book_of_abstractsdoc - Workshop on Pixel-and Microstrip Detectors

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THE PILATUS PROJECT: CURRENT STATUS AND FUTURE PLANS
Christian Broennimann, for the SLS Detector Group

Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen-PSI,
E-mail: christian.broennimann@psi.ch

ABSTRACT
The goal of the PILATUS Detector Project is to provide high speed single photon counting pixel
detectors for the Swiss Light Source (SLS). We have fabricated and tested the PILATUS 1M
hybrid pixel detector with over 1 million pixels. The results of these tests provided very valuable
information on the design of the next generation of detectors. We are now working with the
PILATUS II read-out chip, which is designed using radiation tolerant layout techniques. The chip
has 5820 pixels with a size of 172 x 172 m . Each pixel has an amplifier, comparator and a 20-
2

bit counter, capable of counting incoming X-rays at a rate of > 1MHz/pixel/s. 16 chips are bump-
2
bonded to one sensor, leading to modules with a size of 84 x 34 mm . We are planning to use the
PILATUS II modules in different configurations. Single module detectors will be based on one
PILATUS II module with its complete read-out electronics. The first detector is installed at
beamline X04S and is used for surface diffraction experiments. The most challenging
configuration is the PILATUS 6M detector for the protein crystallography beamline X06S, which
2
will consist of 60 modules covering an area of > 40 x 40 cm . We are currently in the pre-
production phase for this project, where we are mainly working on the quality of the bump
bonding process. The results obtained so far are promising: Defect densities of < 0.5% missing
pixels could be obtained. The module manufacturing process is much simplified by using the fully
automated bump-bonding machine (designed by the PSI CMS pixel detector group). Another
configuration will be the PILATUS 2M detector for the future c-SAXS beamline X12S. This
detector will consist of 21 PILATUS 2 modules. A major challenge there is the increase of the
frame-rate for the full detector towards 100 Hz, which is necessary for time-resolved studies.
A new project is the PILATUS XFS chip, with a pixel size of 75 x 75 m with radiation tolerant
2

design. The goal of this project is to provide a read-out chip for applications with frame-rates up to
10kHz. The basic properties of this chip will be shown.

THE MYTHEN PROJECT: CURRENT STATUS AND FUTURE PLANS
Bernd Schmitt, Anna Bergamaschi, Fabia Gozzo, Bruce Patterson and SLS Detector Group,

Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen-PSI,
E-mail: bernd.schmitt@psi.ch

The Mythen Detector System, a microstrip system for time-resolved experiments,
is, since two years, in standard user operation at the powder diffraction station of
the Material Science beamline of the Swiss Light Source. Due to massively
parallel detection of X-rays and fast readout, it enables time-resolved
measurements which would be nearly impossible otherwise. The detector
system, example measurements and a status of the update of the detector
system will be presented. Future plans will also be discussed.
THE MEDIPIX2 PROJECT
Michael Campell,

CERN,
E-mail: Michael.Campell@cern.ch

The Medipix2 system was developed with the aim of exploring the potential of
single photon counting X-ray imaging. The pixel detector readout chip consist of
a matrix of 256 x 256 square channels each measuring 55um on the side. The
chip is connected to an equally segmented sensor using fine pitch bump
bonding. Each channel of the readout chip counts the number particles which
deposit energy inside its sensitive detector volume and within a given energy
window. The width of the energy window can be as narrow as 1.4keV and the
upper threshold may also be set to infinity. The chip is controlled using an
electronic shutter which may be as short as a few us and as long as many days.
A large number of measurements have been obtained using the system and
various X-ray sources. A subset of these will be reported. Although designed with
X-ray imaging in mind the system has also been used in Transmission Electron
Microscopy, fast visible light imaging, gas detector readout and neutron imaging.

Analog X-ray Pixel Array Detector Developments
Mark W. Tate

Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics
Cornell University
Ithaca, NY 14853 USA

X-ray pixel array detectors (PADs) are devices that process locally (at the pixel level) the charge
generated in the x-ray conversion layer. That processing can take the form of digital photon
counting (DPADs) or analog integration (APADs). Analog integration architectures become a
necessity in certain imaging applications, such as those with high instantaneous x-ray fluxes
where count rate considerations exclude photon counting. The Cornell University detector group
has developed several integrating pixel architectures that will be described. One detector uses a
flash framing design that acquires 8 successive images on microsecond timescales. This
detector has been used successfully in time-resolved radiographic imaging experiments. Other
pixel detectors are being developed for varied applications that require continuous framing,
improved dynamic range, or improved low dose (yet high-flux) performance.

