Three Seas Program / East-West Marine Biology XX Marine Conservation Biology Spring 2004 Wrigley Marine Science Center, USC Instructors: Marjorie Wonham, Kathy Ann Miller, Stephanie Bush (TA) Syllabus Wk 1 M 24 Morning (8:45-11:45) Reading time: Dayton et al. 1988 and Roy et al. 2003 Afternoon (1:30-5:00) 1:30-3:00 Introduction to course: What is marine conservation biology? Syllabus, course components, expectations Project descriptions, paper choices 3:00-4:30 Reading Break 4:30-6:00 Paper discussion: Roy et al. 2003 1:00-1:15 Dive debrief 1:15-1:45 Brainstorm project ideas 1:45-3:00 Paper discussion: Dayton et al. 1998 3:00-4:00 Reading break 4:00-5:45 Paper discussion: Edgar & Barrett 1999 (Introduction & Methods) Coffee Talk 7 pm: Lobster preview 1:00-4:00 Lobster dive 4:00-5:00 Thinking break 5:00-6:00 Paper discussion: Edgar & Barrett 1999 (Results) 7:45-8:30 Abalone preview 1:00-2:30 Guest presentation: Pete Haaker, California Department of Fish and Game – Abalone conservation and recovery 3:00-4:30 Paper discussion Karpov et al. 2000 4:30 Project selection 1:30-4:30 Computer lab – Population Viability Analysis 4:30-5:45 Paper discussion Lafferty & Kuris 1993
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8:45-9:15 Dive planning 9:15-12:00: Dive WMSC State Marine Reserve
W 26
Th 27
8:30-10:30 Lobster trapping 9:30-12:00 Guest presentation: Patrick Robinson & Matt Iacchei, WMSC – Population studies of Panulirus interruptus at Catalina Island 8:30-11:30 Abalone dive Bird Rock, Pumpernickel, & Intake Pipes
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8:45-9:15 Housekeeping 9:15-11:45 Paper discussion: Pfister & Bradbury 1996 11:30-12:00 Intro to PVA
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Wk 2 M 31
T 1
Morning (8:45-11:45) 8:45 Project proposals due 8:45-10:45 Project meetings 10:45-12:00 Paper discussion Edgar & Barrett 1999 (Discussion) Independent research 8:45-9:45 Drop-in “office hours”
W 2 Th 3
Independent research 8:45-9:45 Drop-in “office hours” Independent research Paper and presentation writing 8:45-9:45 Drop-in “office hours”
Afternoon (1:30-5:00) Independent research 4:00-5:00 Project guidelines discussion 5:00-6:00 Paper discussion Airamé et al. 2003 Independent research 5:00-6:00 Paper discussion Shears & Babcock 2002 5:00-6:00 Drop-in “office hours” 7:00-8:45 Guest presentation: Lauren Garske - Galápagos Marine Reserves Independent research 5:00-6:00 Drop-in “office hours” Paper and presentation writing 5:00-5:30 Final presentation – Lobster project 6:00 Final papers due 6:00 Year-End BBQ Party
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8:45-9:15 Final presentation – Monitoring group 9:15-9:45 Final presentation – Abalone group 9:45-10:45 Debrief/discussion
Course components Paper presentations and discussions As a class, we will read and discuss a number of papers. Each person will be responsible for summarizing and leading the discussion for two papers (working in pairs). All papers will be provided in hard copy; pdf copies of most, plus additional references, are available in the shared course folder on the WMSC Reserve. Group presentation and final paper Working in pairs or trios, you will select a research project topic that involves a combination of data collection and analysis, literature review, and population modeling (as applicable). Each group will be responsible for defining the scope of the project, conducting the research, giving a final presentation to the class, and writing a final paper. More details on project topics and presentation and paper format will be provided in class.
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Guidelines for Final Report Contents I. II. Project Proposal – original Process & Progress Journal -group daily entries: a) Day’s plan b) What was actually done; how plan evolved c) Response & reflections on the day d) Thoughts for the following day Product – format will evolve for each project 1. Introduction- Define Questions a) Problem/question/motivation (Why am I here doing this?) b) Objectives & scope for Catalina case study c) What data will be collected & why? 2. Report Methods Meticulously -include data collection & archiving -include correspondence -archive pdf files (see Melissa/Lauren) & photocopies 3. The Guts of It All – Results a) Your literature review b) Your data & analysis c) Other data & analysis d) Modeling as appropriate 4. Synthesis & Implications -of all results -relate your results to class readings 5. Expert Advice & Suggestions -for future work e.g. additional methods, questions, contacts to make, ideas, etc. 6. Bibliography & Other Resources Grading and Evaluation Grades will be based on: 1. Presentation and discussion of 2 scientific papers (20%) 2. Final project presentation (20%) 3. Final project paper (40%) 4. Collaboration and participation (20%)
III.
