Cell Phones
ECE5367 Project
Dr.Chen Fall 2004
Luong Tang
Daisuke Hagiwara
Shehzaad Bidiwala
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Cell Phone Milestones
• 1843 - Michael Faraday began research involving
electrical conductivity through open space. His
discoveries made cellular phones possible.
• 1865 - Dr. Mahlon Loomis, a dentist, developed a
method of wireless communication using kites.
• 1973 - Dr. Martin Cooper, former general man-
ager for systems division of Motorola, invented
the portable handset and was the first to use it.
Also set up the first base station in New York with
the first working prototype.
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Cell Phone Milestones (cont’d.)
• 1977 – Cellular phones are released to the
public for testing purposes. First to Chi-
cago, then to Washington D.C. and the
Baltimore area.
• 1979 – Cellular phones are tested in Japan.
• 1988 – CTIA (Cellular Technology Industry
Association) was developed to set stan-
dards for the cellular phone providers.
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Cellular System
• Typical cell-phone carrier gets
about 800 frequencies to use
across the city.
• A city is divided into hundreds of
cells (10 square miles)
• Cells are normally thought of as
hexagons on a big hexagonal grid
• Each call uses two frequencies for
duplex communcation, therefore
there are about 400 voice channels
• Each cell only use 56 voice
channels, 1/7th of the available 400
channels
L http://www.mat.ucsb.edu/~g.legrady/academic/courses/03w200a/projects/wireless/cell_technology.htm
Advantages of Cells
• Cell phones have low-power transmitters in them. (0.6
watts and 3 watts)
• The base station in each cell is also transmitting at low
power.
• Low-power transmitters have two advantages:
• The transmissions of a base station and the phones are
kept within a cell. Therefore, in the figure above, both of
the purple cells can reuse the same 56 frequencies
without interference.
• Low power consumption of the cell phone. Meaning
smaller batteries
L http://www.mat.ucsb.edu/~g.legrady/academic/courses/03w200a/projects/wireless/cell_technology.htm
Components
• Circuit board containing the brains of the phone
• An antenna
• A liquid crystal display (LCD)
• A keyboard
• A microphone
• A speaker
• A battery
H http://www.mat.ucsb.edu/~g.legrady/academic/courses/03w200a/projects/wireless/cell_technology.htm
The circuit board
• analog-to-digital: outgoing audio signals
• digital-to-analog: incoming audio signals
• digital signal processor (DSP): signal-manipulation
calculations at high speed.
• Microprocessor: controls the keyboard, display,
commands and signals of the base station, and the rest of
the board
• ROM & Flash memory: storage for the phone’s operating
system and customizable features
• Radio frequency and power section: power management
and recharging
• RF amplifiers: works with signals to and from the antenna
http://www.mat.ucsb.edu/~g.legrady/academic/courses/03w200a/projects/wireless/cell_technology.htm
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Inside a typical cell phone
Microprocessor
Flash memory
H http://www.mat.ucsb.edu/~g.legrady/academic/courses/03w200a/projects/wireless/cell_technology.htm
The Nokia 3210
• Baseband architecture: HD947
• NSE–8/9 Series
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The Baseband Architecture
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Key Components
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DC/DC converter
• The battery voltage is 1.8V to 3.6V
– depending on the battery charge amount.
• converted to one of 4 voltage levels
– in the range from 3.1 V to 4.2 V for RF
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CCONT
• Multi functional power management IC
– Provides Baseband power distribution
– Uses voltage regulators
– Feeds the power to the whole system.
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Cobba_GJP
• Mixed signal RF and Audio codec
• Provides A/D and D/A conversion
– Audio signals
• Two serial busses Data transmission with
MAD2PR1
• Input/output signal source selection and gain
control
• Audio tones are generated and encoded by the
MAD2PR1 and transmitted to the COBBA_GJP
for decoding
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UI Switch
• Integrated switch IC for UI (User interface)
purposes
• control switches for
– buzzer
– vibra
– LED– (display & keyboard) control
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UI Switch
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MAD2PR1
• Takes care of all signal processing
• Consists of MCU, system logic and DSP
• All integrated into one common ASIC.
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MAD2PR1: The Digital Part
• ARM RISC processor (16&32 bit instruction)
• TMS320C542 DSP core
• BusController
• System Logic
• UIF(Keyboard interface, serial control interface for COBBA_GJP
PCM Codec, LCD Driver, and CCONT)
• AccIF(Accessory Interface)
• SCU(Synthesizer Control Unit)
• SIMI(SimCard interface)
• PUP(Parallel IO, USART)
• FLEXPOOL(DAS00308 FlexPool Specification)
• SERRFI(DAS00348 COBBA_GJP Specifications)
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RISC processor
• Reduced Instruction Set Computer
– computer arithmetic-logic unit that uses a
minimal instruction set, emphasizing the
instructions used most often and optimizing
them for the fastest possible execution
– faster instruction execution, such as engineering
and graphics workstations and parallel-
processing systems
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DSP
• TMS320C542 DSP
– 1 program memory bus, 3 data memory buses
– 2 reads and 1 write operation can be performed
in 1 cycle (25ns)
– 40 MIPS (40 MHz)
– 40-Bit Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
– Instructions With a 32-Bit Long Word Operand
– Arithmetic Instructions With Parallel Store and
Parallel Load
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Part of the DSP- TMS320C542
http://focus.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/tms320c542.pdf
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PSCC
• Battery Charging Control ASIC
– controlled low drop power switch
– input transient voltage protection
– thermal self protection
– output over voltage protection (voltage limit for phone
hardware)
– start–up regulator with limited charge current, Istart
– provision for soft switching
– control of different charger types
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Memory
• FLASH Rom
• EEPROM
• SRAM
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SRAM (Shrink TSOP32)
• The MCU work memory
– size 128kB
– Volatile: memory contents are lost when the
Baseband voltage is switched off
– Memory bus share with Flash memory
– 17 address lines,
– 8 data lines
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EEPROM (IIC SO8)
• Contains all user changeable data
– Tuning parameters and phone setup
information.
– short code memory for storing user defined
information
– Size 16Kbytes
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FLASH Memory (uBGA48)
• The MCU program codes
• The program memory size is 16 Mbits
(1024kx16bit)
• 20 address lines
• 16 data lines
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Memory
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Summary: Memory
• FLASH Rom: stores MCU program code, 2
MB, parallel memory bus 10 address lines
and 16 data lines
• EEPROM: stores system and tuning
parameters user settings and selections, etc.,
nonvolatile, serial IIC bus, 16 kB,
• SRAM: MCU work memory, parallel bus,
17 address lines and 8 data lines, 128 kB
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Cell Phone Statistics
• In 1994, 16 million Americans subscribed
to cellular phone services.
• In 2001, the number grew to 110 million.
• It is predicted to reach 1.2 billion by 2005.
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¿Questions?
Thank you.
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