HISTORICAL TABLES BUDGET OF THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT Fiscal Year 20001 THE BUDGET DOCUMENTS Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2000 contains the Budget Message of the President and information on the President’s 2000 budget proposals. In addition, the Budget incluude the Nation’s second comprehensive Government-wide Performannc Plan. Analytical Perspectives, Budget of the United States Governmeent Fiscal Year 2000 contains analyses that are designed to highliigh specified subject areas or provide other significant presentations of budget data that place the budget in perspective. The Analytical Perspectives volume includes economic and accountiin analyses; information on Federal receipts and collections; analyses of Federal spending; detailed information on Federal borrowing and debt; the Budget Enforcement Act preview report; current services estimates; and other technical presentations. It also includes informatiio on the budget system and concepts and a listing of the Federal programs by agency and account. Historical Tables, Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2000 provides data on budget receipts, outlays, surpluuse or deficits, Federal debt, and Federal employment covering an extended time period—in most cases beginning in fiscal year 1940 or earlier and ending in fiscal year 2004. These are much longer time periods than those covered by similar tables in other budget documents. As much as possible, the data in this volume and all other historical data in the budget documents have been made consissten with the concepts and presentation used in the 2000 Budget, so the data series are comparable over time. Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2000— Appendix contains detailed information on the various appropriatiion and funds that constitute the budget and is designed primarily for the use of the Appropriations Committee. The Appendix contains more detailed financial information on individual programs and approprriatio accounts than any of the other budget documents. It includes for each agency: the proposed text of appropriations languaage budget schedules for each account, new legislative proposals, explanations of the work to be performed and the funds needed, and proposed general provisions applicable to the appropriations of entire agencies or group of agencies. Information is also provided on certain activities whose outlays are not part of the budget totals. A Citizen’s Guide to the Federal Budget, Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2000 provides general information about the budget and the budget process for the general public. Budget System and Concepts, Fiscal Year 2000 contains an explanation of the system and concepts used to formulate the Presidennt’ budget proposals. Budget Information for States, Fiscal Year 2000 is an Office of Management and Budget (OMB) publication that provides proposed State-by-State obligations for the major Federal formula grant progrram to State and local governments. The allocations are based on the proposals in the President’s budget. The report is released after the budget and can be obtained from the Publications Office of the Executive Office of the President, 725 17th Street NW, Washinggton DC 20503; (202) 395–7332. AUTOMATED SOURCES OF BUDGET INFORMATION The information contained in these documents is available in electronic format from the following sources: CD-ROM. The CD-ROM contains all of the budget documents and software to support reading, printing, and searching the documents. The CD-ROM also has many of the tables in the budget in spreadshhee format. Internet. All budget documents, including documents that are released at a future date, will be available for downloading in several formats from the Internet. To access documents through the World Wide Web, use the following address: http://www.gpo.gov/usbudget For more information on access to the budget documents, call (202) 512–1530 in the D.C. area or toll-free (888) 293–6498. GENERAL NOTES 1. All years referred to are fiscal years, unless otherwise noted. 2. Detail in this document may not add to the totals due to rounding. U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON 1999 For sale by the U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents, Mail Stop: SSOP, Washington, D.C. 20402–9328i Contents of the Historical Tables Page Introduction: Structure, Coverage and Concepts ....................................................................................................................................... 1 Section Notes ......................................................................................................................................................................... 5 Historical Trends ................................................................................................................................................................... 15 Section 1—Overview of Federal Government Finances ............................................................................................................. 19 Table 1.1—Summary of Receipts, Outlays, and Surpluses or Deficits (–): 1789–2004 ................................................... 19 Table 1.2—Summary of Receipts, Outlays, and Surpluses or Deficits (–) as Percentages of GDP: 1930–2004 ........... 21 Table 1.3—Summary of Receipts, Outlays, and Surpluses or Deficits (–) in Current Dollars, Constant (FY 1992) Dollars, and as Percentages of GDP: 1940–2004 ............................................................................................................. 23 Table 1.4—Receipts, Outlays, and Surpluses or Deficits (–) by Fund Group: 1934–2004 .............................................. 25 Section 2—Composition of Federal Government Receipts ......................................................................................................... 27 Table 2.1—Receipts by Source: 1934–2004 ......................................................................................................................... 27 Table 2.2—Percentage Composition of Receipts by Source: 1934–2004 ........................................................................... 29 Table 2.3—Receipts by Source as Percentages of GDP: 1934–2004 ................................................................................. 31 Table 2.4—Composition of Social Insurance Taxes and Contributions and of Excise Taxes: 1940–2004 ..................... 33 Table 2.5—Composition of ‘‘Other Receipts’’: 1940–2004 .................................................................................................. 40 Section 3—Federal Government Outlays by Function ............................................................................................................... 42 Table 3.1—Outlays by Superfunction and Function: 1940–2004 ...................................................................................... 42 Table 3.2—Outlays by Function and Subfunction: 1962–2004 ......................................................................................... 50 Section 4—Federal Government Outlays by Agency .................................................................................................................. 65 Table 4.1—Outlays by Agency: 1962–2004 ......................................................................................................................... 65 Table 4.2—Percentage Distribution of Outlays by Agency: 1962–2004 ........................................................................... 70 Section 5—Budget Authority (On-and Off-Budget) .................................................................................................................... 75 Table 5.1—Budget Authority by Function and Subfunction: 1976–2004 ......................................................................... 75 Table 5.2—Budget Authority by Agency: 1976–2004 ......................................................................................................... 87 Table 5.3—Percentage Distribution of Budget Authority by Agency: 1976–2004 ........................................................... 91 Table 5.4—Discretionary Budget Authority by Agency: 1976–2004 ................................................................................. 95 Table 5.5—Percentage Distribution of Discretionary Budget Authority by Agency: 1976–2004 ................................... 99 Section 6—Composition of Federal Government Outlays .......................................................................................................... 103 Table 6.1—Composition of Outlays: 1940–2004 ................................................................................................................. 103 Section 7—Federal Debt .............................................................................................................................................................. 110 Table 7.1—Federal Debt at the End of Year: 1940–2004 .................................................................................................. 110 Table 7.2—Debt Subject to Statutory Limit: 1940–2004 ................................................................................................... 112 Table 7.3—Statutory Limits on Federal Debt: 1940–Current ........................................................................................... 113 Section 8—Outlays by Budget Enforcement Act Category ........................................................................................................ 117 Table 8.1—Outlays by Budget Enforcement Act Category: 1962–2004 ........................................................................... 117 Table 8.2—Outlays by Budget Enforcement Act Category in Constant (FY 1992) Dollars: 1962–2004 ....................... 118 Table 8.3—Percentage Distribution of Outlays by Budget Enforcement Act Category: 1962–2004 .............................. 119 Table 8.4—Outlays by Budget Enforcement Act Category as Percentages of GDP: 1962–2004 .................................... 120 Table 8.5—Outlays for Mandatory and Related Programs: 1962–2004 ........................................................................... 121 Table 8.6—Outlays for Mandatory and Related Programs in Constant (FY 1992) Dollars: 1962–2004 ....................... 126 Table 8.7—Outlays for Discretionary Programs: 1962–2004 ............................................................................................ 131 Table 8.8—Outlays for Discretionary Programs in Constant (FY 1992) Dollars: 1962–2004 ........................................ 136 Table 8.9—Budget Authority for Discretionary Programs: 1976–2004 ............................................................................ 141 Section 9—Federal Government Outlays for Major Physical Capital, Research and Development, and Education and Training ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 145 Table 9.1—Total Investment Outlays for Physical Capital, Research and Development, and Education and Traininng 1962–2000 ................................................................................................................................................................... 145 Table 9.2—Major Physical Capital Investment Outlays in Current and Constant (FY 1992) Dollars: 1940–2000 ..... 146 Table 9.3—Major Public Physical Capital Investment Outlays in Percentage Terms: 1940–2000 ................................ 148 Table 9.4—National Defense Outlays for Major Public Direct Physical Capital Investment: 1940–2000 .................... 150 Table 9.5—Nondefense Outlays for Major Public Direct Physical Capital Investment: 1940–2000 .............................. 151ii THE BUDGET FOR FISCAL YEAR 2000, HISTORICAL TABLES Contents of the Historical Tables—Continued Page Section 9 (Continued). Table 9.6—Composition of Outlays for Grants for Major Public Physical Capital Investment: 1941–2000 ................. 153 Table 9.7—Summary of Outlays for the Conduct of Research and Development: 1949–2000 (In Current Dollars, as Percentages of Total Outlays, as Percentages of GDP, and in Constant (FY 1992) Dollars) ....................................... 159 Table 9.8—Composition of Outlays for the Conduct of Research and Development: 1949–2000 ................................... 160 Table 9.9—Composition of Outlays for the Conduct of Education and Training: 1962–2000 ........................................ 166 Section 10—Gross Domestic Product and Implicit Outlay Deflators ........................................................................................ 169 Table 10.1—Gross Domestic Product and Deflators Used in the Historical Tables: 1940–2004 .................................... 169 Section 11—Federal Government Payments for Individuals ..................................................................................................... 171 Table 11.1—Summary Comparison of Outlays for Payments for Individuals: 1940–2004 (In Current Dollars, as Percentages of Total Outlays, as Percentages of GDP, and in Constant (FY 1992) Dollars) ....................................... 171 Table 11.2—Functional Composition of Outlays for Payments for Individuals: 1940–2004 .......................................... 173 Table 11.3—Outlays for Payments for Individuals by Category and Major Program: 1940–2004 ................................ 181 Section 12—Federal Grants To State and Local Governments ................................................................................................. 203 Table 12.1—Summary Comparison of Total Outlays for Grants to State and Local Governments: 1940–2004 (in Current Dollars, as Percentages of Total Outlays, as Percentages of GDP, and in Constant (FY 1992) Dollars) ..... 203 Table 12.2—Total Outlays for Grants to State and Local Governments, by Function and Fund Group: 1940–2004 .. 205 Table 12.3—Total Outlays for Grants to State and Local Governments, by Function, Agency, and Program: 1940–2004 .......................................................................................................................................................................... 211 Section 13—Social Security and Medicare ................................................................................................................................. 252 Table 13.1—Cash Income, Outgo, and Balances of the Social Security and Medicare Trust Funds: 1936–2004 ......... 252 Section 14—Federal Sector Transactions in the National Income and Product Accounts ...................................................... 263 Table 14.1—Federal Transactions in the National Income and Product Accounts for Federal Fiscal Years: 1947–2000 .......................................................................................................................................................................... 263 Table 14.2—Federal Transactions in the National Income and Product Accounts as Percentages of GDP for Federra Fiscal Years: 1947–2000 ............................................................................................................................................ 