Japan’s Science and Technology Budget for FY2008
By Ichiko Fuyuno Senior Science and Innovation Officer The British Embassy, Tokyo Tel: 81-3-5211-1325 Fax: 81-3-3230-4800 Email: ichiko.fuyuno@fco.gov.uk February 2008
INDEX
Japan's Science and Technology Budget for FY2008 1. OVERVIEW ............................................................................................................................3 1.1. S&T in Japan’s Overall Budget for FY08 ..........................................................................3 1. 2. S&T Budget .....................................................................................................................3 2. PROJECT RATING BY CSTP.................................................................................................6 3. MAJOR PROJECTS BY MINISTRIES ....................................................................................7 3.1. Cross-ministries ...............................................................................................................7 3.2. MEXT .......................................................................................................................8 3.3. METI ......................................................................................................................... 11 3.4 MHLW .....................................................................................................................12 3.5 MAFF .........................................................................................................................12 3.6 MOE .......................................................................................................................13 Appendix 1: Budgets for key research institutions (preliminary) ...............................................14
The currency rate was used at £1 = 230 yen
The information in this document is believed correct at the time of distribution. However, HM Government accepts no liability for any loss or damage incurred as a result of any inaccuracies, however caused. All reports by S&I Section in the British Embassy Tokyo can be found at http://www.uknow.or.jp/be_e/science/reports/index.htm
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1. OVERVIEW 1.1. S&T in Japan’s Overall Budget for FY08 The year 2008 marked a good start for Japanese science and technology (S&T). In late December 2007, the Ministry of Finance approved 3,570 billion yen (£15.5 billion) for the S&T budget for the year starting April 2008, up 1.7% from fiscal 2007 and the first increase in four years. That rise is significant because it confirms that the government continues to consider S&T as a key engine of the sustainable growth despite its tightening of overall spending. Over the past few years major Japanese companies reported robust business results, but the Japanese economy (the world’s second largest) is slowing its pace of growth. A rapidly ageing society and the shrinking population are casting a shadow over the future of Japan, leading the government to launch in 2006 a renewed effort to control its ways of spending more rigorously than ever. Public works and financial aid to developing countries are the focus of government cuts. The government is also working hard to secure enough revenues to cover swelling social welfare expenses by shifting its reliance from government bond issuance to tax revenues. Still, the government has continued to increase S&T funding (Fig.1).
Figure 1: Major areas of spending for fiscal 2008 (source: MOF)
4 year-on-year % change 2 0 -2 -4 -6 -8 total spending social welfare education S&T defense public works ODA SME special pension related
1. 2. S&T Budget In Japan, the Ministry of Finance (MOF) decides an initial annual budget in December, and issues the funding at the beginning of a fiscal year starting April. After that, in response to ministries’ request, MOF provides supplementary budgets towards the end of each fiscal year. The budget trend is based on the initial budget. Between 2004 and 2007, the initially S&T budget continued to fall every year - albeit slightly. But importantly, the government kept increasing “Expenditure for Promoting Science and Technology,” Japan’s core research funding that includes competitive grants and subsidies to public research institutes, in order to strengthen Japan’s S&T global competitiveness. The expenditure, about a third of the total S&T spending, will grow 1.1% to 1,363 billion yen (£5.9 billion) in FY08. The rest of the S&T budget will be spent primarily on university infrastructure and energy measures.
