Sparks Indian Colony no no no no yes Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe of the Pyramid Lake Reservation (Nevada) no no yes yes yes Paiute-Shoshone Indians of the Fallon Reservation and Colony, Nevada no no no no yes Moapa Band of Paiute Indians of the Moapa River Indian Reservation (Nevada) no no yes yes yes Lovelock Paiute Tribe of the Lovelock Indian Colony, Nevada no no no no yes Las Vegas Tribe of Paiute Indian no no no no no Fort McDermitt Paiute and Shoshoon Tribes of the Fort McDermitt Indian Reservation (Nevada and Oregon) no yes yes yes yes Ely Shoshone Tribe of Nevada no no no yes yes Duckwater Shoshone Tribe of the Duckwater Reservation (Nevada) Nevada no yes yes yes yes Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska no no no no yes Ponca Tribe of Nebraska no no no no yes Omaha Tribe of Nebraska Nebraska no no no no no Northern Cheyenne Tribe yes yes yes yes yes Fort Belknap Indian Community of the Fort Belknap Reservation of Montana no no yes yes yes Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Reservation (Montana) no no no no yes Chippewa Cree Indians of Rocky Boy’s Reservation no no yes no yes Blackfeet Tribe of the Blackfeet Indian Reservation of Montana yes no yes yes yes Assinibione and Sioux Tribes of Fort Peck Indian Reservation, Montana Montana yes yes yes yes yes Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians Mississippi no no no no yes Upper Sioux Community of Minnesota no no no no no Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community of Minnesota no no yes yes yes Red Lake Band of Chippewa Indians, Minnesota (previously known as the Red Lake Band of Chippewa Indians of the Red Lake Reservation, Minnesota) no no no no yes Prairie Island Indian Community yes yes yes yes yes Minnesota Chippewa Tribe — White Earth Reservation no no no no yes Minnesota Chippewa Tribe — Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe Peacemaking/circle sentencing Wildlife conservation Family court Juvenile court General jurisdiction tribal court Tribal name State Table 6. Type of separate tribal courts, 200234 Census of Tribal Justice Agencies in Indian Country, 2002 no no no no yes Tonkawa Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma no no no no yes Sac and Fox Nation of Oklahoma no no no no yes Ponca Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma no no no yes yes Pawnee Nation of Oklahoma no yes yes yes yes Otoe-Missouria Tribe of Indians no no no no yes Osage Tribe no no no no yes Muscogee (Creek) Nation no no no no yes Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma no no no no yes Kialegee Tribal Town no no no no yes Kaw Nation no no no no yes Iowa Tribe of Oklahoma no no no no yes Delaware Tribe of Indians no no no yes yes Comanche Nation [formerly the Comanche Indian Tribe (Oklahoma)] no no no no yes Citizen Potawatomi Nation no no no no yes Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma no no no yes yes Cheyenne-Arapahoe Tribes of Oklahoma no no no no yes Cherokee Nation no no no no yes Absentee-Shawnee Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma Oklahoma no no no no yes Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians of North Dakota no yes yes yes yes Three Affiliated Tribes of the Fort Berthold Reservation, North Dakota no no no yes yes Spirit Lake Tribe, North Dakota North Dakota no no no no yes Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians North Carolina no no no no no St. Regis Band of Mohawk Indians of New York no no no no no Onondaga Nation of New York New York no no no yes yes Zuni Tribe of the Zuni Reservation, New Mexico no no yes yes yes Pueblo of Zia no no no no yes Pueblo of Tesuque yes no no no yes Pueblo of Taos no no yes yes yes Pueblo of Santo Domingo no no yes yes yes Pueblo of Santa Clara no no no no yes Pueblo of Santa Ana no no no no yes Pueblo of Sandia no no no no yes Pueblo of San Juan no no no no yes Pueblo of San Ildefonso yes yes yes yes yes Pueblo of Pojoaque no no no no yes Pueblo of Picuris no