APPLICATIONS OF THE XPAD PIXEL DETECTOR IN MATERIAL SCIENCE :
POWDER AND MULTILAYERS.
a,c b a,c b a,c b
J.-F. Bérar , S. Basolo , N. Boudet , P. Breugnon , B. Caillot , J.-C. Clemens , P.
b b d b b b
Delpierre , B. Dinkespile , S. Hustache , I. Koudobine , Ch. Meessen , M. Menouni , C.
c b c b b
Mouget , C. Morel , H. Palancher , P. Pangaud , and E. Vigeolas

a D2AM French CRG, ESRF, BP 220, 38043 Grenoble, France
b CPPM-IN2P3, Luminy, 13288 Marseille, France
c Lab. Cristallographie, CNRS, 38042 Grenoble, France
d Synchrotron SOLEIL, Saint-Aubin, BP 48, 91192 Gif/Yvette

berar@esrf.fr

Abstract:
The XPAD2 pixel detector is build of 8 modules of 8 chips each. It gather 38400
hybrid pixels of 0.33 X 0.33 mm2 in a 68 X 68 mm2 surface. It has been designed
for material sciences and can be easily carried on a goniometer arm.

 High resolution data of zeolite have been recorded using the XPAD2, the
comparison with data from a conventional settings shows that the gain in
measurement time is more than ten.
 In situ quench of liquid oxides have also been performed to assess for the
quality of data in such real time experiments.
 Reciprocal space maps of multilayer of ferroelectric oxides have also been
recorded to test its availability for such time demanding experiments.

Another application of XPAD2 is PIXSCAN, a small scanner for mice.

Due to the enhancement of the X-ray sources since XPAD design, a new pixel
detector, the XPIX, is under design in collaboration with SOLEIL. For this
detector a new readout chip, the XPAD3 has been designed with a smaller pixel
size (130 µm) in submicronic (0.25µm) technology. First prototypes of the XPIX
(7.5 x 12 cm2) will be available in 2006.

XSTRIP and RAPID : Detectors for SR time resolved
experiments.
R. Farrow
Daresbury

In recent years the focus of SR studies has increasingly shifted from 'static' experiments to those
which explore the function of samples as they change under different conditions. Indeed, looking
forward to next generation sources such as 4GLS and XFEL, it certainly seems that dynamic
experimental studies will form the mainstay of synchrotron science in the future.

CCLRC has spent a number of years successfully developing detection systems for time resolved
experiments. Two of the principal systems which are now in use are the silicon microstrip based
XSTRIP system and the interpolating MWPC RAPID system. This talk will present these systems
in some detail along with their strengths and weaknesses. It will then look forward to the next
stages of development for these systems and also explore some of the other systems presently
under development in CCLRC for SR time resolved studies.

PILATUS I AND II – A NEW ERA IN SURFACE DIFFRACTION

Phil Willmott, Christian Schlepuetz, Bruce Patterson, Roger Herger

Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen-PSI,
email christian.schlepuetz@psi.ch

Abstract:
A single module PILATUS detector has been implemented at the Surface
Diffraction station of the Materials Science beamline to conduct grazing-
incidence x-ray diffraction experiments. In this presentation, we show how we
have exploited the unique potential of this area detector, which has resulted in
large improvements both in speed and in reliability, especially with regards to the
acquisition of reflectivity data, and crystal truncation rods. Using this detector,
systems can be studied that have a crystallographic complexity that would have
precluded their investigation within a reasonable beam period using conventional
techniques, of which two examples are shown.
Finally, further improvements as a result of using the second generation
(PILATUS II) detector are summarized.

References:
[1] C.M. Schlepuetz et al., Acta Cryst. A, 61 (418-425)
Abstract RadovanCerny
Protein Crystallography with Pixel Detectors

Clemens Schulze-Briese,

Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen-PSI,
E-mail: clemens.schulze@psi.ch

The new generation of pixel detectors will combine, for the first time, the data accuracy of

counting detectors with very high count rate capabilities on the pixel and the detector level. In

addition, these detectors will exhibit excellent point-spread-functions and support unprecedented

high frame rates. These properties will allow for novel data acquisition techniques in protein

crystallography and have the potential to improve the data quality significantly. Techniques that

will be addressed in my talk are continuous shutter-free data acquisition and fine-phi slicing. The

prospects for the use of the pixel detector in the collection of diffuse scattering from protein

crystals will be discussed as well as in the study of slow enzymatic reactions in crystals in real

time.