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On the whole, the government is reducing subsidies for universities and research institutes while encouraging them to obtain more competitive funds. For example, subsidies for private universities will fall 1.6% from FY07 to 159.5 billion yen (£693 mn) in FY08, but the budget for Grant-in-aid Scientific Research, Japan’s biggest budget given by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), will increase 1% to 193.2 bn yen (£840 mn) (Fig.2, 3 & 4). This reflects Japan’s policy to increase the proportion of competitive funding for researchers. During the 2006-2010 period, the government aims to invest a total of 25 trillion yen (£108.6 billion) in S&T under its third five-year Science and Technology Basic Plan, up from 21 trillion yen (£91.3 billion) for the 2001-2005 period. The 2008 S&T budget accounts for 7.55% of the government’s total expenditure of 47.84 trillion yen (£208 billion). The investment is focused on eight priority areas: Life sciences, ICT, environmental sciences and nanotechnology & materials are the four top priority areas, while energy, manufacturing, infrastructure and frontier (space & marine) are positioned as the secondary priorities 1 . For the five years through 2010, the government has identified several key large-scale national projects, including space, marine technologies and supercomputing to buoy Japan’s national competitiveness. The funding for strategically prioritised S&T will increase 14.1% from FY07 to 442 billion yen (£1.9 billion). An additional trend is an increased focus on technology transfer and support for young scientists (see 3.1.).
Figure 2: S&T budget trend (source: Cabinet Office)
S&T budget trend 5 4 trillion yen 3 2 1 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Lodal government budget Supplemental Budget Initial Budget excluding Spending for S&T Promotion Spending for S&T Promotion
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The proportion of the budget allocated for each of the eight areas will be reported in the spring.
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Figure 3. S&I Budget Breakdown by Ministries (source: MEXT)
Name Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science Technology (MEXT) Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) Ministry of Defense (MOD) Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW) Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (MLIT) Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC) Cabinet Secretariat Ministry of Environment (MOE) Cabinet Office Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA) Ministry of Justice (MOJ) The National Police Agency Ministry of Finance (MOF) Diet Total and FY08 2,318.2 bn (£10.08 bn) 512.7 bn yen (£2.23 bn) 184.1 bn yen (£800 mn) 136.4 bn yen (£593 mn) 131.6 bn yen (£572 mn) 78.6 bn yen (£341.7 mn) 70.8 bn yen (£307 mn) 63.8 bn yen (£277.4 mn) 33.1 bn yen (£143.9 mn) 18.1 bn yen (£78.7 mn) 11.9 bn yen (£51.7 mn) 6.3 bn yen (£27.4 mn) 2.4 bn yen (£10.4 mn) 1.5 bn yen (£6.5 mn) 1.2 bn yen (£5.2 mn ) 3,570.8 bn (£15.52 bn) yen FY07 2,312.1 bn (£10.05 bn) 503.3 bn (£2.18 bn) 157.3 bn (£683 mn) 131.5 bn (£571 mn) 129.0 bn (£560 mn) 78.5 bn (£341.3 mn) 73.1 bn (£317.8 mn) 60.3 bn (£262 mn) 31.4 bn (£136.5 mn) 16.2 bn (£70.4 mn) 11.5 bn yen (£50 mn) 2.0 bn yen (£8.6 mn) 2.2 bn yen (£9.5 mn) 1.5 bn yen (£6.5 mn) 1.1 bn yen (£4.7 mn) 3,511.3 bn (£15.26 bn) yen yen yen yen yen yen yen yen yen yen % Change +0.3% +1.9% +17.0% +3.7% +2.0% 0.0% -3.1% +5.7% +5.2% +11.8% +3.6% +214.7% -13.1% 0.0% +3.6% yen +1.7%
yen
Figure 4. S&I Budget proportion by government offices (source: CSTP)
T o t al: 3 ,5 7 0 . 8 bn ye n / £1 5 . 5 2 bn MIC 2% Cabinet Secretariat 2% MOE 1% Others 1% MEXT 65%
MLIT 2% MAFF 4% MHLW 4% MOD 5% METI 14%
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2. PROJECT RATING BY CSTP The Council for Science and Technology Policy (CSTP), an S&T policy advisory under the Cabinet Office, plays an important role in scrutinising S&T budget proposals of individual ministries. Each year, CSTP rates key individual projects by S (excellent), A (very good), B (good) and C (to be reviewed) as a reference for the MOF to decide budget allocations. For FY 2008, a total of new 92 projects were reviewed: 6 projects are rated S, 33 rated A, 43 rated B and 10 rated C (Fig. 5). The MOF allocated more money than requested to those projects rated S and A. The cumulative budgets for six S-rated projects are 19% of the total of 92 projects (Fig. 6). Notably, projects rated C did not get any allocation 2 .