266 Section 15—Total (Federal and State and Local) Government Finances ................................................................................. 269 Table 15.1—Total Government Receipts in Absolute Amounts and as Percentages of GDP: 1947–1998 ..................... 269 Table 15.2—Total Government Expenditures: 1947–1998 ................................................................................................ 270 Table 15.3—Total Government Expenditures as Percentages of GDP: 1947–1998 ......................................................... 271 Table 15.4—Total Government Expenditures by Major Category of Expenditure: 1947–1998 ...................................... 272 Table 15.5—Total Government Expenditures by Major Category of Expenditure as Percentages of GDP: 1947–1998 .......................................................................................................................................................................... 273 Table 15.6—Total Government Surpluses or Deficits (–) in Absolute Amounts and as Percentages of GDP: 1947–1998 .......................................................................................................................................................................... 274 Section 16—Federal Health Spending ........................................................................................................................................ 275 Table 16.1—Total Outlays for Health Programs: 1962–2004 ............................................................................................ 275 Section 17—Government Employment ....................................................................................................................................... 276 Table 17.1—Total Executive Branch Civilian Employees, 1940–1998 ............................................................................. 276 Table 17.2—Total Executive Branch Civilian Employees, 1940–1998 (as percentage of total) ..................................... 277 Table 17.3—Total Executive Branch Civilian Full-Time Equivalent (FTE) Employees, 1981–2000 ............................. 278 Table 17.4—Total Executive Branch Civilian Full-Time Equivalent (FTE) Employees, 1981–2000 (as percentage of total) .................................................................................................................................................................................... 279 Table 17.5—Government Employment and Population, 1962–1998 ................................................................................. 2801 INTRODUCTION STRUCTURE, COVERAGE AND CONCEPTS Historical Tables provides budget users with a wide range of data on Federal Government finances. Many of the data series begin in 1940 and include estimates of the Presidennt’ budget for 1999–2004. Additionally, Table 1.1 provides data on receipts, outlays, and surpluses or deficits for 1901–1939 and for earlier multi-year periods. Structure This document is composed of 17 sections, each of which has one or more tables. Each section covers a common theme. Section 1, for example, provides an overview of the budget and off-budget totals; Section 2 provides tables on receipts by source; and Section 3 shows outlays by function. When a section contains several tables, the general rule is to start with tables showing the broadest overview data and then work down to more detailed tables. The purpose of these tables is to present a broad range of historical budgetary data in one convenient reference source and to provide relevant compariison most likely to be of assistance. The most common comparisons are in terms of proportions (e.g., each major receipt category as a percentage of total receipts and of the gross domestic product). Section notes explain the nature of the activities covered by the tables in each section. Additional descriptive information is also incluude where appropriate. Explanations are generally not repeated, but there are occasioona cross-references to related materials. Because of the numerous changes in the way budget data have been presented over time, there are inevitable difficulties in trying to produce comparable data to cover many years. The general rule is to provide data in as meaningful and comparable a fashion as possible. To the extent feasible, the data are presented on a basis consistent with current budget concepts. When a structural change is made, insofar as possible the data are adjusted for all years. One significant change in recent years concerns the budgetary treatment of Federal credit programs, which was changed by the Federal Credit Reform Act of 1990. Previously the budget recorded the cost of direct and guaranteed loans on a cash basis. Under credit reform, the budget only records budget authority and outlays for the subsidy cost of direct and guaranteed loans made in 1992 and subsequent years. The subsidy is defined as the net estimated cash flows to and from the Government over the life of the loan, discounted to the present. The cash transactions are recorded as means of financing the deficit. Because it was impossiibl to convert the pre–1992 loans to a credit reform basis, the data are on a cash basis for pre–1992 loans and on a credit reform basis for loans made in 1992 and subsequent years. Coverage The Federal Government has used the unified or consolidated budget concept as the foundation for its budgetary analysis and presentation since the 1969 budget. The basic guidelines for the unified budget were presented in the Report of the President’s Commission on Budget Concepts (October 1967). The Commission recommended the budget include all Federal fiscal activities unless there were exceptionally persuasive reasons for exclusion. Nevertheless, from the very beginning some programs were perceived as warranting special treatment. Indeed, the Commission itself recommended a bifurcated presentation: a ‘‘unified budget’’ composed of an ‘‘expenditure account’’ and a ‘‘loan account.’’ The distinction between the expendituur account and the loan account proved to be confusing and caused considerable compliccatio in the budget for little benefit. As a result, this distinction was eliminated2 THE BUDGET FOR FISCAL YEAR 2000, HISTORICAL TABLES starting with the 1974 budget. However, even prior to the 1974 budget, the Export-Import Bank had been excluded by law from the budget totals, and other exclusions followed. The structure of the budget was gradually revised to show the off-budget transacttion in many locations along with the on-budget transactions, and the off-budget amounts were added to the on-budget amounts in order to show total Federal spending. The Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985 (Public Law 99–177) repealed the off-budget status of all then existing off-budget entities, but it also included a provision moving the Federal old-age, survivvors and disability insurance funds (collectivvel known as social security) off-budget. To provide a consistent time series, the budget historical data show social security off-budget for all years since its inception, and show all formerly off-budget entities on-budget for all years. The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1989 (OBRA 1989) moved the Postal Service fund off-budget, starting in fiscal year 1989. Prior to that year, the Postal Service fund is shown on-budget. Though social security and the Postal Serviic are now off-budget, they continue to be Federal programs. Indeed, social security currently accounts for about one-fourth of all Federal receipts and one-fifth of all Federal spending. Hence, the budget documents incllud these funds and focus on the Federal totals that combine the on-budget and offbuddge amounts. Various budget tables and charts show total Federal receipts, outlays, and surpluses and deficits, and divide these totals between the portions that are onbuddge and off-budget. Changes in Historical Budget Authority, Outlays, Receipts and Deficits The major budget totals for 1997 have changed from those published in the 1999 Budget due to corrections reported to the Treasury. Budget authority and outlays are higher due to a $3 million reduction in offsetting receipts for interest on loans for railroad rehabilitation and improvement. An increase of $6 million in offsetting receipts in Treasury’s budget clearing account (suspennse was also made. As a result of these two changes, total budget authority, outlays and the deficit for 1997 are reduced by $3 million. Further, but offsetting, changes to 1997 budget authority result from the removal of discretionary budget authority (and addition of corresponding amounts of mandatoor budget authority) for various transportattio trust funds that were proposed to have a conceptual change in the 1999 Budget to show budget authority in lieu of obligation limitations. The proposed conceptual change should have been reflected in the budget data only for prospective years. Discretionary budget authority is reduced (and mandatory budget authority is increased) by $24,141 million. Conceptual changes were made to budget authority for the medicare catastrophic insurannc trust funds in 1989 and 1990 to make them consistent with the Budget Enforcement Act definition of budget authority for social insurance trust funds. As a result, budget authority for medicare is reduced by $1,563 million in 1989 and by $414 million in 1990. A correction reduces budget authority for medicare’s hospital insurance trust fund in 1978 by $54 million. Other changes were made to the functional or Budget Enforcement Act category classificatiion of certain accounts as a result of joint consultations among congressional committtees the Congressional Budget Office and the Office of Management and Budget. The agency structure shown in this year’s budget reflects the proposed reorganization of various international agencies. In particular, the United States Information Agency and the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency are now shown as part of the State Department rather than as Other Independent Agencies. Note on the Fiscal Year The Federal fiscal year begins on October 1 and ends on the subsequent September 30. It is designated by the year in which it ends; for example, fiscal year 1995 began on October 1, 1994, and ended on September 30, 1995. Prior to fiscal year 1977 the Federal fiscal years began on July 1 and ended on June 30. In calendar year 1976 the July-September period was a separate accounting period (known as the transition3 THE BUDGET FOR FISCAL YEAR 2000, HISTORICAL TABLES quarter or TQ) to bridge the period required to shift to the new fiscal year. Concepts Relevant to the Historical Tables Budget (or ‘‘on-budget’’) receipts constitute the income side of the budget; they are composed almost entirely of taxes or other compulsory payments to the Government. Any income from business-type activities (e.g., interres income or sale of electric power), and any income by Government accounts arising from payments by other Government accounts is offset against outlays, so that total budget outlays are reported net of offsetting collections. This method of accountiin permits users to easily identify the size and trends in Federal taxes and other compulsoor income, and in Federal spending financed from taxes, other compulsory income, or borrowwing Budget surplus refers to any excess of budget receipts over budget outlays, while budget deficit refers to any excess of budget outlays over budget receipts. The terms off-budget receipts, off-budget outlays, off-budget surpluses, and off-budget deficits refer to similar categories for offbuddge activities. The sum of the on-budget and off-budget transactions constitute the consolidated or total Federal Government transactions. The budget is divided between two fund groups, Federal funds and trust funds. The Federal funds grouping includes all receipts and outlays not specified by law as being trust funds. All Federal funds are on-budget except for the Postal Service fund starting with fiscal year 1989. All trust funds are on-budget, except the two social security retirement trust funds, which are shown off-budget for all years. The term trust fund as used in Federal budget accounting is frequently misunderstood. In the private sector, ‘‘trust’’ refers to funds of one party held by a second party (the trustee) in a fiduciary capacity. In the Federal budget, the term ‘‘trust fund’’ means only that the law requires the funds be accounted for separately and used only for specified purposes and that the account in which the funds are deposited is designated as a ‘‘trust fund.’’ A change in law may change the future receipts and the terms under which the fund’s resources are spent. The determining factor as to whether a particular fund is designated as a ‘‘Federal’’ fund or ‘‘trust’’ fund is the law governing the fund. The largest trust funds are for retirement and social insurance (e.g., civil service and military retirement, social security, medicare, and unemployment benefits). They are finannce largely by social insurance taxes and contributions and payments from the general fund (the main component of Federal funds). However, there are also major trust funds for transportation (highway and airport and airways) and for other programs financed in whole or in part by user charges. The budget documents do not separately show user charges. Frequently there is confusiio between the concept of user charges and the concept of offsetting collections. User charges are charges for services rendered. Such charges may take the form of taxes (budget receipts), such as highway excise taxes used to finance the highway trust fund. They may also take the form of businesstyyp charges, in which case they are offsetting collections—offset against budget outlays rathee than being recorded as budget receipts. Examples of such charges are the proceeds from the sale of electric power by the Tennessse Valley Authority and medical insurance premiums paid to medicare’s supplementary medical insurance trust fund. User charges may go to the general fund of the Treasury or they may be ‘‘earmarked’’. If the funds are earmarked, it means the collections are separately identified and used for a specified purpose—they are not commingled (in an accounting sense) with any other money. This does not mean the money is actually kept in a separate bank account. All money in the Treasury is merged for efficient cash management. However, any earmarked funds are accounted for in such a way that the balances are always identifiable and available for the stipulated purposes.5 SECTION NOTES Notes on Section 1 (Overview of Federal Government Finances) This section provides an overall perspective on total receipts, outlays (spending), and surpluses or deficits, the on-budget and offbuddge amounts are also separately shown. Tables 1.1 and 1.2 have similar structures; 1.1 shows the data in millions of dollars, while 1.2 shows the same