Education and Training in Nuclear Science and Technology

Education and Training in Nuclear Science and Technology IAEA Seminar, Ankara, 1-3 November 2001 Andrej Stritar “Jožef Stefan” Institute Nuclear Training Centre Ljubljana, Slovenia 1 Education and Training in Nuclear Science and Technology • This is very broad subject! • What should I be talking about? – – – – – – Need for the research and knowledge? Decrease of governmental support for nuclear? Negative public perception? Grey hear of us? No interest among young people? Safety concerns because of the loss of competence? Education and Training in Nuclear Science and Technology • Why could I speak about that? • I am • I am also – Head of the Nuclear Training Centre at – “Jožef Stefan” Institute in Ljubljana • …and I have substantial experience in cooperating with IAEA and other organizations – President of the Nuclear Society of Slovenia – President-elect of the European Nuclear Society Slovenia, the smallest nuclear country A H M aribor Klagenfurt Bled Kranj Celje I Nova G orica Ljubljana Novo M esto Postojna Trieste Koper Adriatic Sea Zagreb Ko evje HR How come we are Nuclear? • Used to be Yugoslavia • Nuclear program started in 1950 • Nuclear Institutes were formed in: – Belgrade – Zagreb – Ljubljana – “Jožef Stefan” Institute Jožef Stefan Institute • First it was only nuclear • In 1966 TRIGA reactor constructed • It is still operable Jožef Stefan Institute • In mid sixties need for nuclear has changed • End of financing by federal government • Restructuring was a must! • NEW RESEARCH FIELDS WERE INTRODUCED Jožef Stefan Institute today Director Physics Theoretical Physics Low and Intermediate Physics Electronics and IT Automation, Biocybernetics and Robotics Computer Automation and Control Chemistry and Biochemistry Physical and Organic Chemistry Inorganic Chemistry and Technology Reactor Techniques and Energy Reactor Engineering TRIGA Thin Films and Surfaces Solid State Physics Reactor Physics Experimental Particle Physics Open Systems and Networks Computer Systems Digital Communications and Networks Intelligent Systems Ceramics Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Environmental Sciences Nuclear Training Centre Energy Efficiency Centre About 740 employees, out of that 300 PhDs Jožef Stefan Institute today Director Physics Theoretical Physics Low and Intermediate Physics Thin Films and Surfaces Solid State Physics Electronics and IT Automation, Biocybernetics and Robotics Computer Automation and Control Open Systems and Networks Computer Systems Chemistry and Biochemistry Physical and Organic Chemistry Inorganic Chemistry and Technology Ceramics Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Reactor Techniques and Energy Reactor Engineering TRIGA Nuclear Training Centre Energy Efficiency Centre Reactor Physics Experimental Particle Physics Digital Communications and Networks Intelligent Systems Environmental Sciences About 100 in nuclear Jožef Stefan Institute financing • Institute – ~80% from research projects • Nuclear part – ~50% from research projects • Nuclear Training Centre – 0% from the state budget Why do we need nuclear research? • • • • NPP Krško Medicine applications Industrial applications Support to regulatory bodies NPP Krško • Westinghouse PWR • Two loop • 656 MWe • Commercial operation 1983 NPP Krško role in Slovenian electricity supply Power 2395 MW Hydro 31% Energy 11475 GWh Hydro 28% Fossil 34% NPP 26% Fossil 43% NPP 38% Nuclear Education and Training • Slovenia never had undergraduate nuclear education • 2 Graduate Schools • 4-6 Ms.C. per year • Training for NPP Krško well developed What is the difference between education and training? You probably don’t react if your child comes from school and says: “We had education about sex today.” You react differently if he says: “We had training in sex today!” High School or College Graduate 1-2 weeks Refresher Course 3 days Radiological Protection 5 years State Exam 3 days Radiological Protection 5 years State Exam Theoretical Training 4,5 months State Exam in RP Weekly Exams Work as Reactor Operator 1 year 7 day Simulator Refresher 7 day Simulator Refresher 1 year Simulator Exam 7 day Simulator Refresher 1 year Simulator Exam Dubbing in the MCR (2-3 months) Simulator Exam Work as Reactor Operator Work as Senior Reactor Operator Reactor Operator State Exam Internal Exam At least 1 month selftraining Reactor Operator State Exam At least 1 month selftraining 1-2 weeks Refresher Course 1-2 weeks Refresher Course Senior Reactor Operator State Exam 1-4 years At least 1 month selftraining 1-4 years Other duties Training about NPP Systems 