The Archaea Chapter 19

							      The Archaea

          Chapter 19




     Picrophilus torridus
Grows at pH 0 (sulfuric acid) at 65oC




   Taxa Specific Sequences




                                        1
Archaea Diversity in
 Membrane Lipids




  Archaea have Unique
 Biochemical Pathways

  This is just the first of
  other diverse catabolic
  pathways




  What is WRONG here




                              2
Archaea have Eukaryotic-like Molecular
              Biology




  Some Archaea also Have Histones




         Archael Phylogeny




                                         3
    Crenarcheota Metabolism




     Crenarcheota Habitat
Morning Glory Springs, Yellowstone Natl. Park
  Yellow-organge = growth of thermophiles




                                                4
                 Yellowstone National Park




Steam contains
H2S

                                 Sulfur rich hot
                                 spring




                 Yellowstone National Park




    Imperial
    Geyser
                                 Iron rich geothermal
                                 spring




Crenarcheota – Hyperthermophile Cell Shapes




                                                        5
Ignicoccus – Metabolic Periplasmic Space




      Thermophilic Crenarchaeota




     Submarine Hyperthermal Vents




                                           6
Submarine Hypertermal Archael Community




      Pyrodictium Inter-connections




Pyrodictium Cannulae Connect Cytoplasms
           Pyrodictium Cell Division




                                          7
   Microscope with the Heated Stage




    Device for Cultivation of Barophiles




Crenarcheota Are Important in the Oceans




                                           8
Crenarcheota – Non Thermophiles – A major
           group in the Oceans




        And, the Antartic




   Non Thermophilic Crenarcheota




                                            9
          And, in Sponges




                    Crenarchaeota stained green
                    (DAPI-green).




    Euryarchaeota: Methanogens




Activated Sludge   Anaerobic Digester




                                                  10
                 Methanogen Ecology




Methane Hydrates


 Formed under great pressure
 from methane generated by
 methanogens
 methanogens.

 Methane Hydrates from
 methane and water
 crytalline like material




 Methanogenesis from H2
       and CO2

Na+ requirement, PMF
generator.

Energy source?

Terminal electron acceptor?



From acetate     converges at
CH3-S-CoM




                                      11
The Volta Experiment – Methanogens




        Methanogenic Habitats




     Euryarchaeota: Halophiles
     Dead Sea, Israel and Jordan




                                     12
                                   San Francisco Bay Salterns,
Haloarchaeal Habitats              California

Require >1.5M NaCl for growth




  Great Salt Lake, Utah




                                 Lake Hamara, Egypt




                          More on Salterns




                                                Senegal Saltern




                                     What’s with the red colors?




         The Archaeal Red Pigment




                          Should be renamed “Archaealruberin”




                                                                   13
              Salt Lake Ionic Concentrations
a




    Haloarchaea must keep HIGH [KCl] cytoplasm ~ 4M to
    maintain water.

    Therefore have evolved high %GC DNA and acidic
    proteins.




                    Halophilic Archaea




                 Concentration of ions in cells of
                   Halobacterium salinarium




                                                         14
       Haloarchaea Genera




          Archaeal Rhodopsins




Note the TWO
   Proton
  Transport
  Systems




                                15
           Archaeal Rhodopsin Spectrum




 Euryarchaeota: Thermophiles and Acidophiles




2H+ + 2e- + S0   H2S          Reverse Methanogensis
H2 + S0    H2S                CH4    CO2




   Archaeoglobis
fulgidus Catabolism




                                                      16
  Euryarchaeota: Thermoplasma and Ferroplasma




           What’s missing here ??


Oxidizes FeS2 to generate
sulfuric acid !! acid mine
drainage.




    Thermoplasma in self-heating coal refuse pile
            Thermophilic Euryarcheota




               Thermoplasma Lipoglycan




                                                    17
           Deeply Branching Archaeota
            Korarchaeota and Nanoarchaeota
      Sequenced Genomes, Not grown in the Lab Yet !!!

Nanaoarchaeum equitans (red) symbionts of Ignicoccus (green)




    Eukaryotic Microbial Diversity
            Chapter 20


                               Thalassiosira pseudonana
                               First Diatom Genome
                               Sequenced.

                               Model of silica based
                               technology.




              The Drop of Pond Water




                                                               18
Animals are More Closely Related to Fungi
                 than…




Domain Eukarya – Tremendous Diversity




                                            19