Figure 5. Six new projects rated S (source: MEXT, CSTP)
1 2 3 4 5 6 Project name R&D for next-generation core network technologies S&T cooperation to tackle with global issues, S&I cooperation with developing countries Neuroscience research strategy promotion programme Development of next-generation light-water reactor and related technologies Genome project for new agriculture Green sustainable chemical process FY08 budget 2.1 bn yen (£9.1 mn) 2.08 bn yen (£9.04 mn) in total 1.7 bn yen (£7.4 mn) 1.3 bn yen (£5.6 mn) 1.1 bn yen (£4.7 mn) 600 mn yen (£2.6 mn) Ministry MIC MOFA/ MEXT MEXT METI MAFF METI
Figure 6: CSTP’s ratings of projects and its results for FY08 (source: CSTP)
reques t by m inis tries (102.5 bn y en/ £ 445 m n)
10%
43%
42%
5% S A B C
a ctua l budg et (57.2 bn y en/ £ 248.6 m n)
19%
53%
28%
0%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
2 For the translation of the full list of review results and budget of each of the 92 projects and continuing projects, please refer to a report by the US National Science Foundation http://www.nsftokyo.org/rm08-01.pdf
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3. MAJOR PROJECTS BY MINISTRIES The lists below represents major projects/programmes which Japan is planning to implement for FY08. The order of the lists and comments are made by the Embassy. (source: CSTP, ministries)
3.1. Cross-ministries Some important projects are categorised under bigger, cross-ministry themes, but funding isn’t combined beyond ministries. The flagship initiatives for FY08 will be science diplomacy and research into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells (see below). Also, the government identified six cross-ministry themes designated to accelerate the return of research results for the society, involving various government offices. Funding for the development of safer, more efficient road transportation system using communications system surged drastically: In FY07, investment was focused on advanced safety vehicles (MLIT), but in FY08 several new projects by different ministries are set to start, including demonstration of next-generation driving safety support systems.
Major new projects Science and technology diplomacy
FY08 budget 6.4 bn yen (£27.8 mn)
FY07 budget N/A
% change
Comment A new effort to increase Japan’s visibility in global S&T. Its importance was stressed in “Innovation 25”, a forward-look S&T policy roadmap to 2025 released in May 2007. It includes the S-rated project stated in Figure 4. A major part of this is aimed at building S&T capacity and health programmes in developing countries, jointly with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. It avoids the cap placed in the aid budget. The flagship of life science programmes next year will be the research into “induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells”, announced by Kyoto University biologist Shinya Yamanaka in November 2007. Ministries separately plan to put at least 3.3 billion yen (£14 million) to support the research, among which MEXT aims to provide the majority 2.2 billion yen (£9.5 million).