no no no yes Pueblo of Nambe no no yes no yes Pueblo of Laguna no no no yes yes Pueblo of Jemez no no no no yes Pueblo of Isleta no no no no no Pueblo of Cochiti no no no no yes Pueblo of Acoma no yes yes yes yes Mescalero Apache Tribe no no no no yes Jicarilla Apache Nation, New Mexico (formerly the Jicarilla Apache Tribe of the Jicarilla Apache Indian Reservation) New Mexico Peacemaking/circle sentencing Wildlife conservation Family court Juvenile court General jurisdiction tribal court Tribal name State Table 6. Type of separate tribal courts, 2002Census of Tribal Justice Agencies in Indian Country, 2002 35 no yes yes yes yes Port Gamble Indian Community no no no no yes Nooksack Indian Tribe of Washington no no no no yes Nisqually Indian Tribe of the Nisqually Reservation, Washington no no no no yes Muckleshoot Indian Tribe of the Muckleshoot Reservation (Washington State) no no no yes yes Makah Indian Tribe no no no no yes Lummi Tribe no no no no yes Lower Elwha Tribal Community of the Lower Elwha Reservation (Washington State) yes no no no yes Kalispel Indian Community no yes no no no Jamestown S’Klallam no no no no yes Hoh Indian Tribe no no yes yes yes Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation no no yes yes yes Confederated Tribes of the Chehalis Reservation no yes yes yes yes Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Nation (formerly the Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Indian Nation of the Yakama Reservation) Washington no no yes yes yes Ute Indian Tribe of the Uintah and Ouray Reservation, Utah no no no no yes Confederated Tribes of the Goshute Reservation Utah no no no yes yes Ysleta del Sur Pueblo Kickapoo Traditional Tribe of Texas no no no no yes Alabama-Coushatta Tribes of Texas Texas no no no no yes Yankton Sioux Tribe of South Dakota no no yes yes no Standing Rock Sioux Tribe of North and South Dakota no no no no yes Sisseton-Wahpeton Sioux Tribe of the Lake Traverse Reservation, South Dakota yes yes yes yes yes Rosebud Sioux Tribe no yes yes yes yes Oglala Sioux Tribe no no no no yes Lower Brule Sioux Tribe of the Lower Brule Reservation (South Dakota) no no no no yes Flandreau Santee Sioux Tribe of South Dakota no no no no yes Crow Creek Sioux Tribe no no no yes yes Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe South Dakota no no no no yes Cow Creek Band of Umpqua Indians no no no no yes Coquille Tribe of Oregon no no no no yes Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs Reservation of Oregon no no no no yes Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation no no no no yes Confederated Tribes of the Siletz Reservation no no no no yes Confederated Tribes of Coos, Lower Umpqua, and Siuslaw Indians no no yes yes yes Confederated Tribes Grand Ronde Community of Oregon no no no no yes Burns Paiute Tribe of the Burns Paiute Indian Colony of Oregon Oregon Peacemaking /circle sentencing Wildlife conservation Family court Juvenile court General jurisdiction tribal court Tribal name State Table 6. Type of separate tribal courts, 200236 Census of Tribal Justice Agencies in Indian Country, 2002 Note: States without tribal data are omitted. . . .Not reported or applicable. no no no yes yes Arapahoe Tribe and Shoshone Tribe of the Wind River Reservation (Wyoming) Wyoming yes yes yes yes yes Stockbridge Munsee Community, Wisconsin (previously known as the Stockbridge Munsee Community of Mohican Indians of Wisconsin) no no no no yes Red Cliff Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians of Wisconsin no yes no no no Oneida Tribe of Indians of Wisconsin no no no no yes Menominee Indian Tribe of Wisconsin no yes yes yes yes Lac du Flambeau Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians of Wisconsin no no no no yes Lac Courte Oreilles Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians of Wisconsin no no no no yes Ho-Chunk Nation of Wisconsin (formerly the Wisconsin Winnebago Tribe) no no no no yes Forest County Potawatomi Community, Wisconsin (previously Forest