data as percentages of the gross domestic product (GDP). For all the historical tables, fiscal year GDP is used to calculate percentages of GDP. The fiscal year GDP data are shown in Table 1.2. Additionally, Table 1.1 shows budgee totals annually back to 1901 and for multi-year periods back to 1789. Table 1.3 shows total Federal receipts, outlays, and surpluses or deficits in current and constant dollars, and as percentages of GDP. Section 6 provides a disaggregation of the constant dollar outlays. Table 1.4 shows receipts, outlays and surpluuse or deficits for the consolidated budget by fund group. The budget is composed of two principal fund groups—Federal funds and trust funds. Normally, whenever data are shown by fund group, any payments from programs in one fund group to accounts of the other are shown as outlays of the paying fund and receipts of the collecting fund. When the two fund groups are aggregaate to arrive at budget totals these interfund transactions are deducted from both receipts and outlays in order to arrive at transactions with the public. Table 1.4 displays receipts and outlays on a gross basis. That is, in contrast to normal budget practice, collections of interfund payments are included in the receipts totals rather than as offsets to outlays. These interfund collections are grossed-up to more closely approximate cash income and outgo of the fund groups. Notes on Section 2 (Composition of Federal Government Receipts) Section 2 provides historical information on on-budget and off-budget receipts. Table 2.1 shows total receipts divided into five major categories; it also shows the split between on-budget and off-budget receipts. Table 2.2 shows the receipts by major category as percentages of total receipts, while Table 2.3 shows the same categories of receipts as percentages of GDP. Table 2.4 disaggregates two of the major receipts categorries social insurance taxes and contributiion and excise taxes, and Table 2.5 disaggregates the ‘‘other receipts’’ category. While the focus of the section is on total Federal receipts, auxiliary data show the amounts of trust fund receipts in each categoory so it is possible to readily distinguish the Federal fund and trust fund portions. Notes on Section 3 (Federal Government Outlays by Function) Section 3 displays Federal Government outlaay (on-budget and off-budget) according to their functional classification. The functional structure is divided into 18 broad areas (functions) that provide a coherent and compreheensiv basis for analyzing the budget. Each function, in turn, is divided into basic groupings of programs entitled subfunctions. The structure has two categories—allowances and undistributed offsetting receipts—that are not truly functions but are required in order to cover the entire budget. At times a more summary presentation of functional data is needed; the data by ‘‘superfunction’’ is produuce to satisfy this need. Table 3.1 provides outlays by superfunction and function while Table 3.2 shows outlays by function and subfunction. In arraying data on a functional basis, budget authority and outlays are classified according to the primary purpose of the activity. To the extent feasible, this classificatiio is made without regard to agency or organizational distinctions. Classifying each activity solely in the function defining its most important purpose—even though many activities serve more than one purpose— permits adding the budget authority and outlays of each function to obtain the budget6 THE BUDGET FOR FISCAL YEAR 2000, HISTORICAL TABLES totals. For example, Federal spending for medicaid constitutes a health care program, but it also constitutes a form of income security benefits. However, the spending cannno be counted in both functions; since the main purpose of medicaid is to finance the health care of the beneficiaries, this program is classified in the ‘‘health’’ function. Section 3 provides data on budget outlays by function, while Section 5 provides comparable data on budget authority. Notes on Section 4 (Federal Government Outlays by Agency) Section 4 displays Federal Government outlaay (on-and off-budget) by agency. Table 4.1 shows the dollar amounts of such outlays, and Table 4.2 shows the percentage distributiion The outlays by agency are based on the agency structure currently in effect. For example, the Department of Education was established by legislation enacted in 1979. However, these data show spending by the Department of Education in previous years that consists of education spending attributaabl to other agencies in earlier years, but now attributable to the Department of Education. Notes on Section 5 (Budget Authority— On-and Off-Budget) Section 5 provides data on budget authority (BA). BA is the authority provided by law for agencies to obligate the Government to spend. Table 5.1 shows BA by function and subfunction, starting with 1976. Table 5.2 provides the same information by agency, and Table 5.3 provides a percentage distributiio of BA by agency. Tables 5.4 and 5.5 provide the same displays as Tables 5.2 and 5.3, but for discretionary budget authority rather than total budget authority. (Discretioonar refers to the Budget Enforcement Act category that includes programs subject to the annual appropriations process.) The data in these tables were compiled using the same methods used for the budget historical tables for receipts and outlays (e.g., to the extent feasible, changes in classification are reflected retroactively so the data show the same stream of transactions in the same location for all years). However, BA is heterogenneou in nature, varying significantly from one program to another. As a result, it is not additive—either across programs or agencies for a year or, in many cases, for an agency or program across a series of years—in the same sense that budget receipts and budget outlays are additive. The following are examples of different kinds of BA and the manner in which there are large divergences between the creation and use of BA. BA and outlays for each year may be exacctl the same (e.g., interest on the public debt). For each year the Congress may appropriiat a large quantity of BA that will be spent over a subsequent period of years (e.g., many defense procurement contracts and major construction programs). Some BA (e.g., the salaries and expenses of an operating agency) is made available only for a year and any portion not obligaate during that year lapses (i.e., it ceases to be available to be obligated). Revolving funds may operate spending programs indefinitely with no new infusiio of BA, other than the authority to spend offsetting collections. BA may be enacted with the expectation it is unlikely ever to be used (e.g., standby borrowing authority). All income to a fund (e.g., certain revolvinng special, and trust funds) may be permaneentl appropriated as BA; as long as the fund has adequate resources, there is no further relationship between the BA and outlays. As a result of the Budget Enforcement Act of 1990, the measurement of BA changed in most special and trust funds with legislatiivel imposed limitations or benefit formuula that constrain the use of BA. Where previously budget authority was the total income to the fund, BA in these funds for 1990 and subsequent years is now an estimaat of the obligations to be incurred duriin the fiscal year for benefit payments, administration and other expenses of the fund. In some, but not all, cases it was7 THE BUDGET FOR FISCAL YEAR 2000, HISTORICAL TABLES possible to adjust BA figures for these funds for years prior to 1990 to conform to the current concepts. Although major changes in the way BA is measured for credit programs (beginniin in 1992) result from the Budget Enforccemen Act, these tables could not be reconstructed to show revised BA figures for 1991 and prior years on the new basis. In its earliest years, the Federal Financing Bank (FFB) was conducted as a revolving fund, making direct loans to the public or purchasing loan assets from other funds or accounts. Each new loan by the FFB required new BA. In many cases, if the same loan were made by the account being serviced by the FFB, the loan could be financed from offsetting collections and no new BA would be recorded. Under terms of the 1985 legislation moving the FFB on-budget, the FFB ceased to make direct loans to the public. Instead, it makes loans to the accounts it services, and these accouunts in turn, make the loans to the publiic Such loans could be made from new BA or other obligational authority availabbl to the parent account. These tables have not been reconstructed to shift BA previously scored in the FFB to the parent accounts, because there is no technical way to reconfigure the data. Despite these qualifications there is a desire for historical data on BA, and this section has been developed to meet that desire. Budget authority data are also provided by function in Table 8.9 for various discretionary program groupings. Notes on Section 6 (Composition of Federal Government Outlays) The ‘‘composition’’ categories in this section divide total outlays (including social security) into national defense and nondefense componennts and then disaggregate the nondefense spending into several parts: Payments for individuals: These are Federra Government spending programs desiggne to transfer income (in cash or in kind) to individuals or families. To the exteen feasible, this category does not incllud reimbursements for current services rendered to the Government (e.g., salaries and interest). The payments may be in the form of cash paid directly to individuals or they may take the form of the provision of services or the payment of bills for activiitie largely financed from personal incoome They include outlays for the provisiio of medical care (in veterans hospitals, for example) and for the payment of medicca bills (e.g., medicare). They also include subsidies to reduce the cost of housing below market rates, and food and nutrition assistance (such as food stamps). The data base, while not precise, provides a reasonabbl perspective of the size and compositiio of income support transfers within any particular year and trends over time. Section 11 disaggregates the components of this category. The data in Section 6 show a significant amount of payments for individuals takes the form of grants to State and local governments to finance benefits for the ultimate recipients. These grants include medicaid, some food and nutrition assistance, and a significant portiio of the housing assistance payments. Sections 11 and 12 provide a more detailed disaggregation of this spending. All other grants to State and local governmennts This category consists of the Federra nondefense grants to State and local governments other than grants defined as payments for individuals. Section 12 disaggregates this spending. Net interest: This category consists of all spending (including offsetting receipts) incluude in the functional category ‘‘net intereest.’ Most spending for net interest is paid to the public as interest on the Federra debt. As shown in Table 3.2, net interees includes, as an offset, significant amounts of interest income. All other: This category consists of all remaiinin Federal spending and offsetting receipts except for those included in the category ‘‘undistributed offsetting receippts.’ It includes most Federal loan activiitie and most Federal spending for foreiig assistance, farm price supports, medicca and other scientific research, and, in general, Federal direct program operatiions8 THE BUDGET FOR FISCAL YEAR 2000, HISTORICAL TABLES Undistributed offsetting receipts: These are offsetting receipts that are not offset against any specific agency or programmmati function. They are classified as function 950 in the functional tables. Additioona details on their composition can be found at the end of Table 3.2. Table 6.1 shows these outlays in current and constant dollars, the percentage distributiio of current dollar outlays, and the current dollar outlays as percentages of GDP. The term ‘‘constant dollars’’ means the amounts of money that would have had to be spent in each year if, on average, the unit cost of everything purchased within that category each year (including purchases financed by income transfers, interest, etc.) were the same as in the base year (1992). The adjustmeent to constant dollars are made by applyiin a series of chain-weighted price deflators to the current dollar data base. The composite deflator is used to produce estimates of constant dollar receipts published in Table 1.3. The separate deflators used for these calculations are shown in Table 10.1. Notes on Section 7 (Federal Debt) This section provides information about Federal debt. Table 7.1 contains data on gross Federal debt and its major components in terms of both the amount of debt outstandiin at the end of each year and that amount as a percentage of fiscal year GDP. Gross Federal debt is composed both of Federal debt held (owned) by the public and Federal debt held by Federal Government accounts, which is mostly held by trust funds. Federal debt held by the public consists of all Federal debt held outside the Federal Government accounts. For example, it includes debt held by individuals, private banks and insurance companies, the Federal Reserve Banks, and foreign central banks. The sale of Federal debt to the public is the principal means of financing the Federal deficit. The Federal Government accounts holding the largest amount of Federal debt securities are the civil service and military retirement, social security, and medicare trust funds. However, significant amounts are also held by some other Government accounts, such as the unemployment and highway trust funds. Table 7.1 divides debt held by the public between the amount held by the Federal Reserve Banks and the remainder. The Federra Reserve System is the central bank for the Nation. Their holdings of Federal debt are shown separately because they do not have the same impact on private credit markets as does other debt held by the public. They accumulate Federal debt as a result of their role as the country’s central bank, and the size of these holdings has a major impact on the Nation’s money supply. Since the Federal budget does not forecast Federal Reserve monetary policy, it does not project future changes in the amounts of Federal debt that will be held by the Federal Reserve Banks. Hence, the split of debt held by the public into that portion held by the Federal Reserve Banks and the remainder is provided only for past years. Table 2.5 shows deposits of earnings by the Federal Reserve System. Most interest paid by Treasury on debt held by the Federal Reserve Banks is returned to the Treasury as deposits of earnings, which are recorded as budget receipts. As a result of a conceptual revision in the quantification of Federal debt, the data on debt held by the public and gross Federal debt—but only a small part of debt held by Government accounts—were revised back to 1956 in the 1990 budget. The total revision