IPS (induced pluripotent stem) cell research
At least 3.3 bn yen in total (£14.3 mn) - MEXT: 2.2 bn yen (£9.5 mn) - MHLW: 1 bn yen (£4.3 mn)
N/A
Cross-ministry themes designated to accelerate the return for the society Realisation of medicinal treatment to regenerate lost
FY08 budget 4.55 bn yen (£19.8 mn)
FY07 budget Part of 3.45 bn
% Change
Comment
+31.8% or more
Including stem cell and iPS cell research (MEXT), food/drug risk
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human body functions Communication system to provide the public disaster information promptly 4.1 bn yen (£17.8 mn)
yen (£15 mn) 2.8 bn yen (£12.3 mn)
+43%
Development of safer, more efficient road transportation system using communications system Advanced home medicine and nursing at home Comprehensive use of biomass resources
1.5 bn yen (£6.7 mn)
93 mn yen (£404,000)
+1550%
972 mn yen (£4.2 mn) 4.4 bn yen (£19.1 mn)
1.06 bn yen (£4.6 mn) Part of 2.4 bn yen (£10.5 mn)
-8.8%
+81% or more
Voice translation communication
1.0 bn yen (£4.3 mn)
240 mn yen (£1.04 mn)
+310%
analysis (MHLW), translational medicine (METI) Including earthquake/tsunami observation system and disaster-risk information platform (MEXT), flood prediction system (MLIT) Including development, commercialisation and promotion of safe and efficient ITS (MLIT) Including project to develop strategic advanced robotic element technologies (METI) Including projects to activate regional economies using biomass technologies (MAFF), technologies against global warming (MOE), resources/energy recycling (MLIT) Including new initiative to research and develop automatic voice translation technologies (MIC)
3.2. MEXT 2,318.2 bn yen (£10.08 bn), up 0.3% from FY07 MEXT provides the majority of the public S&I funding – 65% of the total. This year highlights continued efforts to enhance Japan’s scientific quality. Grant-in-aid Scientific Research, Japan’s biggest competitive grant, shows a continued upward trend, while increased funding is set for selected universities under the programmes called the Global Centre of Excellence (COE) and the World Premier International. National mission-oriented projects, such as space, X-ray free electron lasers, fast breeder reactors and next-generation supercomputers have been underway since 2006. These projects were identified as investment priorities under the third Science and Technology Basic Plan, a five-year roadmap of S&T policies, for the 2006-2010 period. In life sciences research, the major projects will be those related to the induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells developed from human cells (see the box below). MEXT will also promote neuroscience, genome network projects and protein research. Equally important areas are translational medicines and measures against infectious diseases and cancer.
Major projects/programmes (general) Grant-in-aid Scientific Research (kakenhi in Japanese) Subsidies for private universities University infrastructure FY08 193.2 bn yen (£840 mn) 159.5 bn yen (£693 mn) 41.2 bn yen FY07 191.3 bn yen (£831 mn) 162.2 bn yen (£705 mn) 41 bn yen % change +1.0% Comment Japan’s biggest source of competitive grants distributed by JSPS. Continued upward trend. Continued downward trend
-1.6% +0.6%
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Coordination expense to promote S&T Global COE (Centre of Excellence) programme
(£179 mn) 33.8 bn yen (146.9 mn) 34 bn yen (£147.8 mn)
(£178 mn) 36.8 bn yen (£160 mn) 15.8 bn yen (£68.6 mn)
-8.1% +115%
“World Premier International” research centre programme S&I cooperation with developing countries Strategy to promote alliance between industry, academics and the government Investment in young researchers (part of Grand-in-aid Scientific Research) Programme to support reform of graduate school education Creation of intellectual clusters (second phase)
71 bn yen (£30.9 mn) 700 mn yen (£3.04 mn) 4.8 bn yen (£21 mn) 29.4 bn yen (£127.8 mn)
35 bn yen (£15.2) N/A N/A
+103% N/A N/A
Includes training for young innovative human resources In FY07 MEXT started the Global COE programme as a successor st of “the 21 Century COE programme,” which aimed at fostering university competitiveness by focusing funding on their strong research. The main difference from the past programme is that the number of projects was reduced roughly by half but each is now funded twice as much. A programme to create the world’s top-class universities. Part of new “science diplomacy” initiative (see Fig. 5). (rated S) New initiative
23.9 bn yen (£103.9 mn)
+23%
Funding programme to support young scientists at their early career stage
5.07 bn yen (£22 mn) 9 bn yen (£39.5 mn)
3.5 bn yen (£15.2 mn) 8.9 bn yen (£38.8 mn)
+44.8% +1.7%
Major projects/programmes (national mission-oriented) Development of advanced, multi-purpose supercomputer
FY08 14.5 bn yen (£63 mn)
FY07 7.73 bn yen (£33.6 mn)
% change +88%
Comment Development and utilisation of advanced, high-spec and multi-purpose supercomputers. The project is initiated by RIKEN in collaboration with Japan’s top three computer makers (Hitachi, Fujitsu, NEC). They aim to start running the machine by FY2010, and complete construction by FY2012. A multi-year project initiated by RIKEN to develop powerful laser radiation to study molecular behaviours. Completion due 2010. Technologies related to experimental FBR “Monju” and “Joyo” and MOX fuel). Part of the project is funded by METI. Including R&D of “Chikyu” deep-sea drilling vessel, which marked a 71.5% increase from FY07 to 6.4 bn yen (£27.8 mn).