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Three Seas Program / East-West Marine Biology XX Marine Conservation Biology Spring 2004 Wrigley Marine Science Center, USC Instructors: Marjorie Wonham, Kathy Ann Miller, Stephanie Bush (TA) Course readings Required readings Airamé S, JE Dugan, KD Lafferty, H Leslie, DA McArdle and RR Warner. 2003. Applying ecological criteria to marine reserve design: A case study from the California Channel Islands. Ecological Applications 13(1):S170-S184. Barsky K. 2001. California Spiny Lobster. Pp. 98-100 in Leet WA, CM Dewees, R Klingbeil, E Larso (eds.) California’s Living Marine Resources: A Status Report. The Resources Agency. The California Department of Fish and Game. California Department of Fish and Game, Marine Region. Draft Abalone Resource and Management Plan Executive Summary (pp. i-vi) Dayton PK, MJ Tegner, PB Edwards, KL Riser. 1998. Sliding baselines, ghosts, and reduced expectations in kelp forest communities. Ecological Applications 8(2):309-322. Edgar GJ and NS Barrett. 1999. Effects of the declaration of marine reserves on Tasmanian reef fishes, invertebrates and plants. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 242(1):107-144. Karpov, KA, Haaker, PL, Taniguchi, IK, L Rogers-Bennett. 2000. Serial depletion and the colla[se of te California abalone (Haliotis spp.) fishery. In: Workshop on Rebuilding Abalone Stocks in British Columbia. Ed. A Campbell. Can. Spec. Publ. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 130: 11-24. Lafferty KD and AM Kuris. 1993. Mass mortality of abalone Haliotis cracherodii on the California Channel Islands: tests of epidemiological hypotheses. Marine Ecology Progress Series 96:239-248. Pfister CA and A Bradbury. 1996. Harvesting red sea urchins: recent effects and future predictions. Ecological Applications 6(1):298-310. Roy K, AG Collins, BJ Becker, E Begovic, JM Engle. 2003. Anthropogenic impacts and historical decline in body size of rocky intertidal gastropods in southern California. Ecology Letters 6:205-211. Shears NT and RC Babcock. 2003. Continuing trophic cascade effects after 25 years of no-take marine reserve protection. Marine Ecology Progress Series 246:1-16.
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Guidelines for tackling paper discussions Abstract What is the goal of this paper? What kind of paper is it (experimental, descriptive, methods, qualitative, quantitative, philosophical/conceptual, review, didactic, political, management, genetics, mathematical modeling, community ecology, population ecology, human impacts, multi-disciplinary)? These are not mutually exclusive. Introduction What is the context? What kind of background information do you need to understand this paper? Why is this an interesting question? How is this a contribution to the field? What is the motivation for doing this work? How do the authors state their goals? What are your expectations for this paper? Methods Skim methods for subheadings. Skim for general methods, length of study, how/where it was carried out, scope of the study. Results Skim results for subheadings. Analyze tables and figures in order; read captions. Refer back to methods as necessary. Derive trends from looking at tables and figures. Refer to the results after looking at tables and figures. Compare your findings with those of author/s. Prior to reading discussion Make note of striking results, implications you detect, questions you have about the study including those that can be answered by reading additional literature. How can this study be furthered, does it confirm or contradict other reports /papers, can you detect biases or sources of error, are the results intuitive? Discussion How do author/s interpret results, what do they think is the most important, do they treat all results equally? Learn more from the literature presented in discussion. Does their interpretation match yours, what will their next study be, would you fund their next study? If you planned to repeat this study in another system how would you do it, how would you need to modify it, what other information would you need to know? What are the major themes of this study, what is the big picture? What have you learned from this paper that relates to your experience in this field? For paper discussions come with your answers to the above questions jotted down, and be prepared to share them. Discussion leaders should encourage everyone to contribute by raising these and other provocative questions, and calling on colleagues for their opinions.