was relatively small—a change of under one percent of the recorded value of the debt— but the revised basis is more consistent with the quantification of interest outlays, and provides a more meaningful measure of Federal debt. The change converted most debt held by the public from the par value to the sales price plus amortized discount. Most debt held by Government accounts is issued at par, and securities issued at a premium or discount have traditionally been recorded at par. However, zero-coupon bonds are recorded at estimated market price. Starting in 1989, total debt held by Governmeen accounts is adjusted for any initial discount on other securities. Table 7.2 shows the end-of-year amounts of Federal debt subject to the general statutory9 THE BUDGET FOR FISCAL YEAR 2000, HISTORICAL TABLES limitation. It is recorded at par value (except for savings bonds) through 1988, but by law the basis was changed, in part, to accrual value for later years. Before World War I, each debt issue by the Government required specific authorization by the Congreess Starting in 1917, the nature of this limitation was modified in several steps until it developed into a limit on the total amount of Federal debt outstanding. The Treasury is free to borrow whatever amounts are needed up to the debt limit, which is changed from time to time to meet new requirements. Table 7.3 shows the ceiling at each point in time since 1940. It provides the specific legal citation, a short description of the change, and the amount of the limit specified by each Act. Most of gross Federal debt is subject to the statutory limit. However, there are some differences. Notes on Section 8 (Outlays by Budget Enforcement Act Category) Section 8 is composed of nine tables, eight of which present outlays by the major categoorie used under the Budget Enforcement Act (BEA) and under previous budget agreemeent between Congress and the current and previous Administrations. The final table presents discretionary budget authority. (Discretiionar budget authority is shown on an agency basis in Section 5, Table 5.4 and Table 5.5.) Table 8.1 shows Federal outlays within each of the categories and subcategorries The principal categories are outlays for mandatory and related programs and outlays for discretionary programs. Mandatory and related programs include direct spending and offsetting receipts whose budget authority is provided by law other than appropriations acts. These include appropriated entitlements and the food stamp program, which receive pro forma appropriations. Discretionary progrram are those whose budgetary resources (other than entitlement authority) are proviide in appropriations acts. The table shows three categories of discretionary programs: Defense (Function 050), International (Functiio 150), and Domestic (all other discretionary programs). Table 8.2 has the same structure, but shows the data in constant (FY 1992) dollars. Table 8.3 shows the percentage distribbutio of outlays by BEA category and Table 8.4 shows outlays by BEA category as a percentage of GDP. Table 8.5 provides additional detail by function and/or subfunction for mandatory and related programs. Table 8.6 shows the same data in constant dollars. Table 8.7 provides additional detail by function and/or subfunction on outlays for discretionary programs. Table 8.8 provides the same data in constant dollars. Table 8.9 provides function and/or subfunction detail on budget authority for discretionary prograams Notes on Section 9 (Federal Government Outlays for Major Physical Capital, Research and Development, and Educattio and Training) Tables in this section provide a broad perspective on Federal Government outlays for public physical capital, the conduct of research and development (R&D), and educattio and training. These data measure new Federal spending for major public physical assets, but they exclude major commodity inventories. In some cases it was necessary to use supplementary data sources to estimate missing data in order to develop a consistent historical data series. The data for the conduct of research and development continue to exclude outlays for construction and major equipment because such spending is included in outlays for physical capital. Table 9.1 shows total investment outlays for major public physical capital, R&D, and education and training in current and constant (FY 1992) dollars, and shows the percentage distribution of outlays and outlays as a percentage of GDP. Table 9.2 focuses on direct Federal outlays and grants for major public physical capital investment in current and constant (FY 1992) dollars, disaggregating direct Federal outlays into national defense and nondefense capital investment. Table 9.3 retains the same structure as 9.2, but shows direct Federal outlay totals for physical capital investment as percentages of total outlays and as percentages of GDP. Table 9.4 disaggregates national defense direct outlays, while Table 9.5 disaggregates nondefense outlaay for major public physical capital invest10 THE BUDGET FOR FISCAL YEAR 2000, HISTORICAL TABLES ment. Table 9.6 shows the composition of grant outlays for major public physical capital investment. Table 9.7 provides an overall perspective on Federal Government outlays for the conduct of R&D. It shows total R&D spending and the split between national defense and nondeffens spending in four forms: in current dollars, in constant dollars, as percentages of total outlays, and as percentages of GDP. Table 9.8 shows outlays in current dollars by major function and program. Table 9.9 shows outlays for the conduct of education and training in current dollars for direct Federal programs and for grants to State and local governments. Total outlays for the conduct of education and training as a percentage of Federal outlays and in constant (FY 1992) dollars are also shown. As with the series on physical capital, several budget data sources have been used to develop a consistent data series extending back to 1962. A discontinuity occurs between 1991 and 1992 and affects primarily direct Federal higher education outlays. For 1991 and earlier, these data include net loan outlays. Beginning in 1992, pursuant to changes in the treatment of loans as specified in the Credit Reform Act of 1990, this series includes outlays for loan repayments and defaults for loans originated in 1991 and earlier and credit subsidy outlays for loans originated in 1992 and later years. Table 9.9 also excludes education and trainiin outlays for physical capital (which are included in Table 9.7) and education and training outlays for the conduct of research and development (which are in Table 9.8). Also excluded are education and training programs for Federal civilian and military personnel. Notes on Section 10 (Implicit Outlay Deflators) Section 10 consists of Table 10.1, Gross Domestic Product and Deflators Used in the Historical Tables, which shows the various implicit deflators used to convert current dollar outlays to constant dollars. The constant dollar deflators are based on chain-weighted (FY 1992 chained-dollars) deflators derived from the National Income and Product Accouunt data. Notes on Section 11 (Federal Government Payments for Individuals) This section provides detail on outlays for Federal Government payments for individuaals which are also described in the notes on Section 6. The basic purpose of the payments for individuals aggregation is to provide a broad perspective on Federal cash or in-kind payments for which no current service is rendered yet which constitutes income transfers to individuals and families. Table 11.1 provides an overview display of these data in four different forms. All four of these displays show the total payments for individuals, and the split of this total between grants to State and local governments for payments for individuals (such as medicaid and grants for housing assistance) and all other (‘‘direct’’) payments for individuals. Table 11.2 shows the functional composition of payments for individuals (see notes on Section 3 for a description of the functional classification), and includes the same grants versus nongrants (‘‘direct’’) split provided in Table 11.1. The off-budget social security program finances a significant portion of the Federal payments for individuals. These tables do not distinguish between the onbuddge and off-budget payments for individuaals However, all payments for individuals shown in Table 11.2 in function 650 (social security) are off-budget outlays, and all other payments for individuals are on-budget. Table 11.3 displays the payments for individuals by major program category. Notes on Section 12 (Federal Grants To State and Local Governments) For several decades the Federal budget documents have provided data on Federal grants to State and local governments. The purpose of these data is to identify Federal Government outlays that constitute income to State and local governments to help finance their services and their income transfers (payments for individuals) to the public. Grants generally exclude Federal Government payments for services rendered directly to11 THE BUDGET FOR FISCAL YEAR 2000, HISTORICAL TABLES the Federal Government; for example, they exclude most Federal Government payments for research and development, and they excllud payments to State social service agencies for screening disability insurance beneficiaries for the Federal disability insurance trust fund. Table 12.1 provides an overall perspective on grants; its structure is similar to the structure of Table 11.1. Table 12.2 displays Federal grants by functiio (see notes on Section 3 for a description of the functional classification). The bulk of Federal grants are included in the Federal funds group; however, since the creation of the highway trust fund in 1957, significant amounts of grants have been financed from trust funds (see notes to Section 1 for a description of the difference between ‘‘Federal funds’’ and ‘‘trust funds’’). All Federal grants are on-budget. Wherever trust fund outlays are included in those data, Table 12.2 not only identifies the total grants by function but also shows the split between Federal funds and trust funds. Table 12.3 provides data on grants at the account or program level, with an identificaatio of the function, agency, and fund group of the payment. Notes on Section 13 (Social Security and Medicare) Over the past several decades the social security programs (the Federal old-age and survivors insurance (OASI) and the Federal disability insurance (DI) trust funds) and the medicare programs (the Federal hospital insurance (HI) and the Federal supplementary medical insurance (SMI) trust funds) have grown to be among the largest parts of the Federal budget. Because of the size, the rates of growth, and the specialized financing of these programs, policy analysts frequently wish to identify these activities separately from all other Federal taxes and spending. As discussed in the introductory notes, the two social security funds are off-budget, while the medicare funds are on-budget. As Table 13.1 shows, the first of these funds (OASI) began in 1937. The table shows the annual transactions of that fund and of the other funds beginning with their points of origin. The table provides detailed information about social security and medicare by fund. It shows total cash income (including offsetting receipts) by fund, separately identifying social insurance taxes and contributions, intragovernmental income, and proprietary receipts from the public. Virtually all of the proprietary receipts from the public, especiaall those for the supplementary medical insurance trust fund, are medicare insurance premiums. The table shows the income, outgo, and surplus or deficit of each fund for each year, and also shows the balances of the funds available for future requirements. Most of these fund balances are invested in public debt securities and constitute a significant portion of the debt held by Governmeen accounts (see Table 7.1). The SMI fund, which was established in 1967, is financed primarily by payments from Federal funds and secondarily by medical insurance premiums (proprietary receipts from the public). The other three trust funds are financed primarily by social insurance taxes. The law establishing the rate and base of these taxes allocates the tax receipts among the three funds. The table shows significant transfers by OASI and DI to the railroad retirement social security equivalent account. These transfeer are equal to the additional amounts of money social security would have had to pay, less additional receipts it would have collected, if the rail labor force had been included directly under social security since the inception of the social security program. In 1983, when the OASI fund ran short of money, Congress passed legislation that (a) provided for a one-time acceleration of military service credit payments to these trust funds, (b) provided for a Federal fund payment to OASDI for the estimated value of checks issued in prior years and charged to the trust funds but never cashed, (c) required that the Treasury make payments to OASDHI on the first day of the month for the estimated amounts of their social insurance taxes to be collected over the course of each month (thereby increasing12 THE BUDGET FOR FISCAL YEAR 2000, HISTORICAL TABLES each affected trust fund’s balances at the beginning of the month), and (d) subjected some social security benefits to Federal income or other taxes and provided for payments by Federal funds to social security of amounts equal to these additional taxes. Additionally, in 1983 the OASI fund borrowed from the DI and HI funds (the tables show the amounts of such borrowing and repayments of borrowinng) The large intragovernmental collections by OASDHI in 1983 are a result of the transactions described under (a) and (b) above. Also starting in 1983, OASI began paying interest to DI and HI to reimburse them for the balances OASI borrowed from them; OASDHI paid interest to Treasury to compennsat it for the balances transferred to these funds on the first day of each month. The legal requirement for Treasury to make payments on the first day of the month, and the associated interest payment, ended in 1985 for HI and in 1991 for OASI and DI. Notes on Section 14 (Federal Sector Transactions in the National Income and Product Accounts) The principal system used in the United States for measuring total economic activity is the system of national income and product accounts (NIPA), which provide calculations of the GDP and related data series. These data are produced by the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) of the Department of Commerrce As part of this work the BEA staff analyze the budget data base and estimate transactions consistent with this measurement system. The NIPA data are normally produced for calendar years and quarters. Section 14 provides Federal Sector NIPA data on a fiscal year basis. Notes on Section 15 (Total (Federal and State and Local) Government Finances) Section 15 