3D Coherent X-ray Diffraction Microscopy:
Present and Future
1 2 1
C.Song , T. Ishikawa and J. Miao

1
Department of Physics & Astronomy and California Nanosystems Institute, University of
California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1547.
2
SPring-8/RIKEN, 1-1-1, Kouto, Mikazuki, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan.

When a coherent diffraction pattern is sampled at a spacing sufficiently finer than the
Nyquist frequency (i.e. the inverse of the sample size), the phase information is in principle
encoded inside the diffraction pattern, and can be directly retrieved by using an iterative process.
In combination of this oversampling phasing method with coherent X-rays, a novel form of
diffraction microscopy has recently been developed to image nanoscale materials and biological
structures. In this talk, I will present the principle of this microscope, discuss the current status of
this research field, and illustrate some future opportunities.

References

[1] – J. Miao, Y. Nishino, Y. Kohmura, B. Johnson, C. Song, S.H. Risbud, T. Ishikawa, “Quantitative
Image Reconstruction of GaN Quantum Dots from Oversampled Diffraction Intensities Alone”, Phys.
Rev. Lett. 95, 085503 (2005).

[2] – J. Miao, H. N. Chapman, J. Kirz, D. Sayre and K. O. Hodgson, “Taking X-ray Diffraction to the
Limit: Macromolecular Structures from Femtosecond X-ray Pulses and Diffraction Microscopy of Cells
with Synchrotron Radiation”, Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct. 33, 157-176 (2004).

[3] – I.K. Robinson and J. Miao, "Three Dimensional X-ray Diffraction Microscopy", MRS Bulletin 29,
177-181 (2004).

[4] - J. Miao, T. Ishikawa, B. Johnson, E.H. Anderson, B. Lai and K.O. Hodgson, "High Resolution 3D
X-ray Diffraction Microscopy", Phys. Rev. Lett., 89, 088303 (2002).

Sub-millisecond time resolved X-ray diffraction from ¨live¨ muscle
tissues.
J. Bordas
CELLS

Muscle tissues yield rich X-ray diffraction diagrams that extend to very high resolution. The
collection of data from this system is largely dependent on the availability of suitable detectors.
The problems faced by the experimentalists can be summarized as follows:
The unit cell dimensions in the axial direction and equatorial directions are unusually large.
The diffraction diagrams contain relevant information up to a resolution of at least 0.3 nm,
possibly further.
The diffracted features have a range of intensities spanning over 4 orders of magnitude or more.
Many of the structural states that might give a clue to the functionality of the system are only
present in the diffraction diagram for a millisecond or less.
The specimens are susceptible to radiation damage.
The result of these constraints is that muscle research is limited by lack of suitable detectors
rather than by the existing X-ray sources. This will be illustrated with a number of experimental
results collected over the last few years.
Abstract C. Ponchut

DETECTORS FOR FUTURE LIGHT SOURCES

Gerhard Grübel
Hasylab/DESY, Notkestrasse 85, D-22607 Hamburg

The unique properties of X-Ray Free Electron Laser (XFEL) radiation impose
unprecedented requirements on X-ray detection systems (ultra-high spatial resolution,
multi-element detection, ultra-high time resolution and high quantum efficiency). Such
detectors do not exist today but are of central importance for experiments at free
electron lasers. An appropriate detector development program is therefore mandatory.

A dedicated program will have to pursue several approaches from ultra fast X-ray
streak cameras operating in the femto-second regime, over linear devices to multi-
element (≥2K x 2K) pixelated systems with sub-microsecond time resolution. The
complexity of the systems will be similar to High Energy Particle Physics Detectors
and it is desirable to initiate a broad (multi-national) effort to launch such a program. A
preparatory phase to establish specifications and evaluate technological choices will
be inevitable and a R&D period for the first generation of prototype devices will be
necessary.

Abstract Gareth Derbyshire, Diamond
Abstract Heinz Graafsma, ESRF
Abstract Ralf Menk, Trieste