Development of X-ray free electron laser
11 bn yen (£47.8 mn)
7.47 bn yen (£32.4 mn)
+46%
Fast breeder reactor cycle technologies
33.3 bn yen (£145 mn)
29.9 bn yen (£130 mn)
+11.5%
Marine-earth observation probe system
32 bn yen (£139 mn)
21.7 bn yen (94.6 mn)
+47%
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Space transportation system
40.4 bn yen (£176 mn)
37.8 bn yen (£164 mn)
+6.8%
High Accurate Positioning Experiment using Quasi-Zenith Satellite saw a 108% rise to 6.86 bn yen (£29.8 mn). Also include EarthCARE/CPR, GOAST, GCOM-W, GPM/DPR satellites H-IIA, H-IIB rocket launch & development
Major projects/programmes (life sciences, others) Neuroscience: programme to promote neuroscience research strategy
FY08 1.7 bn yen (£7.39 mn)
FY07 N/A
% change N/A
Comment New five-year initiative to promote healthy longevity in the ageing society. The project is aimed particularly at “learning from the brain,” and to develop technologies to control the body by using signals from the brain. This reflects a renewed emphasis on neuroscience, reversing a decline in recent years. New five-year initiative. Using SNP analysis data collected under the first-phase of the project, researchers will study genes related to diseases. New initiatives to be initiated by RIKEN. Omics research is part of “genome network project’ and aims to establish transcriptional control, while Protein research is designed to develop its analytical expertise using NMRs (nuclear magnetic resonances) Translation of the medical seeds for the clinical testing or pre-clinical testing. including part of iPS cell research The successor to Protein 3000 project Including molecular imaging research programme and translational research Contribution for the construction of the test reactor in France Japan‘s continued efforts to develop safe technologies to dispose high-level radioactive disposals in the deep underground.
Order-made medicine, the second phase (FY08-12)
2.8 bn yen (£12 mn)
N/A
N/A
Omics/Protein basic research
1 bn yen combined (£4.3 mn)
N/A
N/A
Translational medicine programme (FY07-11) Realisation of regenerative medicine Targeted protein research programme (FY07-11) R&D of cancer treatment technologies such as targeted treatment ITER promotion Technologies to dispose of high-level radioactive waste
1.8 bn yen (£7.8 mn) 2 bn yen (£8.7 mn) 5.2 bn yen (£22.6 mn), 9.5 bn yen in total (£41.2 mn) 10.39 bn yen (£44.7 mn) 8.7 bn yen (£37.9 mn)
1.5 bn yen (£6.5 mn) 970 mn yen (£4.2 mn) 5.5 bn yen (£24 mn) 9.1 bn yen (£39.7 mn) 5.4 bn yen (£23.4 mn) 8.9 bn yen (£38.8 mn)
+20%
+106% -5%
+3.7%
+91% -2.5%
Major projects/programmes rejected/to be decelerated
FY08
FY07
% change
Comment
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National bioresources project Program to increase the yield of plant/seaweed using light
1.4 bn yen (£6.08 mn) 0
1.7 bn yen (£7.7 mn) N/A
-21% N/A MEXT’s request was 100 mn yen (£434,780) but rejected.
