International Collaborations in Science and Technology Imperatives for 21st Century Foreign Policy
Andrew Reynolds Deputy S&T Adviser to the Secretary of State Fusion Power Associates Annual Meeting September 28, 2006
Role of S&T in Global Affairs
Global Leadership in S&T is transitory
Science and Technology Adviser to the Secretary
In the 19th century, and at the outset of the 20th century, the dominant global S&T power was Europe. Since the middle of the 20th century, the dominant global S&T power has been the United States.
In the 21st century, a new internationally collaborative reality is emerging since:
1. the scientific challenges are themselves more complex in nature and global in impact 2. scientific research itself is increasingly international 3. technology is developed within a global framework
Role of S&T in Global Affairs
Observations
Science and Technology Adviser to the Secretary
• S&T advances have enormous, immediate influence on global and national economies, and on international relations. • Nations are largely shaped by their expertise in and access to S&T. • Major S&T advances of our time not only offer remarkable new opportunities, but often challenge our social institutions and ethical principles. • In an increasingly global world, accurate scientific information must inform foreign policy and foreign policy must promote justified scientific goals.
National Security and S&T Policy
National Intelligence Council – 2000, 2002
“Global Trends 2015” & “Mapping the Global Future 2020”
S&T, and particularly information technology, biotechnology, materials sciences, and nanotechnology will independently and together be key drivers of globalization R&D in these fields will impact both “hard power” issues – defense, arms control, non-proliferation – as well as “soft power” issues climate change, infectious,chronic diseases, energy supply and demand, and sustainable development
National Research Council – 1999
13/16 strategic objectives in U.S. foreign policy are underpinned and driven by S&T and health issues and assets
13/16 of the 1999 International Affairs Strategic Goals for the Department of State Involve Science, Technology or Health
Outlined in
The Pervasive Role of Science, Technology, and Health In Foreign Policy: Imperatives for the Department of State
Compiled by the National Research Council and Published by National Academy Press in 1999
SOURCE: “United States Strategic Plan for International Affairs, First Revisions, “ released by the Office of Resources, Plans, and Policy, U.S. Department of State, Washington, D.C., February 1999. See http://www.state.gov/www/global/general_foreign_policy/99_stratplan_toc.html.
Science and Technology Adviser to the Secretary (STAS)
Science and Technology Adviser to the Secretary
The position of Science and Technology Adviser to the Secretary of State (STAS) was created in 2000 to strengthen the role of science and technology (S&T) within the foreign policy community both in the Department of State (DoS) in its embassies and
missions. The STAS is a “principal interlocutor” for S&T in the DoS. The appointment of a STAS in the DoS was recommended by the National Academies and the National Research Council.
Integrating Foreign Policy and Science
STAS Core Objectives
1. Enhancing the S&T literacy and capacity of the DoS: increasing the number of scientists in the DoS and the exposure of non-scientist DoS personnel to S&T issues
Science and Technology Adviser to the Secretary
2. Building partnerships with the outside S&T community: throughout the USG, with partners abroad, and in foreign embassies in the US 3. Providing accurate S&T advice to the DoS: the Secretary of State, other senior DoS officials, and embassies on emerging and “at the horizon” S&T 4. Developing initiatives to enhance a “forward looking” international leadership by DoS on S&T issues
National Security and S&T Policy
Science and Technology Adviser to the Secretary
Three Pillars of U.S. National Security: • Intelligence • Diplomacy • War fighting S&T are the bricks and mortar
Importance of S&T in U.S. Policy
Science and Technology Adviser to the Secretary
“In the 21st century, American foreign policy must have a sound scientific foundation. And we must build on that foundation to stem the spread of infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDs, to stop proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, to lift people out of poverty, and lead states onto the path of sustainable development. Now more than ever, American science must enlighten American statecraft. But the partnership between science and statesmanship is a two-way street. American diplomacy must also help advance world science.” Secretary Powell – May 2004
S&T in 21st Century U.S. Foreign Policy
Science and Technology Adviser to the Secretary
“I think science, as a diplomatic tool, is great…openness in
recognizing that there are no boundaries and therefore keeping ourselves open to other people, making sure that we are at the center of scientific discourse ….”