County Potawatomi Community of Wisconsin Potawatomi Indians) yes yes yes no yes Bad River Band Lake Superior Tribe of Chippewa Indians of the Bad River Reservation Wisconsin no yes yes yes yes Upper Skagit Indian Tribe of Washington no yes yes no yes Tulalip Tribes no no no no yes Swinomish Indians of the Swinomish Reservation, Washington no no no no yes Suquamish Indian Tribe of the Port Madison Reservation, Washington no yes yes yes yes Stillaguamish Tribe no no no no yes Squaxin Island Tribe no no no yes yes Spokane Tribe no no no yes yes Skokomish Indian Tribe no no no no yes Shoalwater Bay Tribe of the Shoalwater Bay Indian Reservation, Washington yes yes yes yes yes Sauk-Suiattle Indian Tribe of Washington no no no no yes Quinault Tribe of the Quinalt Resevation, Washington no no no no yes Quileute Tribe of the Quilete Resevation, Washington yes no no no yes Puyallup Tribal Council Peacemaking/circle sentencing Wildlife conservation Family court Juvenile court General jurisdiction tribal court Tribal name State Table 6. Type of separate tribal courts, 2002Census of Tribal Justice Agencies in Indian Country, 2002 37 0 0 0 0 0 0 Prairie Band of Potawatomi Indians, Kansas (formerly the Prairie Band of Potawatomi Indians) 0 0 1 1 3 1 Kickapoo Tribe of Indians of the Kickapoo Reservation in Kansas 0 0 0 1 0 1 Iowa Tribe of Kansas and Nebraska Kansas 0 0 2 3 0 3 Shoshone-Bannock Tribes of the Fort Hall Reservation of Idaho 0 0 0 1 0 1 Nez Perce Tribe of Idaho 0 0 0 0 0 1 Kootenai Tribe of Idaho 0 0 1 1 0 2 Coeur D'Alene Tribe of the Coeur D'Alene Reservation (Idaho) Idaho 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mohegan Indian Tribe 0 0 0 0 0 1 Mashantucket Pequot Tribe Connecticut Ute Mountain Tribe of the Ute Mountain Reservation, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah 0 0 1 1 0 2 Southern Ute Indian Tribe Colorado 0 2 0 0 0 0 Yurok Tribe 0 0 3 1 0 1 Washoe Tribe of Nevada and California (Carson Colony, Dresslerviill Colony, Woodsford Community, Stewart Community, and Washoe Ranches) 0 1 0 0 0 1 Hoopa Valley Tribe 0 0 1 1 0 1 Fort Mojave Indian Tribe of Arizona, California, and Nevada 0 0 0 0 0 0 Coyote Valley Band of Pomo Indians 0 0 0 0 0 0 Chemehuevi Indian Tribe of the Chemehuevi Reservation 0 1 0 1 0 2 Cabazon Band of Cahuilla Mission Indians of the Cabazon Reservation California 0 0 0 0 0 0 Yavapai-Prescott Tribe 0 0 1 2 0 2 Yavapai-Apache Nation of the Camp Verde Indian Reservation 0 0 0 0 0 0 White Mountain Apache Tribe of the Fort Apache Reservation, Arizona 4 0 0 1 0 1 Tonto Apache Tribe of Arizona 0 1 5 6 0 5 Tohono O'odham Nation 0 0 1 2 3 5 San Carlos Apache Tribe 0 1 4 5 0 6 Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community of the Salt River Reservation, Arizona 0 0 0 0 0 1 Quechan Tribe of the Fort Yuma Indian Reservation, California and Arizona 0 0 2 2 3 3 Pascua Yaqui Tribal Council 0 8 5 22 3 15 Navajo Nation 0 0 0 0 0 0 Kaibab Band of Paiute Indians of the Kaibab Indian Reservation (Arizona) 0 0 0 2 0 2 Hualapai Indian Tribe of the Hualapai Indian Reservation (Arizona) 0 2 4 3 1 4 Hopi Tribe 0 0 0 0 0 5 Gila River Indian Community of the Gila River Indian Reservation (Arizona) 0 0 2 3 0 3 Fort McDowell Yavapai Tribal Council 0 0 1 1 0 2 Ak-Chin Indian Community of the Mericopa Indian Reservation Arizona 0 0 0 0 0 0 Poarch Band of Creek Indians of Alabama Alabama Peacemakers Staff attorneys Public defenders Prosecutors Appellate court judges Tribal court judges Tribal name State Number of full-time personnel Table 7. Number of full time judges, prosecutors, public defenders, and attorneys working in the tribal justice system, 2002 38 Census of Tribal Justice Agencies in Indian Country, 2002 0 0 0 0 0 0 Prairie Island Indian Community 1 1 0 1 3 9 Minnesota Chippewa Tribe — White Earth Reservation 0 1 6 3 0 1 Minnesota Chippewa Tribe — Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe 0 0 0 1 0 0 Minnesota Chippewa Tribe — Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe 0 0 0 0 0 0 Minnesota