3.3. METI 512.7 bn yen (£2.23 bn), up 1.9% from FY07 METI is the second biggest S&T fund provider, following MEXT. Its main focuses are to promote eco-innovation and generate highly-reliable industry. Innovation has been a keyword since 2007, when former prime minsiter Shinzo Abe released the Innvoation 25 report, which suggests various reforms and policies to bring positive changes for the society in 2025. Notable projects include development of technologies for green sustainable chemical process and biomass energies, as well as development of environmentally-friendly aircraft and energy-saving carbon fibres.
Major project/programmes Programmes to generate innovation in regions Green sustainable chemical process Biomass energy Solid large-molecule fuel cells Development of environment-adaptable, high-function, smaller aircraft Translation of basic medical research into clinical research Development of next-generation light-water reactor and related technologies Development of “dream chip”
FY08 9.6 bn yen in total (£41.9 mn) 600 mn yen (£2.6 mn) 2.8 bn yen (£12 mn) 6.6 bn yen (£29 mn) 9.1 bn yen (£39 mn) 2.6 bn yen (£11.3 mn) 1.2 bn yen (£5.4 mn)
FY07 N/A
% change N/A
Comment New initiative to activate regional economies, including eco-innovation projects New initiative (rated S)
N/A 900 mn yen (£3.9 mn) 5.1 bn yen (£22.3 mn) 1.3 bn yen (£5.65 mn) 1.9 bn yen (£8.2 mn) N/A
N/A +210% +30% +600%
+36.8% N/A New initiative (rated S)
Part of 2.4 bn yen in total (£10.4 mn)
N/A
N/A
Development of complex carbon-fibre materials for energy saving Science diplomacy measures
5 bn yen (£21.7 mn) 1.4 bn yen (£6.2 mn)
N/A
N/A
New initiative to develop next-generation semicondutor chips such as 3D chips to make it enable to rewrite circuits and cope with multiple-frequency communications New initiative
N/A
N/A
Part of science diplomacy initiative
Major projects/programmes rejected/to be decelerated Large-scale demonstration
FY08 2.7 bn yen
FY07 3.4 bn yen
% change -20.7%
Comment But the overall budget for
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project of stationary fuel cells
(£11.7 mn)
(£14.8 mn)
hydrogen/fuel cell projects increased 16.7% to 20.3 bn yen (£88.4 mn) -36.9% N/A -29.2% N/A METI requested 500 mn yen (£2.1 mn) but rejected METI requested 800 mn yen (£3.4 mn) but rejected
Promotion of methane hydrate development Innovative process nano measuring basic technologies Semiconductor application chip project Development of innovative, highly efficient processing technologies
2.53 bn yen (£11 mn) 0 1.4 bn yen (£6 mn) 0
4.01 bn yen (£17.4 mn) N/A 1.9 bn yen (£8.6 mn) N/A
3.4 MHLW 136.4 bn yen (£593 mn), up 3.7% from FY07 The main focus is measures against hepatitis and cancer, infectious diseases, and development of innovative medical devices.
Major projects/programmes International S&T cooperation in the infectious diseases field Basic research for clinical application Promotion of basic research in health and medical field Research into HIV, hepatitis, emerging or resurgence of infectious diseases Risk analysis of food and drugs Third-phase, comprehensive strategic research to develop cancer treatment FY08 Part of 2.4 bn yen (£410.6 mn) 4.9 bn yen (£21.5 mn) 8.17 bn yen (£35.5 mn) 6 bn yen (£26 mn) 1.7 bn yen (£7.6 mn) 6.4 bn yen (£28.2 mn) FY07 N/A % change N/A Comment Part of science diplomacy initiative
4.1 bn yen (£17.9 mn) 8.18 bn yen (£35.6 mn) 5.89 bn yen (£25.6 mn) 1.59 bn yen (£6.48 mn) 6.1 bn yen (£26.8 mn)
+20% -0.2% +1.9%
+17.5% +5%
3.5 MAFF 131.6 bn yen (£572 mn), up 2.0% from FY07 The main focus is the environment and resources, competitiveness of agriculture and safety of food and life.
