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Kardono, Ph.D.
CENTER OF ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY
AGENCY FOR THE ASSESSMENT AND APPLICATION OF TECHNOLOGY
– Water is one of the most important resources for life and
development.
– Increasing population and development cause the increasing
need of water resources.
– On the other hand, water resource availability is getting limited
and critical at several locations.
– Around 65% Indonesian population (~ 125M people) live in
Java island which is only 7% of total Indonesia continental
area.
– The decrease of water resource is due to some factors, namely
pollution, deforestation, heavy agricultural activities, and the
change of function of water catchment area.
– Water resource is divided into: surface water (lake, situ,
dam/reservoir, river), ground water, precipitation/rain.
– Thus, water resource management and technology application
for it are a must.
WATER RESOURCE LAW
• Law No. 7/ 2004 concerning Water Resource, which
replaced Law No. 11/1974 concerning Irrigation
• Principle of water management are continuity, balancing,
public advantage, unity, harmony, justice, autonomy, as
well as transparency and accountability.
• River area consists of river area in one District/City, inter-
District/City, inter-Provinces, inter-states, and national
strategic river area.
• Ground water basin includes ground water in one
District/City, inter-District/City, inter-Provinces, inter-
State, and national strategic river area.
CHAPTER III, ARTICLE:20
WATER CONSERVATION
• Water resource conservation is aimed to preserve the
continuous existence of support capacity, catchment
capacity, and function of water resource.
• Water resource conservation is carried out through
activities of water resource restoration and continuity,
water preservation, as well as water quality management
and water pollution control that follow the design of water
resource management determined for each river
basin/area.
• Criteria of water resource conservation becomes reference
in spatial planning.
RIVER WATER (1)
Potency of surface water
•The potency of Indonesian surface water is 1.789 billion
m 3 /year:
– Papua = 1.401 x 109 m3 /year,
– Kalimantan = 557 x 109 m3 /year,
– Jawa = 118 x 109 m3 /year.
•Surface water scatter in:
– River = 5.886 units
– Lake, dam, wetland = 33 million hectares.
RIVER WATER (2)
River damage
•Around 64 of total 470 Watershed in Indonesia is in critical
condition.
• Of 64 those critical watershed:
– 12 areas in Sumatera
– 26 area in Jawa
– 10 area in Kalmantan
– 10 area in Sulawesi
– 4 area in Bali, NTB dan NTT
– 4 area in Maluku
– 2 area in Papua
RIVER WATER (3)
River Pollution
• River water quality in Indonesia is mostly affected by
domestic waste as well as industrial and agricultural waste.
• River water monitoring has been done in 30 Provinces in
2004, with samples taken twice per year. The monitoring
result indicates that parameters of DO, BOD, COD, fecal coli
and total coliforms are mostly above the water quality
standards class I under PP 82 Tahun 2001.
• For biological parameters especially fecal coli and total
coliforms indicate most river in populated area such as in
Java is very critical, for example in P rogoRiver (Jateng dan
Yogyakarta), Ciliwung (Jakarta), and Citarum (West Java).
PERCENTAGE FOR SOME WATER PARAMETERS MEETING
THE STANDARD AIR QUALITY, AS PP 82/2001
WATER DEBIT IN SOME RIVERS
VALUE OF pH FOR RIVER WATERS IN INDONESIA
NUMBER, AREA AND VOLUME OF LAKE RESERVOIR IN INDONESIA
GROUND WATER (1)
• More than 98% of all water is ground water; only the rest of 2 % is
in river, lake dan reservoir. One half of this 2% is in artificial
reservoir.
• Monitoring to 48 wells was done in Jakarta in 2004, and indicated
that most of wells has contained coliform and fecal coli bacteria.
• Iron (Fe) concentration in ground water of Jakarta has been
increasing, which some wells contain iron above the standard.
• Presentage of Jakarta wells containing mangan (Mn) above the
standard was around 27% in June 2005 and increased to 33% in
October 2005.
GROUND WATER (2)
• Generally, wells water is
yellow and slightly smelly.
• Only around 400 of 4,000
industry in Jakarta
installed waster water
treatment plant.