4,5 months 2 weeks Refresher Course On-the job Training and Selfstudy(6 months to 1 year) Work as Senior Reactor Operator (1 year) Weekly Exams Selection of MCR Personnel Internal Exam 16 weeks of Simulator Training Internal Simulator Exam Control Room Operator Training in Slovenia Complete System Senior Reactor Operator State Exam Nuclear Training Centre Areas of activity • Training for Krško NPP • Radiological protection training • International courses • Public information Staff and organization Only 12 people 7 professionals No financing from the government NPP finances just about 2/3 of activities • We were forced to find new sources. • • • • Radiological protection • Commercial: – About 3000 people in Slovenia must be licensed – We are authorized to provide training Public Information • • • • • Central visitors centre Well recognized NPP approved additional funding Funding also by the Radwaste Agency About 7500 visitors per year International Training Courses Vision of our Nuclear Training Centre: To be internationally recognized as a good source of knowledge in the nuclear area IAEA - Outsourcing • Long History of IAEA events in Ljubljana (more than 70) • Outsourcing – a method of sharing the implementation burden for IAEA activities: – Most of organizational work is done by us. Outsourcing – why do it? • Challenge • Logical way towards the independent competence of our NTC • We wish to become internationally recognized • At some point we wish to become independent from IAEA Outsourcing - problems • • • • • • Finances Taxes Visas Transportation Hotels Insurance Outsourcing – crucial things • Internal implementation procedures • Three implementing crews available – (workshop coordinator, workshop administrator) • Strong cooperation with authorities • QA/QC procedures • Computerized support Outsourcing - results • Improved capabilities of NTC • Beneficial for everybody involved – Labor cost in Slovenia is lower than at IAEA – IAEA has more time and funds for other things Outsourcing – friendly advice • • • • It is not easy… …but it is fun! Do it, if you find it challenging Don't do it, if you hate organizational work… Outsourcing – friendly advice …because at some point you will be asking yourself why you have studied engineering, when you have to deal with bureaucrats most of your time! Why we have problems with the sustainability of nuclear research? • • • • No major developments in research Most of nuclear activities are routine Other, more challenging technologies No nuclear power expansion • NEGATIVE PUBLIC PERCEPTION! Isn’t negative perception also our fault? • We are not aware of our performance! • We most of the time just complain over bad destiny. • But facts are on our side! History of Primary Energy World primary energy consumption growth 1990-2000 130% 125% compared to 1990 120% 115% 110% 105% 100% 95% 90% 1990 1991 1992 Coal 1993 1994 Oil 1995 1996 Gas 1997 Total 1998 1999 2000 Nuclear Hydro History of Primary Energy World primary energy consumption growth 1990-2000 130% 125% compared to 1990 120% 115% 110% 105% 100% 95% 90% 1990 1991 1992 Coal 1993 1994 Oil 1995 1996 Gas 1997 Total 1998 1999 2000 Nuclear Hydro Future of Nuclear Power World NPP power - future 400 375 TW 350 325 300 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 Turkey: Change in primary energy sources and carbon releases 160% 150% 140% 140% 120% 130% 100% 120% 80% 110% 60% 100% 40% 20% 90% 0% 80% 1990 1991 1992 Coal 1993 O il 1994 Gas 1995 Hydro 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Ceq release BSEC: Change in primary energy sources and carbon releases 120% 140% 100% 120% 100% 80% 80% 60% 60% 40% 40% 20% 20% 0% 0% 1990 1991 Coal 1992 O il 1993 Gas 1994 Hydro 1995 1996 1997 Nuclear 1998 1999 2000 Ceq release Germany: Change in fossile fuels use, carbon releases and nuclear energy use 30000% 115% 110% 25000% 105% 20000% 100% 15000% 95% 10000% 90% 5000% 85% 0% 80% 1990 1991 1992 Coal 1993 O il 1994 Gas 1995 Ceq release 1996 1997 Nuclear 1998 1999 2000 World: Change in fossile fuels use, carbon releases and nuclear energy use 900000% 130% 800000% 700000% 125% 120% 600000% 500000% 115% 400000% 300000% 110% 105% 200000% 100000% 100% 0% 95% 1990 1991 Coal 1992 O il 1993 1994 Gas 1995 1996 1997 Nuclear 1998 1999 2000 Ceq release Silver lining! • Energy program of president Bush. • Import of waste to Russia! • Finland – (waste repository, fifth unit) • UK • PBMR • Generation IV For the end • So, what to do with sustainability, education and training in nuclear? • Stress the benefits an facts to public! • Find challenging and commercial applications • Think and act globally.