Major projects/programmes Genome projects for new agriculture FY08 4.0 bn yen (£17.4 mn) in total FY07 N/A % change N/A Comment New initiative to improve production of GMO foods, enhance understanding, find useful genes for agriculture and DNA markers (including a project rated S)
Development of
700 mn yen
N/A
N/A
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risk-management technologies to cope with avian influenza, BSE diseases. Evaluate the impact of climate change to the agricultural industry, mitigate the impact and develop related technologies
(£3.04 mn)
455 mn yen (£1.97 mn)
276 mn yen (£1.2 mn)
+65%
To establish carbon cycle models for forest and farmlands to mitigate global warming, and predict the impact of climate change to the agricultural industry. Also, this project aims to develop technologies to provide short-term solutions to secure productivity. Comment
Major projects/programmes rejected/to be decelerated Comprehensive promotion of agri-genome research
FY08 442 mn (£1.9 mn)
FY07 3.24 bn (£14 mn)
% change -86.3%
3.6 MOE 33.1 bn yen (£143.9 mn), up 5.2% from FY07 The main focus is the promotion of research related to climate change, and development of technologies for the low-carbon society.
Major projects/Programmes Promotion of research into global environment Development of technologies to tackle global warming
FY08 3.19 bn yen (£13.9 mn) 3.7 bn yen (£16.1 mn)
FY07 2.96 bn yen (£12.8 mn) 3.3 bn yen (£14.3 mn)
% change +8% +12.3%
Comment
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Appendix 1: Budgets for key research institutions (preliminary) (source: MOF)
Name of organisation New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organisation (NEDO) National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) National Institute of Environmental Studies National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) Japan Marine Science and Technology Centre (JAMSTEC) Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) Japan Society for Promotion of Science (JSPS) Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Promotion Corporation RIKEN FY08 232.8 bn yen (£1.01 bn) 65.6 bn yen (£285 mn) 10.9 bn yen (£47.4 mn) 15.87 yen (£69 mn) 237.4 bn yen (£1.03 bn) 186.2 bn yen (£809.5 mn) 38.7 bn yen (£168.5 mn) 105.3 bn yen (£458 mn) 156 bn yen (£678.2 mn) 10.7 bn yen (£46.7 mn) 90.9 bn yen (£395.4 mn) FY07 216.5 bn yen (£941.4 mn) 69.7 bn yen (£303 mn) 11.1 bn yen (£48.3 mn) 16.3 bn yen (£70.8 mn) 225.5 bn yen (£980 mn) 189.8 bn yen (£825.2 mn) 38 bn yen (£165.2 mn) 104.2 bn yen (£453.3 mn) 158.7 bn yen (£690.3 mn) 8.7 bn yen (£37.8 mn) 82.8 bn yen (£360.1 mn) % change Parent from FY07 (note) +7.5% ministry
METI (NEDO is a funding agency) METI
-5.9%
-1.9% -2.6% +5.3% -1.9% +2.0% +1.0% -1.7%
MOE MEXT MEXT MEXT/METI MEXT MEXT (funding agency) MEXT (funding agency) Cabinet Office
+23.4%
+9.8%
MEXT
Note: The MOF’s data is the aggregation of funding given by all the relevant ministries, not from a parent ministry only. For example, MEXT, JAXA’s parent ministry, plans to provide 187.48 billion yen (£814 mn) to the space agency for FY08, but JAXA also receives funding from other ministries such as METI. As a result, some figures are different from some past Embassy reports, which quoted funding from parent ministries only.
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