provides a perspective on the size and composition of total Government (Federal, State, and local) receipts and spendinng Both the Bureau of the Census and the Bureau of Economic Analysis in the Commerce Department provide information (in the national income and product accounts (NIPA) data) on income and spending for all levels of government in the United States. These tables include the NIPA State and local transactions with the Federal Governmeen (deducting the amount of overlap due to Federal grants to State and local governmennts to measure total Government receipts and spending on a fiscal year basis. Notes on Section 16 (Federal Health Spending) Section 16 consists of Table 16.1, Total Outlays for Health Programs. This table shows a broad definition of total Federal health spending by type of health program, including defense and veterans health prograams medicare, medicaid, Federal employees’ health benefits and other health spending. It also shows Federal health spending as percentages of total outlays and of GDP. Notes on Section 17 (Federal Employment) Section 17 provides an overview of the size and scope of the Federal work force. The measures of Federal employment currenntl in use are end-strength and fulltiim equivalents (FTEs). End-strength is the measure of total positions filled at the end of the fiscal year, representing a ‘‘head count’’ of all paid employees. Federal employment in the Executive Branch, however, is controlled on the basis of FTEs. Full-time equivalent (FTE) employmeen is the measure of the total number of regular (non-overtime) hours worked by an employee divided by the number of compensaabl hours applicable to each fiscal year. A typical FTE workyear is equal to 2,080 hours. Put simply, one full-time employee counts as one FTE, and two employees who work half-time count as one FTE. FTE data have been collected for Executive Branch agencies since 1981. The tables included in this section illustrate the size of the governmental work forces utilizing these measures. Table 17.1 shows the end-strength of the Executive Branch and selected agencies starting in 1940. Table 17.2 shows the end-strength of the Executive Branch and selected agencies as a percentage of total Executive Branch employment starting13 THE BUDGET FOR FISCAL YEAR 2000, HISTORICAL TABLES in 1940. Table 17.3 shows FTEs for the Executive Branch and selected agencies for 1981 and subsequent years; Table 17.4 shows these FTEs as a percentage of total Executive Branch FTEs. Table 17.5 shows a comparison of the end-strengths of Federal employment and State and local government employment, and the total of the two as a percentage of the U.S. population in each year.15 HISTORICAL TRENDS Because the Historical Tables publication provides a large volume and wide array of data on Federal Government finances, it is sometimes difficult to perceive the longer term patterns in various budget aggregates and components. To assist the reader in understanding some of these longer term patterns, this section provides a short summaar of the trends in Federal deficits and surpluses, debt, receipts, outlays and employmeent Deficits and Debt.—As shown in Table 1.1, except for periods of war (when spending for defense increased sharply), depressions or other economic downturns (when receipts fell precipitously), the Federal budget was generally in surplus throughout most of the Nation’s first 200 years. For our first 60 years as a Nation (through 1849), cumulative budget surpluses and deficits yielded a net surplus of $70 million. The Civil War, along with the Spanish-American War and the depression of the 1890s, resulted in a cumulattiv deficit totaling just under $1 billion during the 1850–1900 period. Between 1901 and 1916, the budget hovered very close to balance every year. World War I brought large deficits that totaled $23 billion over the 1917–1919 period. The budget was then in surplus throughout the 1920s. However, the combination of the Great Depression followed by World War II resulted in a long, unbroken string of deficits that were historically unprecedented in magnitude. As a result, Federal debt held by the public mushroomed from less than $3 billion in 1917 to $16 billion in 1930 and then to $242 billion by 1946. In relation to the size of the economy, debt held by the public grew from 15% of GDP in 1930 to 109% in 1946. During much of the postwar period, this same pattern persisted—large deficits were incurred only in time of war (e.g., Korea and Vietnam) or as a result of recessions. As shown in Table 1.2, prior to the 1980s, postwar deficits as a percent of GDP reached their highest during the 1975–76 recession at 4.3% in 1976. Debt held by the public had grown to $477 billion by 1976, but, because the economy had grown faster, debt as a percent of GDP had declined throughout the postwar period to a low of 23.9% in 1974, climbing back to 27.6% in 1976. Followiin five years of deficits averaging 2.5% of GDP between 1977-1981, debt held by the public rose to 25.8% of GDP by 1981, only two percentage points higher than its postwar low. The traditional pattern of running large deficits only in times of war or economic downturns was broken during the rest of the 1980s. In 1982, large tax cuts were enacted as were substantial increases in defense spending. Reductions in nondefense spending were not sufficient to offset the impact on the deficit. As a result, deficits averaging $207 billion were incurred between 1983 and 1992. As a result of these unprecedennte peacetime deficits, debt held by the public grew from $785 billion in 1981 to $3.0 trillion (48.8% of GDP) in 1992. Since peaking at $290 billion in 1992, deficits have declined each year, dropping to a level of $22 billion in 1997. For 1998, the Nation recorded its first budget surplus ($69.2 billion) since 1969. As a percent of GDP, the budget bottom line went from a deficit of 4.7% in 1992 to a surplus of 0.8% in 1998. Debt held by the public, which peaked at 50.2% of GDP in 1993, has fallen to ??,?% in 1998. Receipts.— From the beginning of the Repubbli until the start of the Civil War, our Nation relied on customs duties to finance the activities of the Federal Government. During the 19th Century, sales of public lands supplemented customs duties. While large amounts were occasionally obtained from the sale of lands, customs duties accounted for over 90% of Federal receipts in most years prior to the Civil War. Excise taxes became an important and growing source of Federal receipts starting in the 1860s. Estate and gift taxes were levied and collected sporadically from the 1860s through World16 THE BUDGET FOR FISCAL YEAR 2000, HISTORICAL TABLES War I, although never amounting to a significaan source of receipts during that time. Prior to 1913, income taxes did not exist or were inconsequential, other than for a brief time during the Civil War period, when special tax legislation raised the income tax share of Federal receipts to as much as 13% in 1866. Subsequent to the enactment of income tax legislation in 1913, these taxes grew in importance as a Federal receipts source during following decade. By 1930, the Federal Government was relying on incoom taxes for 60% of its receipts, while customs duties and excise taxes each accouunte for 15% of the receipts total. During the 1930s, total Federal receipts averaged about 5% of GDP. World War II brought a dramatic increase in receipts, with the Federal receipts share of GDP peaking at 20.9% in 1944. The share declined somewhat after the war and has remained fairly steady since the early 1950s, fluctuating within a range of 16–21% of GDP, and are currently at 20.5% of GDP. Despite staying within this 5% range during the postwar period, there have been some significaan shifts over time in the underlying sources or composition of receipts. The increase in taxes needed to support the war effort in the 1940s saw the income tax rise to prominence as a source of Federal receipts, reaching nearly 80% of total receipts in 1944. After the war, the income tax share of total receipts fell from a postwar high of 74% in 1952 to 64% in the late 1960s. The growth in social insurance taxes (such as social security and medicare) more than offset a postwar secular decline in excise and other non-income tax shares. The combination of substantial reductions in incoom taxes enacted in the early 1980s and the continued growth in social insurance taxes has resulted in a continued decline in the income tax share of total receipts. By 1983 income taxes had dropped to 54% of total receipts and have remained between 53% and 58% since then. Corporation income taxes accounted for a large part of this postwar decline, falling from 30% of total Federal receipts in the early 1950s to 20% in 1969. During the same period, pretax corporate profits fell from about 12% of GDP in the early 1950s to 10% in 1968. By 1980 the corporation income tax share of total receipts had dropped to 12.5%. During the 1980s, pretax corporate profits declined as a percent of GDP and, thus, the corporation income tax share dropped to as low as 6.2% in 1983, but eventually climbed back to 11.8% in 1996 and have dropped slightly, to 11.0% in 1998, but are still below the 1980 share. This sharp drop in corporation income tax share of total receipts was more than offset by the growth in social insurance taxes, as both tax rates and percentage of the workforce covered by these taxes increased. Social insurance taxes increased from only 8% of total receipts during the mid-1940s to 38% by 1992, and declining to 33% by 1998. Excise taxes have also declined in relative importance during the postwar period, falling from a 19% share in 1950 to slightly under 4% currently. Outlays and Federal employment.—Throughoou most of the Nation’s history prior to the 1930s, the bulk of Federal spending went towards national defense, veterans benefiit and interest on the public debt. In 1929, for example, 71% of Federal outlays were in these three categories. The 1930s began with Federal outlays comprising just 3.3% of GDP. As shown in Table 1.2, the efforts to fight the Great Depression with public works and other nondefense Federal spending, when combined with the depressed GDP levels, caused outlays and their share of GDP to increase steadily during most of that decade, with outlays rising to 10.3% of GDP by 1939 and to 12.0% by 1941 on the eve of U.S. involvement in World War II. Defense spending during World War II resulted in outlays as a percent of GDP rising sharply, to a peak of 43.7% in 1944. The end of the war brought total spending down to 14.3% of GDP by 1949. Then the Korean war increased spending to an average 19.5% of GDP for a few years in the early 1950s, but outlays as a percent of GDP then stabilized at around 17–19% until U.S. involvement in the Vietnam war escalated sharply in the middle 1960s and early 1970s. From 1967 through 1972, Federal outlays averaged 19.6% of GDP. The decline in defense spending as a percent of GDP that began in 1971, as the Vietnam War began17 THE BUDGET FOR FISCAL YEAR 2000, HISTORICAL TABLES to wind down, was more than offset by increased spending on human resources progrram during the 1970s—due to the maturatiio of the social security program and other longstanding income support programs, as well as a takeoff in spending on the recently enacted Great Society programs, such as medicare and medicaid—so that total spending increased as a percent of GDP, averaging 20.9% during the last half of that decade. Also contributing to the increase in Federal spending was a substantial increase throughoou the 1970s in grants to State and local governments. Since receipts were averaging 18% of GDP during the decade, chronic deficits averaging 2% of GDP were incurred (contributing to this was the recession of 1975–76, which saw deficits increase to 4.3% in 1976). The 1980s began with substantial momenttu in the growth of Federal nondefense spending in the areas of human resources, grants to State and local governments, and, as a result of the deficits incurred throughout the 1970s, interest on the public debt. In the early 1980s, a combination of substantially increased defense spending, continued growth in human resource spending, a tax cut and a recession caused the deficits to soar, which, in turn, sharply increased spending for interees on the public debt. Federal spending climbed to an average of nearly 23% of GDP during the 1981-1985 period. Partial reversals of the tax cut and rapid defense buildup, along with a strong economy during the second half of the decade, brought Federal spending back down to 21.4% of GDP by 1989. In the early 1990s, another recession, in the face of continued rapid growth in Federal health care spending and additional spending necessitated by the Savings and Loan crisis, caused outlays to average over 22.5% of GDP in 1991 and 1992. During the past six years, this outlay growth trend was reversed. Outlays have begun to fall as a percent of GDP, dropping to 19.7% by 1998. This level was last experienced in the early 1970s. Despite the growth in total Federal spending as a percent of GDP in the postwar period, Federal employment, as shown in Table 17.1, has remained roughly constant, ranging from 1.8 to 2.3 million civilian employees (excluding the Postal Service) throughout this period. The composition of employment has shifted dramatically between defense and civilian agencies over the last 35 years. In 1951, for example, of the 2.0 million employees, 1.2 million worked for the Department of Defense and 0.7 million worked for civilian agencies. By 1974, Federal employment was split equally between defense and civilian agencies, with each accounting for 1.07 million employees. After a buildup in defense civilian employment in the 1980s, the shift away from defense to civilian agency employment resumed in the 1990s, so that by 1997 civilian agency employment was 1.16 million and Department of Defense employment was 0.69 million, nearly the reverse of the proportiion in 1951. During the past several years total Federal employment has begun to decliine Since 1992, when there were over 2.2 million civilians employed by the Federal Government, reductions of nearly 400 thousaan employees have been achieved, bringing Federal employment down to less than 1.9 million in 1998. Although total spending has increased substanttiall as a percent of GDP since the 1950s, the growth in the various components of spending has not been even and, thus, the composition of spending has changed significantly during the same period. Discretionary spending totaled 12.7% of GDP in 1962, with three-fourths going to defense. Defense spending increased during the Vietnam War buildup in the late 1960s causing total discretionary outlays to rise to 13.6% of GDP by 1968, after which a secular decline began. By the middle 1970s, this category had dropped to 10% of GDP. It fluctuated between 91⁄2–101⁄2% of GDP until the late 1980’s, when the defense buildup that started early in that decade ended. Total discretionary spending has fallen more sharply over the