Chippewa Tribe — Grand Portage Reservation 0 0 0 0 0 0 Minnesota Chippewa Tribe — Fond du Lac Reservation 0 0 1 1 0 1 Minnesota Chippewa Tribe — Bois Forte Band of Chippewa 0 0 1 1 3 1 Minnesota Chippewa Tribe 0 2 0 0 0 1 Lower Sioux Indian Community in the State of Minnesota (previously listed as the Lower Sioux Indian Communiit of Minnesota Mdewakanton Sioux Indians of the Lower Sioux Reservation Minnesota Scotts Valley Band of Pomo Indians 0 0 1 1 0 1 Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians of Michigan 0 1 0 1 3 2 Saginaw Chippewa Indian Tribe of Michigan 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pokagon Band of Potawatomi Indians (previously listed as the Pokagon Band of Potawatomi Indians of Michigan) 0 2 0 0 0 0 Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa Indians, Michigan (previously listed as the Little Traverse Bay Bands Odawa Indians of Michigan) 1 0 0 1 0 0 Little River Band of Ottowa Indians, Michigan (previously listed as the Little River Band of Ottowa Indians of Michigan) 0 0 1 1 0 1 Lac Vieux Desert Band of Lake Superior Chippewa, Michigan (previously listed as Lac Vieux Desert Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians of Michigan) 0 0 1 2 0 2 Keweenaw Bay Indian Community, Michigan (previously listed as the Keweenaw Bay Indian Community of L'Anse and Ontonagon Bands of Chippewa Indians of the L'Anse Reservation, Michigan) 0 2 0 0 0 0 Hannahville Indian Community, Michigan (previously listed as the Hannahville Indian Community of Wisconsin Potawatomie Indians of Michigan) 1 0 0 1 1 1 Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians of Michigan Michigan 0 0 0 0 0 0 Penobscot Tribe of Maine 0 0 0 0 0 0 Passamaquoddy Tribe of Maine Maine 0 0 0 0 0 0 Wampanoag Tribe of Gay Head (Aquinnah) Massachusetts 0 0 0 0 0 1 Tunica-Biloxi Tribe 0 0 0 1 3 1 Coushatta Tribe of Louisiana 0 0 0 0 1 1 Chitimacha Tribe of Louisiana Louisiana 0 0 0 1 0 1 Sac and Fox Nation of Missouri in Kansas and Nebraska Peacemakers Staff attorneys Public defenders Prosecutors Appellate court judegs Tribal court judges Tribal name State Number of full-time personnel Table 7. Number of full time judges, prosecutors, public defenders, and attorneys working in the tribal justice system, 2002Census of Tribal Justice Agencies in Indian Country, 2002 39 0 0 1 1 0 2 Pueblo of Isleta 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pueblo of Cochiti 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pueblo of Acoma 0 0 0 1 0 3 Mescalero Apache Tribe 0 0 1 1 0 2 Jicarilla Apache Nation, New Mexico (formerly the Jicarilla Apache Tribe of the Jicarilla Apache Indian Reservation) New Mexico 0 0 0 0 0 0 Yomba Shoshone Tribe of the Yomba Reservation, Nevada 0 0 0 1 0 1 Yerington Paiute Tribe of the Yerington Colony and Campbell Ranch, Nevada 5 1 0 0 0 0 Walker River Paiute Tribe 0 0 0 0 0 0 Te-Moak Tribe of Western Shoshone Indians of Nevada (Four constituent bands: Battle Mountain Band, Elko Band, South Fork Band, and Wells Band) 0 0 0 1 0 1 Shoshone-Paiute Tribes of the Duck Valley Reservation, Nevada 0 0 1 0 0 0 Reno-Sparks Indian Colony 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe of the Pyramid Lake Reservation (Nevada) 0 0 0 0 0 0 Paiute-Shoshone Indians of the Fallon Reservation and Colony, Nevada 0 0 0 0 0 0 Moapa Band of Paiute Indians of the Moapa River Indian Reservation (Nevada) 0 1 0 1 0 1 Lovelock Paiute Tribe of the Lovelock Indian Colony, Nevada 0 1 0 0 0 0 Las Vegas Tribe of Paiute Indian 0 0 0 1 0 1 Fort McDermitt Paiute and Shoshone Tribes of the Fort McDermitt Indian Reservation (Nevada and Oregon) 0 1 0 1 0 1 Ely Shoshone Tribe of Nevada 0 0 0 0 0 1 Duckwater Shoshone Tribe of the Duckwater Reservation (Nevada) Nevada 0 0 1 1 0 1 Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ponca Tribe of Nebraska 0 0 1 1 0 0 Omaha Tribe of Nebraska Nebraska 0 0 0 1 0 2 Northern Cheyenne Tribe 0 0 1 1 0 2 Fort Belknap Indian Community of the Fort Belknap Reservation of Montana 0 6 4 2 0 4 Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Reservation (Montana) 0 0 0 1 1 3 Chippewa Cree Indians of Rocky Boy’s Reservation 0 0 2 2 1 2 Blackfeet Tribe of the Blackfeet Indian Reservation of Montana 0 1 0 3 0 4 Assinibione and Sioux Tribes of Fort Peck Indian Reservation, Montana Montana 1 1 1 0 1 4 Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians Mississippi 0 0 0 0 0 0 Upper Sioux Community of Minnesota 0 2 1 1 0 2 Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community of Minnesota 0 0 1 3 4 4 Red Lake Band of Chippewa Indians, Minnesota (previously known as the Red Lake Band of Chippewa Indians of the Red Lake Reservation, Minnesota) Peacemakers Staff attorneys Public defenders Prosecutors Appellate court jjudges Tribal court judges Tribal name State Number of full-time personnel Table 7. Number of full time judges, prosecutors, public defenders, and attorneys working in the tribal justice system, 200240 Census of Tribal Justice Agencies in Indian Country, 2002 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cow Creek Band of Umpqua Indians 0 0 0 0 0 0 Coquille Tribe of Oregon 0 2 0 3 0 3 Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs Reservation of Oregon 0 0 1 1 0 1 Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation 0 1 0 0 0 0 Confederated Tribes of the Siletz Reservation 0 1 0 0 0 0 Confederated Tribes of Coos, Lower Umpqua, and Siuslaw Indians 0 5 0 0 0 0 Confederated Tribes Grand Ronde Community of Oregon 0 0 0 0 0 0 Burns Paiute Tribe of the Burns Paiute Indian Colony of Oregon Oregon 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tonkawa Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sac and Fox Nation of Oklahoma 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ponca Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pawnee Nation of Oklahoma 0 0 0 0 0 0 Otoe-Missouria Tribe of Indians 0 0 1 1 0 1 Osage Tribe 0 0 0 1 0 0 Muscogee (Creek) Nation 0 0 0 0 0 0 Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma 0 0 0 0 0 0 Kialegee Tribal Town 0 0 0 0 0 0 Kaw Nation 0 0 0 0 0 0 Iowa Tribe of Oklahoma 0 0 0 0 0 0 Delaware Tribe of Indians 0 0 0 0 0 0 Comanche Nation [formerly the Comanche Indian Tribe (Oklahoma)] 0 0 0 0 0 0 Citizen Potawatomi Nation 0 1 0 0 0 3 Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cheyenne-Arapahoe Tribes of Oklahoma 0 5 0 0 0 0 Cherokee Nation 0 0 0 0 0 0 Absentee-Shawnee Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma Oklahoma 0 0 1 1 0 3 Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians of North Dakota 0 0 0 1 0 2 Three Affiliated Tribes of the Fort Berthold Reservation, North Dakota 0 0 0 1 0 2 Spirit Lake Tribe, North Dakota North Dakota 0 0 0 1 3 3 Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians North Carolina 0 0 0 0 0 0 St. Regis Band of Mohawk Indians of New York 0 0 0 0 0 0 Onondaga Nation of New York New York 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pueblo of Zia 0 0 0 0 0 1 Pueblo of Tesuque 0 0 0 0 0 1 Pueblo of Taos 0 0 0 0 0 2 Pueblo of Santo Domingo 0 0 0 0 0 1 Pueblo of Santa Clara 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pueblo of Santa Ana 0 0 0 1 0 1 Pueblo of Sandia 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pueblo of San Juan 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pueblo of San Ildefonso 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pueblo of Picuris 0 0 0 0 0 1 Pueblo of Nambe 0 0 0 1 0 1 Pueblo of Laguna 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pueblo of Jemez Peacemakers Staff attorneys Public defenders Prosecutors Appellate court judges Tribal court judges Tribal name State Number of full-time personnel Table 7. Number of full time judges, prosecutors, public defenders, and attorneys working in the tribal justice system, 2002Census of Tribal Justice Agencies in Indian Country, 2002 41 0 0 0 0 0 0 Squaxin Island Tribe 0 1 1 1 0 0 Spokane Tribe 5 0 0 1 0 0 Skokomish Indian Tribe 0 0 0 0 0 0 Shoalwater Bay Tribe of the Shoalwater Bay Indian