• There is no sanitation
system in jakarta so waste
water flows to river; only
2% of waste water of
jakarta is treated in WWT
Plant..
• Only 39% people of
Jakarta has septic tank,
and 20 % uses pit
latrines.
GROUND WATER (3)
Integrated Water Resources Management
(IWRM)
Main Criteria of Integration:
1. Economy efficiency related to water scarcity,
limited fund, and water pollution.
2. Fairness related to right of each person to have
an access and to fulfill the need on water as
basic need.
3. Sustainability on environment and ecology such
that it does not sacrifice the need for next
generation.
Source: PTLWK-BPPT
HYDROLOGICAL MODEL APPLICATION AGNPS2002
(Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution Model)
• Watershed (DAS) damage
increases each year
– 1984 = 22 DAS
– 1994 = 39 DAS
– 1998 = 42 DAS
– 2003 = 62 DAS
• As a result, flood, drought,
erosion and sedimentation are
increasing.
• Need to have a hydrological
model as a tool for
identification, evaluation and
planning on watershed
management.
Source: PTLWK-BPPT
Recovery on
critical land
Flood
control
ANALYSIS Agricultural
MODEL RESULT
conservation
IMAGE, MAP, DATA
Tata Ruang
DAS, Dll
• Model AGNPS 2002 (Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution Model)
dapat diterapkan untuk pengelolaan DAS.
• Output model :
– Hidrologi (volume dan laju puncak runoff)
– Erosi
– Sedimentasi
– Nutrient loss (nitrogen, fosfor, COD)
• Manfaat : identifikasi, evaluasi. perencanaan pengelolaan DAS
menjadi lebih terukur, efisien dan efektif
• Users : Departemen Kehutanan, Dep. Pertanian, Kimpraswil dll
Source: PTLWK-BPPT
Pengembangan Agrogeokonservasi
• Luas lahan kritis terus
meningkat
– 1984 = 11 juta ha
– 2002 = 46 juta ha
• Reboisasi dan rehabilitasi
lahan kritis sudah
dilakukan sejak tahun
1970
• Perlu konservasi dengan
mempertimbangkan
aspek ekosistem bentang
lahan dan ekonomi
masyarakat
Source: PTLWK-BPPT
Pengembangan Agrogeokonservasi
• Mengembangkan sistem
pertanian konservasi dengan
memperhitungkan kontrol
geologi sebagai kontrol
keseimbangan alam.
• Memanfaatan informasi geologi
dalam penentuan kesesuaian
lahan untuk optimasi budidaya
pertanian.
• Merehabilitasi lahan-lahan kritis
dengan pertimbangan aspek
geologis (longsor, erosi) diluar
sistem pertanian.
Source: PTLWK-BPPT
PENGKAJIAN PEMULIHAN SUNGAI
(RIVER RESTORATION)
• Sebagian besar sungai di
Indonesia saat ini kondisinya
rusak
• Paradigma lama dalam
pembangunan sungai :
– “Bagaimana mengatuskan air
permukaan secepatnya ke
laut”.
– Menekankan upaya
konstruksi (sudetan,
pelurusan, tanggul, dll)
Source: PTLWK-BPPT
(RIVER RESTORATION)
• Watak sungai menjadi berubah dan
menyebabkan banjir, kekeringan dan
sedimentasi.