past ten years, from 9.4% in 1988 to 6.6% in 1998. Although total discretionary spending has followed a path of secular decline over the past 25 years, its major components—defense and nondefeensehave experienced contrasting historries Defense discretionary spending was at 9.3% of GDP in 1962. As shown in Table 8.4,18 THE BUDGET FOR FISCAL YEAR 2000, HISTORICAL TABLES spending in this category had declined to 7.4% of GDP by 1965, then increased as a result of the Vietnam War. After peaking at 9.5% of GDP in 1968, it returned to the 1965 level by 1971. The decline continued throughout the 1970s, hitting a low point in this decade of 4.7% of GDP in 1979. The defense buildup starting in the early 1980s boosted its percentage of GDP back to 6.3% by 1986, after which it again began a gradual decline throughout the rest of that decade. By 1998, defense discretionary spending stood at 3.2% of GDP, reflecting the impact of the end of the Cold War on our Nation’s defense requirements and the significant economic growth during much of the 1990s. Nondefense discretionary spending as a percent of GDP has followed a much different path. In 1962, it stood at 3.4% of GDP. During the next few years it quickly increased, reaching 4.2% of GDP by 1967. It dropped slightly after that year, but still averaged about 4.0% of GDP until 1975, when it surged to 4.5% of GDP due to the recession and, in part, to growth in spending on energy and the environment, housing and other income support programs. Much of this growth was in the form of Federal grants to State and local governments. Additioona grant spending arose from the creation of General Revenue Sharing in 1972 and various anti-recession grants at the end of the decade. Nondefense discretionary outlays peaked as a percent of GDP during the recession in 1980 at 5.2%. They declined sharply as a percent of GDP starting in 1982, falling to 4.0% by 1985 and to 3.5% during the 1987–1990 period. Spending for these programs has increased slightly since 1990, climbing to 3.8% by 1992 before falling back to 3.4% in 1998. Programmatic mandatory spending (which excludes net interest and undistributed offsettiin receipts) accounts for a large part of the growth in total Federal spending as a percent of GDP since the 1950s. Major programs in this category include social securiity medicare, deposit insurance and meanstesste entitlements (medicaid, aid to dependeen children, food stamps and other programs subject to an income test). Prior to the start of medicare and medicaid in 1966, this category averaged 5.7% of GDP between 1962 and 1965 (less than half the size of total discretionary spending), with social security accounting for nearly half. Within a decade, this category was comparable in size to total discretionary spending, nearly doubling as a percent of GDP to 10.6% by 1976 (1.1% of which was for unemployment compensation that year). Although part of this growth represented the impact of the 1975–76 recession on GDP levels and outlays for unemployment compensaation the largest part was due to growth in social security, medicare and medicaid. These three programs totaled 3.4% of GDP in 1968 and grew rapidly to 5.6% of GDP by 1976. While social security stabilized as a percent of GDP during 1985–1997, ranging from 4.3% to 4.7%, the growth in other programmatic mandatory spending has continuue to outpace the growth in GDP since the mid-1970s (apart from the recessionary periods) due largely to medicare and medicaid. These two programs, which were 1.4% of GDP in 1976, have more than doubled as a percent of GDP since then, reaching 3.5% in 1998. Excluding medicaid, spending for means-tested entitlements in 1998 was at 1.2% percent of GDP, less than it was twenty years ago in 1976. By way of contrast, the remaining programmatic mandatory spending— i.e, excluding medicare, unemploymeen compensation, social security, deposit insurance and means-tested entitlements— has been halved as a percent of GDP, falling from 2.8% in 1976 to 1.4% of GDP in 1998. (Major programs in this grouping include Federal employee and railroad retirement, veterans’ benefits other than veterans’ pensioons and farm price supports.) Nevertheless, total programmatic mandatory spending in 1998 had reached 10.7% of GDP compared to 6.9% for total discretionary spending. Additional perspectives on spending trends available in this document include spending by agency, by function and subfunction and by composition of outlays categories, which include payments for individuals and grants to State and local governments.19 THE BUDGET FOR FISCAL YEAR 2000, HISTORICAL TABLES Table 1.1—SUMMARY OF RECEIPTS, OUTLAYS, AND SURPLUSES OR DEFICITS(–): 1789–2004 (in millions of dollars) Year Total On-Budget Off-Budget Receipts Outlays Surplus or Deficit (–) Receipts Outlays Surplus or Deficit (–) Receipts Outlays Surplus or Deficit (–) 1789–1849 ....................................................................... 1,160 1,090 70 1,160 1,090 70 .................. .................. .................. 1850–1900 ....................................................................... 14,462 15,453 –991 14,462 15,453 –991 .................. .................. .................. 1901 ................................................................................. 588 525 63 588 525 63 .................. .................. .................. 1902 ................................................................................. 562 485 77 562 485 77 .................. .................. .................. 1903 ................................................................................. 562 517 45 562 517 45 .................. .................. .................. 1904 ................................................................................. 541 584 –43 541 584 –43 .................. .................. .................. 1905 ................................................................................. 544 567 –23 544 567 –23 .................. .................. .................. 1906 ................................................................................. 595 570 25 595 570 25 .................. .................. .................. 1907 ................................................................................. 666 579 87 666 579 87 .................. .................. .................. 1908 ................................................................................. 602 659 –57 602 659 –57 .................. .................. .................. 1909 ................................................................................. 604 694 –89 604 694 –89 .................. .................. .................. 1910 ................................................................................. 676 694 –18 676 694 –18 .................. .................. .................. 1911 ................................................................................. 702 691 11 702 691 11 .................. .................. .................. 1912 ................................................................................. 693 690 3 693 690 3 .................. .................. .................. 1913 ................................................................................. 714 715 –* 714 715 –* .................. .................. .................. 1914 ................................................................................. 725 726 –* 725 726 –* .................. .................. .................. 1915 ................................................................................. 683 746 –63 683 746 –63 .................. .................. .................. 1916 ................................................................................. 761 713 48 761 713 48 .................. .................. .................. 1917 ................................................................................. 1,101 1,954 –853 1,101 1,954 –853 .................. .................. .................. 1918 ................................................................................. 3,645 12,677 –9,032 3,645 12,677 –9,032 .................. .................. .................. 1919 ................................................................................. 5,130 18,493 –13,363 5,130 18,493 –13,363 .................. .................. .................. 1920 ................................................................................. 6,649 6,358 291 6,649 6,358 291 .................. .................. .................. 1921 ................................................................................. 5,571 5,062 509 5,571 5,062 509 .................. .................. .................. 1922 ................................................................................. 4,026 3,289 736 4,026 3,289 736 .................. .................. .................. 1923 ................................................................................. 3,853 3,140 713 3,853 3,140 713 .................. .................. .................. 1924 ................................................................................. 3,871 2,908 963 3,871 2,908 963 .................. .................. .................. 1925 ................................................................................. 3,641 2,924 717 3,641 2,924 717 .................. .................. .................. 1926 ................................................................................. 3,795 2,930 865 3,795 2,930 865 .................. .................. .................. 1927 ................................................................................. 4,013 2,857 1,155 4,013 2,857 1,155 .................. .................. .................. 1928 ................................................................................. 3,900 2,961 939 3,900 2,961 939 .................. .................. .................. 1929 ................................................................................. 3,862 3,127 734 3,862 3,127 734 .................. .................. .................. 1930 ................................................................................. 4,058 3,320 738 4,058 3,320 738 .................. .................. .................. 1931 ................................................................................. 3,116 3,577 –462 3,116 3,577 –462 .................. .................. .................. 1932 ................................................................................. 1,924 4,659 –2,735 1,924 4,659 –2,735 .................. .................. .................. 1933 ................................................................................. 1,997 4,598 –2,602 1,997 4,598 –2,602 .................. .................. .................. 1934 ................................................................................. 2,955 6,541 –3,586 2,955 6,541 –3,586 .................. .................. .................. 1935 ................................................................................. 3,609 6,412 –2,803 3,609 6,412 –2,803 .................. .................. .................. 1936 ................................................................................. 3,923 8,228 –4,304 3,923 8,228 –4,304 .................. .................. .................. 1937 ................................................................................. 5,387 7,580 –2,193 5,122 7,582 –2,460 265 –2 267 1938 ................................................................................. 6,751 6,840 –89 6,364 6,850 –486 387 –10 397 1939 ................................................................................. 6,295 9,141 –2,846 5,792 9,154 –3,362 503 –13 516 1940 ................................................................................. 6,548 9,468 –2,920 5,998 9,482 –3,484 550 –14 564 1941 ................................................................................. 8,712 13,653 –4,941 8,024 13,618 –5,594 688 35 653 1942 ................................................................................. 14,634 35,137 –20,503 13,738 35,071 –21,333 896 66 830 1943 ................................................................................. 24,001 78,555 –54,554 22,871 78,466 –55,595 1,130 89 1,041 1944 ................................................................................. 43,747 91,304 –47,557 42,455 91,190 –48,735 1,292 114 1,178 1945 ................................................................................. 45,159 92,712 –47,553 43,849 92,569 –48,720 1,310 143 1,167 1946 ................................................................................. 39,296 55,232 –15,936 38,057 55,022 –16,964 1,238 210 1,028 1947 ................................................................................. 38,514 34,496 4,018 37,055 34,193 2,861 1,459 303 1,157 1948 ................................................................................. 41,560 29,764 11,796 39,944 29,396 10,548 1,616 368 1,248 1949 ................................................................................. 39,415 38,835 580 37,724 38,408 –684 1,690 427 1,263 1950 ................................................................................. 39,443 42,562 –3,119 37,336 42,038 –4,702 2,106 524 1,583 1951 ................................................................................. 51,616 45,514 6,102 48,496 44,237 4,259 3,120 1,277 1,843 1952 ................................................................................. 66,167 67,686 –1,519 62,573 65,956 –3,383 3,594 1,730 1,864 1953 ................................................................................. 69,608 76,101 –6,493 65,511 73,771 –8,259 4,097 2,330 1,766 1954 ................................................................................. 69,701 70,855 –1,154 65,112 67,943 –2,831 4,589 2,912 1,677 See footnote at end of table.20 THE BUDGET FOR FISCAL YEAR 2000, HISTORICAL TABLES Table 1.1—SUMMARY OF RECEIPTS, OUTLAYS, AND SURPLUSES OR DEFICITS(–): 1789–2004—Continued (in millions of dollars) Year Total On-Budget Off-Budget Receipts Outlays Surplus or Deficit (–) Receipts Outlays Surplus or Deficit (–) Receipts Outlays Surplus or Deficit (–) 1955 ................................................................................. 65,451 68,444 –2,993 60,370 64,461 –4,091 5,081 3,983 1,098 1956 ................................................................................. 74,587 70,640 3,947 68,162 65,668 2,494 6,425 4,972 1,452 1957 ................................................................................. 79,990 76,578 3,412 73,201 70,562 2,639 6,789 6,016 773 1958 ................................................................................. 79,636 82,405 –2,769 71,587 74,902 –3,315 8,049 7,503 546 1959 ................................................................................. 79,249 92,098 –12,849 70,953 83,102 –12,149 8,296 8,996 –700 1960 ................................................................................. 