Reservation, Washington 1 0 0 0 0 0 Sauk-Suiattle Indian Tribe of Washington 0 1 0 0 0 1 Quinault Tribe of the Quinalt Reservation, Washington 0 0 0 0 0 1 Quileute Tribe of the Quilete Reservation, Washington 0 0 0 2 0 2 Puyallup Tribal Council 0 0 0 0 0 0 Port Gamble Indian Community 0 0 0 1 0 0 Nooksack Indian Tribe of Washington 0 1 0 0 0 0 Nisqually Indian Tribe of the Nisqually Reservation, Washington 0 0 0 0 0 0 Muckleshoot Indian Tribe of the Muckleshoot Reservation (Washington State) 0 0 1 1 0 1 Makah Indian Tribe 0 6 2 1 0 1 Lummi Tribe 0 0 0 0 0 1 Lower Elwha Tribal Community of the Lower Elwha Reservation (Washington State) 0 0 0 0 0 0 Kalispel Indian Community 0 0 0 0 0 0 Jamestown S’Klallam 0 0 0 0 0 1 Hoh Indian Tribe 0 3 2 3 0 3 Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation 0 0 0 1 3 1 Confederated Tribes of the Chehalis Reservation 0 0 2 2 0 3 Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Nation (formerly the Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Indian Nation of the Yakama Reservation) Washington 0 0 0 2 0 0 Ute Indian Tribe of the Uintah and Ouray Reservation, Utah 0 0 0 0 0 0 Confederated Tribes of the Goshute Reservation Utah 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ysleta del Sur Pueblo 0 0 0 0 0 0 Alabama-Coushatta Tribes of Texas Texas 0 0 0 1 0 1 Yankton Sioux Tribe of South Dakota 0 0 0 1 0 2 Standing Rock Sioux Tribe of North and South Dakota 0 0 1 0 0 0 Sisseton-Wahpeton Sioux Tribe of the Lake Traverse Reservation, South Dakota 0 0 2 3 6 3 Rosebud Sioux Tribe 0 0 30 4 4 3 Oglala Sioux Tribe 0 0 0 1 0 1 Lower Brule Sioux Tribe of the Lower Brule Reservation (South Dakota) 0 0 0 0 0 0 Flandreau Santee Sioux Tribe of South Dakota 0 0 0 0 0 0 Crow Creek Sioux Tribe 0 0 2 3 0 3 Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe South Dakota Peacemakers Staff attorneys Public defenders Prosecutors Appellate court judges Tribal court judges Tribal name State Number of full-time personnel Table 7. Number of full time judges, prosecutors, public defenders, and attorneys working in the tribal justice system, 200242 Census of Tribal Justice Agencies in Indian Country, 2002 Note: States without tribal data are omitted. . . . Not reported or applicable. 0 0 0 1 0 3 Arapahoe Tribe and Shoshone Tribe of the Wind River Reservation (Wyoming) Wyoming 0 0 0 0 0 0 `Stockbridge Munsee Community, Wisconsin (previously known as the Stockbridge Munsee Community of Mohican Indians of Wisconsin) 0 1 0 1 0 1 Red Cliff Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians of Wisconsin 0 1 0 0 3 0 Oneida Tribe of Indians of Wisconsin 0 0 0 2 1 2 Menominee Indian Tribe of Wisconsin 0 0 0 1 0 1 Lac du Flambeau Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians of Wisconsin 0 1 0 0 0 0 Lac Courte Oreilles Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians of Wisconsin 0 1 1 0 0 2 Ho-Chunk Nation of Wisconsin (formerly the Wisconsin Winnebago Tribe) 0 2 0 1 0 1 Forest County Potawatomi Community, Wisconsin (previously Forest County Potawatomi Community of Wisconsin Potawatomi Indians) 0 0 0 0 0 0 Bad River Band Lake Superior Tribe of Chippewa Indians of the Bad River Reservation Wisconsin 0 0 0 1 1 1 Upper Skagit Indian Tribe of Washington 0 0 1 1 0 1 Tulalip Tribes 0 0 0 0 0 0 Swinomish Indians of the Swinomish Reservation, Washington 0 3 0 1 0 1 Suquamish Indian Tribe of the Port Madison Reservation, Washington 0 0 0 0 0 0 Stillaguamish Tribe Peacemakers Staff attorneys Public defenders Prosecutors Appellate court judges Tribal court judges Tribal name State Number of full-time personnel Table 7. Number of full time judges, prosecutors, public defenders, and attorneys working in the tribal justice system, 2002 Sentencing, sanctions and supervision Criminal sentencing in tribal courts is generally limited to a maximum of 1 year of imprisonment and a $5,000 fine or both [25 U.S.C § 1302(7)(3)]. By constitution, some tribes further restrict the types of sentences imposed in their respective courts. Detention