• Paradigma baru : “Bagaimana
menahan air sungai selama mungkin
di kawasan hulu DAS, meresapkan
dan mengalirkan secara perlahan”
• Konsep ini telah diterapkan di banyak
negara (Malaysia, USA, Jepang,
Thailand, Jerman dll)
• Teknologi yang diperlukan adalah :
penanganan kawasan sempadan
sungai, konservasi tanah & air, eco-
engineering
Source: PTLWK-BPPT
PENGKAJIAN PEMANENAN AIR DI DAS HULU
(WATER HARVESTING MANAGEMENT IN UPLAND)
• Curah hujan di Jawa tinggi,
namun selalu kekeringan
• Meningkatnya koefisien limpasan
menyebabkan infiltrasi hujan
mengecil sehingga cadangan
airtanah berkurang
• Air hujan perlu
ditahan/ditampung pada lahan
untuk memaksa air tinggal dan
meresap ke dalam tanah
secara perlahan
• Konsepnya mirip dengan Waduk
Resapan, namun dalam skala
kecil, sederhana dan lebih murah
• Manfaat :
– Sumber air (pertanian,
domestik)
– Mengurangi banjir
– Mengurangi erosi tanah
– Menambah airtanah
Source: PTLWK-BPPT
PENGKAJIAN RETARDING AREA
• Kawasan terbangun
menyebabkan
meningkatnya koefisien
limpasan sehingga
limpasan besar dan
infiltrasi kecil
• Banyak fasilitas publik
yang dapat dimanfaatkan
sebagai retarding area
guna mengurangi
limpasan permukaan dan
mengalirkan air ke dalam
tanah
Source: PTLWK-BPPT
RETARDING AREA
• Kawasan publik yang dapat
digunakan sebagai retarding
area :1) tempat parkir; 2)
lapangan; 3) taman; 4) jalan;
5) fasum lainnya
• Pemrakarsa : pemerintah,
swasta, masyarakat
• Manfaat :
– Mengurangi banjir
– Menambah suplai air
tanah
Source: PTLWK-BPPT
PENGKAJIAN MITIGASI BENCANA BANJIR DAN
KEKERINGAN DENGAN ANALISIS SPASIAL
BANJIR :
- Bencana banjir banyak terjadi di daerah dataran rendah
- Terjadinya perubahan tataguna lahan dan aktivitas manusia sangat pesat
- Curah hujan tinggi
- Perubahan kondisi sungai (vertikal maupun horisontal)
- Kesadaran masyarakat rendah
- Perlu peta zonasi, early warning system, kesiagaan, dan mitigasi bencana
KEKERINGAN :
- Musim kemarau sangat panjang
- Banyak terjadi kebakaran
- Langka air bersih
Teknologi : Mikrozoning bencana (hazard mapping), analisis risiko,
GIS, early warning system, analisis spasial, manajemen
sumberdaya air
Output : Peta zonasi, informasi mudah, cepat dan akurat
Manfaat : - Membantu instansi terkait dalam pengambilan kebijakan
Source: PTLWK-BPPT - Prioritas penanganan bencana
- Mengurangi dampak korban bencana
PENGKAJIAN MITIGASI BENCANA
LONGSOR DAN EROSI
BERDASARKAN KARAKTERISTIK
FISIOGRAFI
Masalah : - Bencana longsor dan erosi banyak terjadi di daerah hulu DAS dan sepanjang aliran sungai
- Longsor dan erosi sangat berkaitan dengan air yang mempengaruhi batuan/tanah
- Bencana terjadi dipengaruhi oleh kondisi geologi (jenis batuan, soil/pelapukan batuan,
struktur geologi, susunan, kedudukan batuan), morfologi, perubahan tataguna lahan,
curah hujan yang tinggi dan aktivitas manusia
- Perlu peta zonasi bencana longsor dan erosi untuk mitigasi bencana
Teknologi : Mikrozoning, aplikasi GIS, aplikasi remote sensing, early warning system
Output : Peta zonasi skala kecil-detail, analisis risiko, kesiapsiagaan,
Manfaat : - Membantu instansi terkait dalam pengambilan kebijakan dan
perencanaan
- Mengurangi dampak korban bencana
Source: PTLWK-BPPT
WATER AND WASTEWATER TREATMENT
TECHNOLOGY
RECENT WASTEWATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY
Wastewater Technology Typical technology
characteristic process
Organic degradable Biological Suspended culture Attached culture
process -Activated Sludge -Trickling filter
-oxidation ditch - RBC (Rotating Bio
-step aeration Contactor)
-lagoon -Biofilter
-UASB (Upflow Anaerobic -etc
Sludge Blanket)
-etc
Inorganic Physical and -Koagulation, floculation and sedimentation proces
chemical -Adsobrsion and Absorbsion
-Oxidation process
process
Specific organic and Specific
inorganic waste water treatment
-AOPs (Advanced -Oxidation Process)
-Azo dyes
-Sulfur denitrification
-Nitrat with low
organic content
ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCES (PTL –TEGAL)
ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCES
OXIDATION DITCH PROCESS
OXIDATION DITCH PROCES
Process: Aeration tank of ditch or oval channel completed with one or
more rotors are to rotate and aerate waste water. The waste will rotate in
aeration tank; residence time of waste in the tank around 24 hours.