92,492 92,191 301 81,851 81,341 510 10,641 10,850 –209 1961 ................................................................................. 94,388 97,723 –3,335 82,279 86,046 –3,766 12,109 11,677 431 1962 ................................................................................. 99,676 106,821 –7,146 87,405 93,286 –5,881 12,271 13,535 –1,265 1963 ................................................................................. 106,560 111,316 –4,756 92,385 96,352 –3,966 14,175 14,964 –789 1964 ................................................................................. 112,613 118,528 –5,915 96,248 102,794 –6,546 16,366 15,734 632 1965 ................................................................................. 116,817 118,228 –1,411 100,094 101,699 –1,605 16,723 16,529 194 1966 ................................................................................. 130,835 134,532 –3,698 111,749 114,817 –3,068 19,085 19,715 –630 1967 ................................................................................. 148,822 157,464 –8,643 124,420 137,040 –12,620 24,401 20,424 3,978 1968 ................................................................................. 152,973 178,134 –25,161 128,056 155,798 –27,742 24,917 22,336 2,581 1969 ................................................................................. 186,882 183,640 3,242 157,928 158,436 –507 28,953 25,204 3,749 1970 ................................................................................. 192,807 195,649 –2,842 159,348 168,042 –8,694 33,459 27,607 5,852 1971 ................................................................................. 187,139 210,172 –23,033 151,294 177,346 –26,052 35,845 32,826 3,019 1972 ................................................................................. 207,309 230,681 –23,373 167,402 193,824 –26,423 39,907 36,857 3,050 1973 ................................................................................. 230,799 245,707 –14,908 184,715 200,118 –15,403 46,084 45,589 495 1974 ................................................................................. 263,224 269,359 –6,135 209,299 217,270 –7,971 53,925 52,089 1,836 1975 ................................................................................. 279,090 332,332 –53,242 216,633 271,892 –55,260 62,458 60,440 2,018 1976 ................................................................................. 298,060 371,792 –73,732 231,671 302,183 –70,512 66,389 69,609 –3,220 TQ .................................................................................... 81,232 95,975 –14,744 63,216 76,555 –13,339 18,016 19,421 –1,405 1977 ................................................................................. 355,559 409,218 –53,659 278,741 328,502 –49,760 76,817 80,716 –3,899 1978 ................................................................................. 399,561 458,746 –59,186 314,169 369,089 –54,920 85,391 89,657 –4,266 1979 ................................................................................. 463,302 504,032 –40,729 365,309 404,054 –38,745 97,994 99,978 –1,984 1980 ................................................................................. 517,112 590,947 –73,835 403,903 476,618 –72,715 113,209 114,329 –1,120 1981 ................................................................................. 599,272 678,249 –78,976 469,097 543,053 –73,956 130,176 135,196 –5,020 1982 ................................................................................. 617,766 745,755 –127,989 474,299 594,351 –120,052 143,467 151,404 –7,937 1983 ................................................................................. 600,562 808,380 –207,818 453,242 661,272 –208,030 147,320 147,108 212 1984 ................................................................................. 666,486 851,874 –185,388 500,411 686,061 –185,650 166,075 165,813 262 1985 ................................................................................. 734,088 946,423 –212,334 547,918 769,615 –221,698 186,171 176,807 9,363 1986 ................................................................................. 769,215 990,460 –221,245 568,986 806,962 –237,976 200,228 183,498 16,731 1987 ................................................................................. 854,353 1,004,122 –149,769 640,951 810,290 –169,339 213,402 193,832 19,570 1988 ................................................................................. 909,303 1,064,489 –155,187 667,812 861,798 –193,986 241,491 202,691 38,800 1989 ................................................................................. 991,190 1,143,671 –152,481 727,525 932,760 –205,235 263,666 210,911 52,754 1990 ................................................................................. 1,031,969 1,253,163 –221,194 750,314 1,028,098 –277,784 281,656 225,065 56,590 1991 ................................................................................. 1,055,041 1,324,400 –269,359 761,157 1,082,713 –321,557 293,885 241,687 52,198 1992 ................................................................................. 1,091,279 1,381,681 –290,402 788,853 1,129,343 –340,489 302,426 252,339 50,087 1993 ................................................................................. 1,154,401 1,409,414 –255,013 842,467 1,142,827 –300,360 311,934 266,587 45,347 1994 ................................................................................. 1,258,627 1,461,731 –203,104 923,601 1,182,359 –258,758 335,026 279,372 55,654 1995 ................................................................................. 1,351,830 1,515,729 –163,899 1,000,751 1,227,065 –226,314 351,079 288,664 62,415 1996 ................................................................................. 1,453,062 1,560,512 –107,450 1,085,570 1,259,608 –174,038 367,492 300,904 66,588 1997 ................................................................................. 1,579,292 1,601,232 –21,940 1,187,302 1,290,606 –103,304 391,990 310,626 81,364 1998 ................................................................................. 1,721,798 1,652,552 69,246 1,305,999 1,335,948 –29,949 415,799 316,604 99,195 1999 estimate .................................................................. 1,806,334 1,727,071 79,263 1,362,298 1,404,015 –41,717 444,036 323,056 120,980 2000 estimate .................................................................. 1,882,992 1,765,687 117,305 1,417,678 1,429,830 –12,152 465,314 335,857 129,457 2001 estimate .................................................................. 1,933,316 1,799,216 134,100 1,450,680 1,450,483 197 482,636 348,733 133,903 2002 estimate .................................................................. 2,007,058 1,820,313 186,745 1,505,294 1,460,851 44,443 501,764 359,462 142,302 2003 estimate .................................................................. 2,075,022 1,892,980 182,042 1,552,798 1,521,421 31,377 522,224 371,559 150,665 2004 estimate .................................................................. 2,165,527 1,957,904 207,623 1,622,600 1,572,750 49,850 542,927 385,154 157,773 * $500 thousand or less. Note: Budget figures prior to 1933 are based on the ‘‘Administrative Budget’’ concepts rather than the ‘‘Unified Budget’’ concepts.21 THE BUDGET FOR FISCAL YEAR 2000, HISTORICAL TABLES Table 1.2—SUMMARY OF RECEIPTS, OUTLAYS, AND SURPLUSES OR DEFICITS(–) AS PERCENTAGES OF GDP: 1930–2004 Year GDP (in billiion of dollars) Total On-Budget Off-Budget Receipts Outlays Surplus or Deficit (–) Receipts Outlays Surplus or Deficit (–) Receipts Outlays Surplus or Deficit (–) 1930 .......................................................................................... 99.4 4.1 3.3 0.7 4.1 3.3 0.7 .............. .............. ................ 1931 .......................................................................................... 83.7 3.7 4.3 –0.6 3.7 4.3 –0.6 .............. .............. ................ 1932 .......................................................................................... 67.5 2.9 6.9 –4.1 2.9 6.9 –4.1 .............. .............. ................ 1933 .......................................................................................... 57.4 3.5 8.0 –4.5 3.5 8.0 –4.5 .............. .............. ................ 1934 .......................................................................................... 61.1 4.8 10.7 –5.9 4.8 10.7 –5.9 .............. .............. ................ 1935 .......................................................................................... 69.5 5.2 9.2 –4.0 5.2 9.2 –4.0 .............. .............. ................ 1936 .......................................................................................... 78.4 5.0 10.5 –5.5 5.0 10.5 –5.5 .............. .............. ................ 1937 .......................................................................................... 87.7 6.1 8.6 –2.5 5.8 8.6 –2.8 0.3 –* 0.3 1938 .......................................................................................... 88.8 7.6 7.7 –0.1 7.2 7.7 –0.5 0.4 –* 0.4 1939 .......................................................................................... 88.9 7.1 10.3 –3.2 6.5 10.3 –3.8 0.6 –* 0.6 1940 .......................................................................................... 96.5 6.8 9.8 –3.0 6.2 9.8 –3.6 0.6 –* 0.6 1941 .......................................................................................... 113.9 7.6 12.0 –4.3 7.0 12.0 –4.9 0.6 * 0.6 1942 .......................................................................................... 144.2 10.1 24.4 –14.2 9.5 24.3 –14.8 0.6 * 0.6 1943 .......................................................................................... 180.0 13.3 43.6 –30.3 12.7 43.6 –30.9 0.6 * 0.6 1944 .......................................................................................... 209.0 20.9 43.7 –22.8 20.3 43.6 –23.3 0.6 0.1 0.6 1945 .......................................................................................... 221.4 20.4 41.9 –21.5 19.8 41.8 –22.0 0.6 0.1 0.5 1946 .......................................................................................... 222.9 17.6 24.8 –7.1 17.1 24.7 –7.6 0.6 0.1 0.5 1947 .......................................................................................... 234.9 16.4 14.7 1.7 15.8 14.6 1.2 0.6 0.1 0.5 1948 .......................................................................................... 256.6 16.2 11.6 4.6 15.6 11.5 4.1 0.6 0.1 0.5 1949 .......................................................................................... 271.7 14.5 14.3 0.2 13.9 14.1 –0.3 0.6 0.2 0.5 1950 .......................................................................................... 273.6 14.4 15.6 –1.1 13.6 15.4 –1.7 0.8 0.2 0.6 1951 .......................................................................................... 321.3 16.1 14.2 1.9 15.1 13.8 1.3 1.0 0.4 0.6 1952 .......................................................................................... 348.9 19.0 19.4 –0.4 17.9 18.9 –1.0 1.0 0.5 0.5 1953 .......................................................................................... 373.1 18.7 20.4 –1.7 17.6 19.8 –2.2 1.1 0.6 0.5 1954 .......................................................................................... 378.0 18.4 18.7 –0.3 17.2 18.0 –0.7 1.2 0.8 0.4 1955 .......................................................................................... 395.3 16.6 17.3 –0.8 15.3 16.3 –1.0 1.3 1.0 0.3 1956 .......................................................................................... 427.6 17.4 16.5 0.9 15.9 15.4 0.6 1.5 1.2 0.3 1957 .......................................................................................... 450.5 17.8 17.0 0.8 16.2 15.7 0.6 1.5 1.3 0.2 1958 .......................................................................................... 460.6 17.3 17.9 –0.6 15.5 16.3 –0.7 1.7 1.6 0.1 1959 .......................................................................................... 491.8 16.1 18.7 –2.6 14.4 16.9 –2.5 1.7 1.8 –0.1 1960 .......................................................................................... 518.2 17.8 17.8 0.1 15.8 15.7 0.1 2.1 2.1 –* 1961 .......................................................................................... 530.9 17.8 18.4 –0.6 15.5 16.2 –0.7 2.3 2.2 0.1 1962 .......................................................................................... 567.5 17.6 18.8 –1.3 15.4 16.4 –1.0 2.2 2.4 –0.2 1963 .......................................................................................... 598.3 17.8 18.6 –0.8 15.4 16.1 –0.7 2.4 2.5 –0.1 1964 .......................................................................................... 640.0 17.6 18.5 –0.9 15.0 16.1 –1.0 2.6 2.5 0.1 1965 .......................................................................................... 686.7 17.0 17.2 –0.2 14.6 14.8 –0.2 2.4 2.4 * 1966 .......................................................................................... 752.8 17.4 17.9 –0.5 14.8 15.3 –0.4 2.5 2.6 –0.1 1967 .......................................................................................... 811.9 18.3 19.4 –1.1 15.3 16.9 –1.6 3.0 2.5 0.5 1968 .......................................................................................... 868.1 17.6 20.5 –2.9 14.8 17.9 –3.2 2.9 2.6 0.3 1969 .......................................................................................... 947.9 19.7 19.4 0.3 16.7 16.7 –0.1 3.1 2.7 0.4 1970 .......................................................................................... 1,009.0 19.1 19.4 –0.3 15.8 16.7 –0.9 3.3 2.7 0.6 1971 .......................................................................................... 1,077.7 17.4 19.5 –2.1 14.0 16.5 –2.4 3.3 3.0 0.3 1972 .......................................................................................... 1,176.9 17.6 19.6 –2.0 14.2 16.5 –2.2 3.4 3.1 0.3 1973 .......................................................................................... 1,306.8 17.7 18.8 –1.1 14.1 15.3 –1.2 3.5 3.5 * 1974 .......................................................................................... 1,438.1 18.3 18.7 –0.4 14.6 15.1 –0.6 3.7 3.6 0.1 1975 .......................................................................................... 1,554.5 18.0 21.4 –3.4 13.9 17.5 –3.6 4.0 3.9 0.1 1976 .......................................................................................... 1,730.4 17.2 21.5 –4.3 13.4 17.5 –4.1 3.8 4.0 –0.2 TQ ............................................................................................. 454.8 17.9 21.1 –3.2 13.9 16.8 –2.9 4.0 4.3 –0.3 1977 .......................................................................................... 1,971.4 18.0 20.8 –2.7 14.1 16.7 –2.5 3.9 4.1 –0.2 1978 .......................................................................................... 2,212.6 18.1 20.7 –2.7 14.2 16.7 –2.5 3.9 4.1 –0.2 1979 .......................................................................................... 