in Indian country The detention of offenders for offenses that occur in Indian country varies by crime, the State’s P.L. 280 status, and the existence of a tribal jail. In 2002 nearly 68% (212) of the tribes were provided detention services from a local county government (table 8). About 23% (71) of all tribes provided their own detention function. Among the 175 tribes that had their own tribal courts, an estimated 35% (62) had detention facilities for persons who committed offenses on the reservation. Adult intermediate sanctions Intermediate sanctions include restitutiion reconciliation, substance abuse programs, community service, counselinng fines, and other types of sentences without incarceration. In 2002 slightly less than half of all tribes provided some intermediate sanctions against adults for criminal violations in Indian country (table 9). Over two-fifths of 314 tribes participatiin in the census provided monetary fines without incarceration; counseling or therapy; alcohol rehabilitation; some type of community service; drug rehabilitation; restitution without incarceraation and victim-offender reconciliatiion The provision of intermediate sanctions for adults varied by the type of justice forum operating in the tribal jurisdiction. The majority of the tribes with a justice forum provided intermediate sanctions to adults that included drug or alcohol rehabilitation, counseling or therapy to the offender, and some type of communiit service. For the 175 tribes operating their own tribal courts, 84% provided monetary fines without incarceration; 79%, counseling or therapy; 79%, alcohol rehabilitation; 78%, some type of community service; 74%, drug rehabilitattion 74%, restitution without incarceraation and 22%, victim-offender reconciliation for adults. Juvenile intermediate sanctions Out of 314 participating tribes, 45% provided counseling or therapy; 44%, alcohol rehabilitation; 44%, monetary fines without incarceration; 43%, some type of community service; 41%, drug rehabilitation; 36%, restitution without incarceration; and 12%, victim-offender reconciliation for juveniles. As with the adults, a majority of the tribes operating a tribal court provided intermediate sanctions to juveniles that included drug or alcohol rehabilitation, counseliin or therapy to the offender, and some type of community service. Among the 175 tribes operating their own tribal courts, about 75% provided counseling or therapy; 74%, alcohol rehabilitation; 73%, some type of community service; 71%, monetary fines without incarceration; 70%, drug rehabilitation; 62%, restitution without incarceration; and 21%, victim-offender reconciliation for juvenile offenders. Probation Probation in Indian country, similar to that imposed by Federal and State courts, is a part of the sentencing process providing an alternative to imprisonment by allowing a convicted offender to stay in the community, usually under conditions and the supervissio of a probation officer. A violation of the probation terms can lead to its revocation and to imprisonment. Forty-one percent of all tribes (314) maintained a probation function for adults (not shown in table). Thirty-nine percent provided probation for juveniles. The provision of probation for adults and juveniles varied slightly by the type of justice system. Among the 175 tribes operating their own tribal courts, about 70% offered probation to adults, and 66% to juveniles. Residential programs In 2002 less than 10% of all tribes (314) reported having their own juvenile residential facility (not shown in table). For juveniles who had committed offenses on tribal land, tribes were more likely to use the residential facilitiie of the local county or non-tribal agencies than the facilities of another tribe. About 41% indicated the use of a county facility or that of a non-tribal agency to place juveniles; about 17% used the residential facility of another tribe. On the 175 reservations with a tribal court system, about 13% had their own ju