Secretary Rice – January 2005
“Today, dynamic advancements in science and technology are
transforming the world — making it possible for more and more people to compete equally across all fields of human endeavor. America must remain at the forefront of this new world.” Secretary Rice – May 2005
National Science and Technology Council
Committee on Environment & Natural Resources
Sharon Hays, EOP Conrad Lautenbacher, Commerce George Gray, EPA Global Change Research (SC) Air Quality Research (SC) Disaster Reduction (SC) Ecosystems (SC) Toxics and Risks (SC) Water Availability and Quality, (SC) US Group on Earth Observations (SC) Dioxon (IWG)
Committee on Science
Sharon Hays, EOP Arden Bement, NSF Elias Zerhouni, NIH Research Business Models (SC) Education and Workforce Dev. (SC) Aquaculture (SC) Human Subjects Research (SC) Physics of the Universe (IWG) Domestic Animal Genomics (IWG) Prion Science (IWG) Trans-border Samples (IWG) Scientific Collections (IWG) Multinational Organizations (IWG) R&D Investment Criteria (IWG) Plant Genome (IWG) Social, Behavioral, Economic (SC)
Committee on Technology
Richard Russell, EOP William Jeffrey, Commerce
Committee on Homeland and National Security
Sharon Hays, EOP Ken Kreig, DoD TBD, DHS
National Security R&D (SC) International (SC)
Networking and Information Technology (NITRD) (SC)
Nanoscale Science, Engineering And Technology (NSET) (SC)
WMD Medical Countermeasure
(SC)
Manufacturing R&D (IWG) Aeronautics S&T (SC) Biometrics (SC) Infrastructure (SC) Export Controls for S&T (TG) Biotechnology (SC)
Decontamination Standards And Technologies (SC)
Foreign Animal Disease Threat (S
Standards (SC)
Oceans Science and Technology (SC)
U.S. Department of State and U.S. Agency for International Development STRATEGIC PLAN Fiscal Years 2004 –2009
Foreign Assistance Framework for Transformational Diplomacy
10
15
20
0
5
AAAS Diplomacy Fellows at the Department of State 19802004
New Renewal
19 80 19 81 19 82 19 83 19 84 19 85 19 86 19 87 19 88 19 89 19 90 19 91 19 92 19 93 19 94 19 95 19 96 19 97 19 98 19 99 20 00 20 01 20 02 20 03 20 04
S&T Expertise in the U.S. Policy Community
JEFFERSON SCIENCE FELLOWS (JSF)
Science and Technology Adviser to the Secretary
Tenured U.S. academic faculty in the Dept. of State for 1 year of service followed by 5 years of consultancy • Engaging the U.S. S&T academics in the formulation and implementation of U.S. foreign policy • U.S. universities participate by paying the salaries and benefits for their faculty selected to be JSFs. • A public-private partnership between the MacArthur Foundation, Carnegie Corp., U.S. universities and professional scientific societies with the DoS.
S&T: “Soft Power” in 21st Century Diplomacy
Science and Technology Adviser to the Secretary
Data from Pew Global Attitudes Project: What the World Thinks in 2002 – from Nye, J. 2004
Region Europe S.E. Asia
Admire U.S. for S&T Advances (%) ~67 ~82
Good that American Ideas/Customs Spread (%) ~33
~33
Africa
Americas Islamic World*
~85
~76 ~70
~42
~36 ~14
* Seven countries with majority Muslim populations
STAS - Catalyst for New Programs and Activities
Science and Technology Adviser to the Secretary
Iraqi Virtual Science Library (IVSL) Science and Engineering Initiative at UNESCO U.S. – Islamic World Forum-S&T (Qatar) Safe and Secure Society Initiative (Japan) ITER Negotiations (with DoE) Visa Policy for S&T Reform Recruitment of New STE Personnel and ESTH training at State Foreign Service Institute
LONG TERM POLICY
PERSPECTIVES ON THE FUTURE OF S&T
Science and Technology Adviser to the Secretary
Objective: to accurately inform U.S. and EU officials of emerging and “at-the-horizon” S&T advances in a “notfor-attribution” environment
• A new generation of conferences for US and EU scientific and policy leaders to exchange of scientific understanding • S&T topics reasonably anticipated to have major societal, economic, and political impact within 5-10 yrs
• Identify and characterize significant S&T advances to promote more anticipatory, proactive policy formulation, and to reduce “reactive” policy action
Global Dialogues on Emerging Science and Technology (GDEST)
Science and Technology Adviser to the Secretary
Topics are selected in recognition of existing and/or emerging strength of the S&T in the host country
Japan February 2005 Sensors, Nanomaterials and Nano-structures
Europe December 2005 Quantum Computing and Coherence
China
March 2006
Biometrics &
Brazil November 2006
Bioinfomatics
Genomics New GDEST conferences S&T topics and host countries TBD
India October 2006 Agricultural Biotechnology
Top Technology Applications Based on Nano, Bio, and Info Research Synergies*
Energy: Cheap Solar Energy; Hybrid Vehicles
Science and Technology Adviser to the Secretary
ITC: Rural Wireless Communications; Communication Devices for Ubiquitous Information Access; Ubiquitous RF Identification Tagging of Products and Individuals; Wearable Computers; Quantum Cryptography; Pervasive Sensors Manufacturing: Filters and Catalysts; Cheap Autonomous Housing; Green Manufacturing Food and Health: Next Generation GM Crops; Rapid Bioassays; Targeted Drug Delivery; Tissue Engineering; Improved Diagnostic and Surgical Methods ----------------------------------* “The Global Technology Revolution – 2020”, RAND National Security Research Division, 2006
New STAS Activities
Science and Technology Adviser to the Secretary
Global Science Partnerships for the 21st Century
New strategic approach to student and university exchanges
National R&D Strategy for Regional Stability
Supporting stability operations and/or reconstruction in pre- and postconflict areas
“Project Horizon” – 2025 Strategic Interagency Capabilities Requirements
Including a Science and Technology Incentive Framework to better align our S&T investments with emerging, long-term global priorities
National Security and S&T Policy
“Intellectual Security” and Competitiveness
U.S. Commission on National Security 21st Century
“Americans are living off the economic and security benefits of the last three generations’ investment in science and education, but we are now consuming capital. Our systems of basic scientific research and education are in serious crisis, while other countries are redoubling their efforts. In the next quarter century, we will likely see ourselves surpassed, and in relative decline, unless we make a conscious national commitment to maintain our edge.” (Executive Summary, p. ix)
“Road Map for National Security: Imperative for Change, Phase III” Hart-Rudman Report – 1998
The Asian Century Begins?
STAS WEBSITE
Science and Technology Adviser to the Secretary
www.state.gov/g/stas