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Supplementary resources for marine reserves GR Russ and AC Alcala (2004) Marine reserves: long-term protection is required for full recovery of predatory fish populations. Oecologia 138 (4) 622-627. SK Hooker and LR Gerber (2004) Marine reserves as a tool for ecosystem-based management: The potential importance of megafauna. Bioscience 54 (1) 27-39. BS Halpern and RR Warner (2002) Marine reserves have rapid and lasting effects. Ecology Letters 5:361-366. BS Halpern and RR Warner (2003) Matching marine reserve design to reserve objectives. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences 270 (1527) 18711878. FR Gell and CM Roberts (2003) Benefits beyond boundaries: the fishery effects of marine reserves. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 18 (9) 448-455. NAJ Graham, RD Evans and GR Russ (2003) The effects of marine reserve protection on the trophic relationships of reef fishes on the Great Barrier Reef. Environmental Conservation 30 (2) 200-208. LD Rodwell, EB Barbier, CM Roberts and TR McClanahan (2003) The importance of habitat quality for marine reserve fishery linkages. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 60 (2) 171-181. S Fanshawe, GR VanBlaricom and AA Shelly (2003) Restored top carnivores as detriments to the performance of marine protected areas intended for fishery sustainability: A case study with red abalones and sea otters. Conservation Biology 17 (1) 273-283. E Sala, O Aburto-Oropeza, G Paredes, I Parra, JC Barrera and PK Dayton (2002) A general model for designing networks of marine reserves. Science 298 (5600) 1991-1993. JN Sanchirico, R Stoffle, K Broad and L Talaue-McManus; E Sala, O Aburto-Oropeza, G Paredes, I Parra, JC Barrera and PK Dayton (2003) Modeling marine protected areas. Science 301 (5629) 47-49. CM Roberts, JA Bohnsack, F Gell, JP Hawkins and R Goodridge (2001) Effects of marine reserves on adjacent fisheries. Science 294 (5548) 1920-1923. MH Tupper; K Wickstrom; R Hilborn; CM Roberts, JA Bohnsack, F Gell, JP Hawkins and R Goodridge (2002) Marine reserves and fisheries management. Science 295 (5558) 12331235. C Walters (2000) Impacts of dispersal, ecological interactions, and fishing effort dynamics on efficacy of marine protected areas: How large should protected areas be? Bulletin of Marine Science 66 (3) 745-757. MJ Paddack and JA Estes (2000) Kelp forest fish populations in marine reserves and adjacent exploited areas of central California. Ecological Applications 10 (3) 855-870. T Klinger (1999) Incorporating plant-animal interactions in the design of marine protected area networks. American Zoologist 39 (5) 91A-91A. SN Murray, TG Denis, JS Kido and JR Smith (1999) Human visitation and the frequency and potential effects of collecting on rocky intertidal populations in southern California marine reserves. California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations Reports 40 100106. + Ecological Applications v. 13 Special Issue 2003: The Science of Marine Reserves
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Supplementary resources: a few key papers for topics not addressed in detail here Climate change, Marine disease CG Soto (2001) The potential impacts of global climate change on marine protected areas. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 11 (3) 181-195. Harvell CD, K Kim, JM Burkholder, RR Colwell, PR Epstein, DJ Grimes, EE Hofmann, EK Lipp, ADME Osterhaus, RM Overstreet, JW Porter, GW Smith, GR Vasta. 1999. Emerging marine diseases - climate links and anthropogenic factors. Science 285:1505-1510. Species invasions Cohen AN and JT Carlton. 1998. Accelerating invasion rate in a highly invaded estuary. Science 279: 555-558 Simberloff D. 2000. No reserve is an island: marine reserves and nonindigenous species. Bulletin of Marine Science 66(3):567-580. Fishing pressure Jackson JBC, MX Kirby, WH Berger, et al. 2001. Historical overfishing and the recent collapse of coastal ecosystems. Science 293:629-637. Botsford LW, JC Castilla, CH Peterson. 1997. The management of fisheries and marine ecosystems. Science 277:509-515. Dayton PK. 1998. Reversal of the burden of proof in fisheries management. Science 6 February 1998; 279: 821-822. Pauly D, V Christensen, J Dalsgaard, R Froese, F Torres, Jr. 1998. Fishing down marine food webs. Science 6 February 1998; 279: 860-863. Caddy JF, J Csirke, SM Garcia, RJR Grainger; Pauly D, R Froese, V Christensen. 1998. How Pervasive is "Fishing Down Marine Food Webs"? Science 282:1383. Pollution Terlizzi A, AL Delos, F Garaventa, M Faimali, S Geraci. 2004. Limited effectiveness of marine protected areas: imposex in Hexaplex trunculus (Gastropoda, Muricidae) populations from Italian marine reserves. Marine Pollution Bulletin 48:164–192 Marshall PA and GJ Edgar. 2003. The effect of the Jessica grounding on subtidal invertebrate and plant communities at the Galapagos wreck site. Marine Pollution Bulletin 47: 284-295 Social Science Agardy T, P Bridgewater, MP Crosby, J Day, PK Dayton, R Kenchington, D Laffoley, P McConney, PA Murray, JE Parks and L Peau. 2003. Dangerous targets? Unresolved issues and ideological clashes around marine protected areas. Aquatic Conservation-Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 13 (4) 353-367. Mascia MB. 2003. The human dimension of coral reef marine protected areas: Recent social science research and its policy implications. Conservation Biology 17 (2) 630-632. Christie P, BJ McCay, ML Miller, C Lowe, AT White, R Stoffle, et al. 2003. Toward developing a complete understanding: A social science research agenda for marine protected areas. Fisheries 28 (12) 22-26. Economics and Policy Bergen LK and MH Carr. 2003. Establishing marine reserves: How can science best inform policy? Environment 45 (2) 8-19. Alder J and R Sumaila. 2002. Economics of marine protected areas. Coastal Management 30 (3) 277-280.
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