2,495.9 18.6 20.2 –1.6 14.6 16.2 –1.6 3.9 4.0 –0.1 1980 .......................................................................................... 2,718.9 19.0 21.7 –2.7 14.9 17.5 –2.7 4.2 4.2 –* 1981 .......................................................................................... 3,049.1 19.7 22.2 –2.6 15.4 17.8 –2.4 4.3 4.4 –0.2 1982 .......................................................................................... 3,211.3 19.2 23.2 –4.0 14.8 18.5 –3.7 4.5 4.7 –0.2 1983 .......................................................................................... 3,421.9 17.6 23.6 –6.1 13.2 19.3 –6.1 4.3 4.3 * 1984 .......................................................................................... 3,812.0 17.5 22.3 –4.9 13.1 18.0 –4.9 4.4 4.3 * See footnote at end of table.22 THE BUDGET FOR FISCAL YEAR 2000, HISTORICAL TABLES Table 1.2—SUMMARY OF RECEIPTS, OUTLAYS, AND SURPLUSES OR DEFICITS(–) AS PERCENTAGES OF GDP: 1930–2004—Continued Year GDP (in billiion of dollars) Total On-Budget Off-Budget Receipts Outlays Surplus or Deficit (–) Receipts Outlays Surplus or Deficit (–) Receipts Outlays Surplus or Deficit (–) 1985 .......................................................................................... 4,102.1 17.9 23.1 –5.2 13.4 18.8 –5.4 4.5 4.3 0.2 1986 .......................................................................................... 4,374.3 17.6 22.6 –5.1 13.0 18.4 –5.4 4.6 4.2 0.4 1987 .......................................................................................... 4,605.1 18.6 21.8 –3.3 13.9 17.6 –3.7 4.6 4.2 0.4 1988 .......................................................................................... 4,953.5 18.4 21.5 –3.1 13.5 17.4 –3.9 4.9 4.1 0.8 1989 .......................................................................................... 5,351.8 18.5 21.4 –2.8 13.6 17.4 –3.8 4.9 3.9 1.0 1990 .......................................................................................... 5,684.5 18.2 22.0 –3.9 13.2 18.1 –4.9 5.0 4.0 1.0 1991 .......................................................................................... 5,858.8 18.0 22.6 –4.6 13.0 18.5 –5.5 5.0 4.1 0.9 1992 .......................................................................................... 6,143.2 17.8 22.5 –4.7 12.8 18.4 –5.5 4.9 4.1 0.8 1993 .......................................................................................... 6,475.1 17.8 21.8 –3.9 13.0 17.6 –4.6 4.8 4.1 0.7 1994 .......................................................................................... 6,845.7 18.4 21.4 –3.0 13.5 17.3 –3.8 4.9 4.1 0.8 1995 .......................................................................................... 7,197.7 18.8 21.1 –2.3 13.9 17.0 –3.1 4.9 4.0 0.9 1996 .......................................................................................... 7,549.2 19.2 20.7 –1.4 14.4 16.7 –2.3 4.9 4.0 0.9 1997 .......................................................................................... 7,996.5 19.7 20.0 –0.3 14.8 16.1 –1.3 4.9 3.9 1.0 1998 .......................................................................................... 8,404.5 20.5 19.7 0.8 15.5 15.9 –0.4 4.9 3.8 1.2 1999 estimate ........................................................................... 8,747.9 20.6 19.7 0.9 15.6 16.0 –0.5 5.1 3.7 1.4 2000 estimate ........................................................................... 9,105.8 20.7 19.4 1.3 15.6 15.7 –0.1 5.1 3.7 1.4 2001 estimate ........................................................................... 9,485.3 20.4 19.0 1.4 15.3 15.3 * 5.1 3.7 1.4 2002 estimate ........................................................................... 9,893.6 20.3 18.4 1.9 15.2 14.8 0.4 5.1 3.6 1.4 2003 estimate ........................................................................... 10,340.0 20.1 18.3 1.8 15.0 14.7 0.3 5.1 3.6 1.5 2004 estimate ........................................................................... 10,810.4 20.0 18.1 1.9 15.0 14.5 0.5 5.0 3.6 1.5 * 0.05 percent or less. Note: Budget figures prior to 1933 are based on the ‘‘Administrative Budget’’ concepts rather than the ‘‘Unified Budget’’ concepts.23 THE BUDGET FOR FISCAL YEAR 2000, HISTORICAL TABLES Table 1.3—SUMMARY OF RECEIPTS, OUTLAYS, AND SURPLUSES OR DEFICITS(–) IN CURRENT DOLLARS, CONSTANT (FY 1992) DOLLARS, AND AS PERCENTAGES OF GDP: 1940–2004 (dollar amounts in billions) Fiscal Year In Current Dollars In Constant (FY 1992 Dollars) Addendum: Composite Deflator As Percentages of GDP Receipts Outlays Surplus or Deficit (–) Receipts Outlays Surplus or Deficit (–) Receipts Outlays Surplus or Deficit (–) 1940 .................................... 6.5 9.5 –2.9 72.0 104.2 –32.1 0.0909 6.8 9.8 –3.0 1941 .................................... 8.7 13.7 –4.9 91.3 143.1 –51.8 0.0954 7.6 12.0 –4.3 1942 .................................... 14.6 35.1 –20.5 139.6 335.3 –195.6 0.1048 10.1 24.4 –14.2 1943 .................................... 24.0 78.6 –54.6 200.2 655.2 –455.0 0.1199 13.3 43.6 –30.3 1944 .................................... 43.7 91.3 –47.6 359.2 749.6 –390.5 0.1218 20.9 43.7 –22.8 1945 .................................... 45.2 92.7 –47.6 377.9 775.8 –397.9 0.1195 20.4 41.9 –21.5 1946 .................................... 39.3 55.2 –15.9 342.3 481.1 –138.8 0.1148 17.6 24.8 –7.1 1947 .................................... 38.5 34.5 4.0 297.2 266.2 31.0 0.1296 16.4 14.7 1.7 1948 .................................... 41.6 29.8 11.8 312.2 223.6 88.6 0.1331 16.2 11.6 4.6 1949 .................................... 39.4 38.8 0.6 293.3 289.0 4.3 0.1344 14.5 14.3 0.2 1950 .................................... 39.4 42.6 –3.1 278.9 301.0 –22.1 0.1414 14.4 15.6 –1.1 1951 .................................... 51.6 45.5 6.1 350.4 309.0 41.4 0.1473 16.1 14.2 1.9 1952 .................................... 66.2 67.7 –1.5 437.3 447.4 –10.0 0.1513 19.0 19.4 –0.4 1953 .................................... 69.6 76.1 –6.5 438.3 479.2 –40.9 0.1588 18.7 20.4 –1.7 1954 .................................... 69.7 70.9 –1.2 425.0 432.0 –7.0 0.1640 18.4 18.7 –0.3 1955 .................................... 65.5 68.4 –3.0 393.3 411.3 –18.0 0.1664 16.6 17.3 –0.8 1956 .................................... 74.6 70.6 3.9 426.5 403.9 22.6 0.1749 17.4 16.5 0.9 1957 .................................... 80.0 76.6 3.4 436.4 417.8 18.6 0.1833 17.8 17.0 0.8 1958 .................................... 79.6 82.4 –2.8 413.7 428.1 –14.4 0.1925 17.3 17.9 –0.6 1959 .................................... 79.2 92.1 –12.8 398.8 463.5 –64.7 0.1987 16.1 18.7 –2.6 1960 .................................... 92.5 92.2 0.3 463.9 462.3 1.5 0.1994 17.8 17.8 0.1 1961 .................................... 94.4 97.7 –3.3 461.3 477.6 –16.3 0.2046 17.8 18.4 –0.6 1962 .................................... 99.7 106.8 –7.1 479.9 514.3 –34.4 0.2077 17.6 18.8 –1.3 1963 .................................... 106.6 111.3 –4.8 494.7 516.8 –22.1 0.2154 17.8 18.6 –0.8 1964 .................................... 112.6 118.5 –5.9 513.7 540.7 –27.0 0.2192 17.6 18.5 –0.9 1965 .................................... 116.8 118.2 –1.4 525.3 531.6 –6.3 0.2224 17.0 17.2 –0.2 1966 .................................... 130.8 134.5 –3.7 570.6 586.7 –16.1 0.2293 17.4 17.9 –0.5 1967 .................................... 148.8 157.5 –8.6 629.3 665.8 –36.5 0.2365 18.3 19.4 –1.1 1968 .................................... 153.0 178.1 –25.2 620.3 722.4 –102.0 0.2466 17.6 20.5 –2.9 1969 .................................... 186.9 183.6 3.2 719.6 707.1 12.5 0.2597 19.7 19.4 0.3 1970 .................................... 192.8 195.6 –2.8 700.4 710.7 –10.3 0.2753 19.1 19.4 –0.3 1971 .................................... 187.1 210.2 –23.0 639.8 718.5 –78.7 0.2925 17.4 19.5 –2.1 1972 .................................... 207.3 230.7 –23.4 664.9 739.8 –75.0 0.3118 17.6 19.6 –2.0 1973 .................................... 230.8 245.7 –14.9 704.3 749.8 –45.5 0.3277 17.7 18.8 –1.1 1974 .................................... 263.2 269.4 –6.1 742.5 759.8 –17.3 0.3545 18.3 18.7 –0.4 1975 .................................... 279.1 332.3 –53.2 712.1 848.0 –135.9 0.3919 18.0 21.4 –3.4 1976 .................................... 298.1 371.8 –73.7 710.3 886.1 –175.7 0.4196 17.2 21.5 –4.3 TQ ....................................... 81.2 96.0 –14.7 187.2 221.1 –34.0 0.4340 17.9 21.1 –3.2 1977 .................................... 355.6 409.2 –53.7 783.3 901.6 –118.2 0.4539 18.0 20.8 –2.7 1978 .................................... 399.6 458.7 –59.2 823.0 944.9 –121.9 0.4855 18.1 20.7 –2.7 1979 .................................... 463.3 504.0 –40.7 880.0 957.3 –77.4 0.5265 18.6 20.2 –1.6 1980 .................................... 517.1 590.9 –73.8 889.0 1,015.9 –126.9 0.5817 19.0 21.7 –2.7 1981 .................................... 599.3 678.2 –79.0 933.3 1,056.3 –123.0 0.6421 19.7 22.2 –2.6 1982 .................................... 617.8 745.8 –128.0 899.6 1,086.0 –186.4 0.6867 19.2 23.2 –4.0 1983 .................................... 600.6 808.4 –207.8 834.3 1,123.1 –288.7 0.7198 17.6 23.6 –6.1 1984 .................................... 666.5 851.9 –185.4 883.3 1,129.1 –245.7 0.7545 17.5 22.3 –4.9 1985 .................................... 734.1 946.4 –212.3 937.4 1,208.6 –271.1 0.7831 17.9 23.1 –5.2 1986 .................................... 769.2 990.5 –221.2 955.4 1,230.2 –274.8 0.8051 17.6 22.6 –5.1 1987 .................................... 854.4 1,004.1 –149.8 1,032.7 1,213.7 –181.0 0.8273 18.6 21.8 –3.3 1988 .................................... 909.3 1,064.5 –155.2 1,064.1 1,245.7 –181.6 0.8545 18.4 21.5 –3.1 1989 .................................... 991.2 1,143.7 –152.5 1,113.6 1,284.9 –171.3 0.8901 18.5 21.4 –2.8 1990 .................................... 1,032.0 1,253.2 –221.2 1,114.7 1,353.6 –238.9 0.9258 18.2 22.0 –3.9 1991 .................................... 1,055.0 1,324.4 –269.4 1,088.2 1,366.1 –277.8 0.9695 18.0 22.6 –4.6 1992 .................................... 1,091.3 1,381.7 –290.4 1,091.3 1,381.7 –290.4 1.0000 17.8 22.5 –4.7 1993 .................................... 1,154.4 1,409.4 –255.0 1,126.0 1,374.8 –248.7 1.0252 17.8 21.8 –3.9 1994 .................................... 1,258.6 1,461.7 –203.1 1,199.3 1,392.8 –193.5 1.0495 18.4 21.4 –3.024 THE BUDGET FOR FISCAL YEAR 2000, HISTORICAL TABLES Table 1.3—SUMMARY OF RECEIPTS, OUTLAYS, AND SURPLUSES OR DEFICITS(–) IN CURRENT DOLLARS, CONSTANT (FY 1992) DOLLARS, AND AS PERCENTAGES OF GDP: 1940–2004—Continued (dollar amounts in billions) Fiscal Year In Current Dollars In Constant (FY 1992 Dollars) Addendum: Composite Deflator As Percentages of GDP Receipts Outlays Surplus or Deficit (–) Receipts Outlays Surplus or Deficit (–) Receipts Outlays Surplus or Deficit (–) 1995 .................................... 1,351.8 1,515.7 –163.9 1,257.8 1,410.2 –152.5 1.0748 18.8 21.1 –2.3 1996 .................................... 1,453.1 1,560.5 –107.4 1,321.9 1,419.7 –97.8 1.0992 19.2 20.7 –1.4 1997 .................................... 1,579.3 1,601.2 –21.9 1,409.5 1,429.0 –19.6 1.1205 19.7 20.0 –0.3 1998 .................................... 1,721.8 1,652.6 69.2 1,511.1 1,450.4 60.8 1.1394 20.5 19.7 0.8 1999 estimate ..................... 1,806.3 1,727.1 79.3 1,558.3 1,489.9 68.4 1.1592 20.6 19.7 0.9 2000 estimate ..................... 1,883.0 1,765.7 117.3 1,589.6 1,490.5 99.0 1.1846 20.7 19.4 1.3 2001 estimate ..................... 1,933.3 1,799.2 134.1 1,597.9 1,487.1 110.8 1.2099 20.4 19.0 1.4 2002 estimate ..................... 2,007.1 1,820.3 186.7 1,623.6 1,472.5 151.1 1.2362 20.3 18.4 1.9 2003 estimate ..................... 2,075.0 1,893.0 182.0 1,640.9 1,496.9 144.0 1.2646 20.1 18.3 1.8 2004 estimate ..................... 2,165.5 1,957.9 207.6 1,674.2 1,513.6 160.5 1.2935 20.0 18.1 1.925 THE BUDGET FOR FISCAL YEAR 2000, HISTORICAL TABLES Table 1.4—RECEIPTS, OUTLAYS, AND SURPLUSES OR DEFICITS(–) BY FUND GROUP: 1934–2004 (in millions of dollars) Fiscal Year Receipts Outlays Surplus or Deficit (–) Total Federal Funds Trust Funds Interfund Transacttion Total Federal Funds Trust Funds Interfund Transacttion Total Federal Funds Trust Funds 1934 ....................................................................... 2,955 2,926 72 –42 6,541 6,558 25 –42 –3,586 –3,633 47 1935 ....................................................................... 3,609 3,578 76 –45 6,412 6,427 30 –45 –2,803 –2,849 46 1936 ....................................................................... 3,923 3,871 168 –116 8,228 8,335 9 –116 –4,304 –4,464 159 1937 ....................................................................... 5,387 4,794 691 –99 7,580 7,620 58 –99 –2,193 –2,826 633 1938 ....................................................................... 6,751 5,477 1,474 –201 6,840 6,689 351 –201 –89 –1,212 1,124 1939 ....................................................................... 6,295 4,822 1,657 –184 9,141 8,718 607 –184 –2,846 –3,896 1,051 1940 ....................................................................... 6,548 4,929 1,845 –225 9,468 8,974 720 –225 –2,920 –4,045 1,125 1941 ....................................................................... 8,712 6,900 2,090 –277 13,653 13,260 671 –277 –4,941 –6,360 1,419 1942 ....................................................................... 14,634 12,336 2,613 –315 35,137 34,831 620 –315 –20,503 –22,496 1,992 1943 ....................................................................... 24,001 21,117 3,279 –395 78,555 78,765 185 –395 –54,554 –57,648 3,094 1944 ....................................................................... 43,747 40,466 3,896 –615 91,304 92,284 –365 –615 –47,557 –51,818 4,261 1945 ....................................................................... 45,159 41,875 5,045 –1,760 92,712 94,846 –374 –1,760 –47,553 –52,972 5,419 1946 ....................................................................... 39,296 36,357 5,144 –2,205 55,232 56,204 1,234 –2,205 –15,936 –19,847 3,910 1947 ....................................................................... 38,514 35,380 4,885 –1,751 34,496 34,803 1,444 –1,751 4,018 577 3,441 1948 ....................................................................... 41,560 37,822 4,894 –1,156 29,764 28,988 1,932 –1,156 11,796 8,834 2,962 1949 ....................................................................... 39,415 35,849 4,750 –1,184 38,835 37,686 2,333 –1,184 580 –1,838 2,417 1950 ....................................................................... 39,443 35,334 5,823 –1,715 42,562 38,389 5,888 –1,715 –3,119 –3,055 –65 1951 ....................................................................... 51,616 46,183 6,729 –1,296 45,514 43,732 3,078 –1,296 6,102 2,451 3,651 1952 ....................................................................... 66,167 59,989 7,744 –1,566 67,686 64,994 4,257 –1,566 –1,519 –5,005 3,486 1953 ....................................................................... 69,608 63,085 8,080 –1,557 76,101 73,006 4,652 –1,557 –6,493 –9,921 3,427 1954 ....................................................................... 69,701 62,774 8,297 –1,370 70,855 65,924 6,301 –1,370 –1,154 –3,151 1,997 1955 ....................................................