It is used where enough land area, and operation cost for rotor is lower than
other activated sludge system.
OXIDATION DITCH PROCES - JABABEKA
ROTATING BIO CONTACTOR PROCESS
ROTATING BIO CONTACTOR PROCESS
POLLUTANT REDUCTION MECHANISM
ROTATING BIO CONTACTOR PROCESS
BEFORE OPERATION AFTER OPERATION
TRICKLING FILTER PROCESS
TRICKLING FILTER PROCESS
UPFLOW ANAEROBIC SLUDGE BLANKET
Biogas
Effluent outlet
h Settling
zone
h Phase seperator
element Effluent
discharge
Hydraulic Deflector
seal Transition
zone
Digestion
Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Zone
Influent
UPFLOW ANAEROBIC SLUDGE BLANKET
ADVANTAGES: Use anarobic
process:
- Energy saving
- Produce methane gas
- Few amount of sludge
DISADVANTAGES:
- Treated water is not ready to
be discharged into water
- Needs additional treatment
following this process.
ANAEROBIC-AEROBIC BIOFILTER PROCESS
FLOW PROCESS
BIOFILTER MEDIA
ANAEROBIC-AEROBIC BIOFILTER PROCESS
ABC BATTERY WEST JAKARTA
Pengendap akhir
Bioreaktor aerob
Bak equalisasi
Bak pemisal lemak
Bioreaktor anaerob
Pipa inlet
Pengendap awal
ADVANCED OXIDATION PROCESS
AOPs is used for degradation of organic pollutants and waste
water colors.
H2O2 + 2O3 HO* + HO* + 3O2
HO* + long chain organics panjang (azo dyes) short
chain organics.
Short chain organics + Air (Biological oxydation) H2O + CO2
ADVANCED OXIDATION PROCESS
PTL
Before After
treatment treatment
SISTEM AOPS
WATER TREATMENT
TECHNOLOGY
RECENT WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY
Water characteristic Technology Typical technology
process
Fresh water Phisical chemical -Filtration (sand filter, ultra filtration)
treatment -Coagulation floculation sedimentation
Biological -Adsorbsion –Absorbsion (activated carbon)
treatment
-Ion exchange (demin, Cation anion exchange)
-Biofiltration
-Fresh water reverse osmosis
-etc
Brakish water Physical and -Filtration (sand filter, ultra filtration)
chemical process -Coagulation floculation sedimentation
-Adsorbsion –Absorbsion(act carbon)
-Ion exchange (demin, kation anion
exchange)
-Brakish water reverse osmosis
-etc
Sea water Desalination -Destillation
process -Electrodialisys
-Reverse Osmosis
SIMPLE WATER TREATMENT PROCES
Air
CaO Alum
Chlorine
CaCO3 PAC
KMnO4
etc
Coagulation
Neutrali Flocculation
Raw water Oxydation Filtration Product
zation Sedimen
tation
SIMPLE WATER TREATMENT PROCES
AT SEVERAL LOCATIONS
WATER TREATMENT PROCES - ULTRAFILTRATION MEMBRANE
PALEMBANG
RAW WATER ULTRAFILTRATION SYSTEM
WATER TREATMENT PROCESS WITH SLOW SAND FILTER
LAMPUNG
FLOW OF WATER TREATMENT PROCESS WITH RO
WATER TREATMENT PROCESS WITH RO (10M3/DAY)
OKI SOUTH SUMATERA
MAP OF WATER TREATMENT APPLICATION
DONE BY PTL-BPPT
TP2AS/GAMBUT ARSINUM RO 10 MOBILE
SARIPAT
RO 10 DAN RO 20
SARPALAM 100 DUF TAGAS 170
THANK YOU
THANK YOU
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