Kiser Lab Safety Manual Page of KISER GROUP SAFETY MANUAL

Kiser Lab Safety Manual Page 1 of 41 KISER GROUP SAFETY MANUAL Last updated 6/1/2004 Credit: This manual was borrowed from the Duke University Chemistry Department Safety Manual. It is an excellent common sense guide. Academic laboratories which are performing synthesis are potentially very dangerous places. Considering the turnover of students who must be taught to handle toxic, flammable and explosive compounds often under abnormal conditions of temperature and pressure, it is obvious that there is little margin for error or carelessness even in the undergraduate teaching laboratories. In the research laboratories many operations require pushing the handling of unknown materials or high powered equipment to extreme limits. However, long experience has proved that, with appropriate foresight and care, almost any kind of a chemical experiment can be carried out without an accident. The keys to safe operations in the chemistry laboratory are: 1. a strong, persistent will to prevent accidents which puts SAFETY FIRST, 2. adequate information and training to foresee and prevent accidents, 3. a regular program for identifying and dealing with hazards of all kinds within the total environment of the laboratories and carefully developed plans for dealing with emergency situations when, and if, they arise. Regarding the above: 1. A strong will to work safely is such an important aspect of scientific training that it should be taken for granted of anyone with an undergraduate degree in in the sciences and engineering. You owe it to your co-workers to play it safe at all times. 2. Detailed information needed for handling hazardous operations is available in the lab and on line (see links available on this site. Many of these books are listed in the bibliography at the end of this manual. 3. More information on safety can be found at Environmental and Health Safety Program at The University of Utah. A second detailed source, "Prudent Practices in the Laboratory: Handling and Disposal of Chemicals" prepared by the National Research Council has been purchased and a copy is in the lab. This book is kept in the lab. In addition, there is a copy of the chemical hygene plan in the lab. This plan includes an Introduction to the Hazard Communication Standard, the Laboratory Standard, the University Hazardous Waste Policy, and laboratory inventory lists of toxic substances and carcinogens. This safety manual is a, ready reference to some of the most common and immediate dangers and also the rules and procedures for reacting to emergencies in this the lab. It is not meant to be an exhaustive discussion of laboratory safety. It is expected that time and care will be taken by all members in PLANNING EXPERIMENTS. In order to foresee and avoid some of the booby-traps in a laboratory experiment: file://C:\Documents%20and%20Settings\Patrick_Kiser.KISERNB01\My%20Documents\w... 6/4/2004 Kiser Lab Safety Manual Page 2 of 41 List all possible reactions, including side-reactions, before beginning. Think through all reactants, intermediates, and products in terms of flammability, toxicity, and reactivity hazards. Follow recognized safe practice procedures concerning protective equipment, housekeeping, the handling of hazardous chemicals and of equipment, as outlined above. In an unknown reaction, always start with small quantities of material and carefully observe reaction characteristics, such as temperature, color, viscosity, and physical state. If possible, obtain safety information about reactants and products from the Table on Hazardous Chemicals, the Reference List, or from laboratory analysis (flash point, ...etc.). Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) are available in the lab and on a disk available to all researchers, EHS, and from the chemical manufacturers. If the safety information is not available elsewhere, it may by obtained from some outside laboratories that offer a testing service for the evaluation of explosion hazards, etc. If possible, determine from thermodynamic and kinetic considerations, the total quantity of, and the rate of evolution of heat and gases to be released during the reaction. Provide adequate cooling, ventilation, pressure relief, and gas purging. Isolate the reaction vessel, if possible, and make frequent inspections of equipment during reaction. Do not leave a hazardous system unattended. For each reactant, intermediate, or product, ask: What is its flash point, flammability range, auto-ignition point, vapor pressure and vapor density? Does it decompose and if so, how rapidly and to what products? What is its stability on storage to heat, light, water, metals, etc.? Is it impact sensitive? Is it toxic? If so, what is the type of hazard (inhalation, ingestion, skin contact)? What protective measures are required? What is the recommended first aid treatment in case of an accidental exposure? About the reaction itself, ask: How violent will it be? What is the effect of catalysts or inhibitors? Will water or air affect the reaction? • What would happen and what should be done if: Electric power fails? Cooling system fails? Pressure gets out of hand? Water leaks into system? Reaction container falls and breaks or spills contents? Remember that many explosions, fires, and asphyxiating are caused by the accidental combination of potentially dangerous substances. Some Elementary Standard Opperating Procedures 1. Keep this manual within easy access in your laboratory and be familiar with its contents. 2. The safe way is the right way to do your job. file://C:\Documents%20and%20Settings\Patrick_Kiser.KISERNB01\My%20Documents\w... 6/4/2004 Kiser Lab Safety Manual Page 3 of 41 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. Plan your work. Follow instructions. If you do not know how to do the job, ask your instructor or research director. Report to the Safety Coordinator all unsafe conditions, unsafe acts and "near misses" which might cause future accidents. Be able to use all safety devices and protective equipment provided for your use. Know the location and contents of the nearest safety station. Maintain good housekeeping by keeping your work area clean and orderly. Wear proper clothing. Use secondary containment. Avoid bringing long hair, loose sleeves, cuffs, rings, bracelets, etc. in proximity to moving machinery. Proper shoes are required in the laboratory--no bare feet or sandals. Horseplay in any form is dangerous and prohibited. Do not run in laboratory areas or halls. Do not oil, grease, or work on unprotected machinery in motion. All machinery and equipment under repair and adjustment shall be properly "locked out" and tagged. Know the evacuation procedure for your area, the location of fire exits, the location and use of fire extinguishers, and the proper method of reporting fires. Compressed gas cylinders should be secured firmly. Never move a cylinder unless the protective cap is screwed over the valve. DON'T try completely new and untried experiments involving potentially dangerous chemicals without help. Changes to common procedures, including: "scaling-up" a reaction; a change in heat source or reaction temperature or pressure; change in solvent; etc., turn a known procedure into a high-risk procedure. Reactions run above 500 mL scale should be discussed with your research supervisor. Be sure to discuss all changes to known procedures with the Principal Investigator, the Safety Representative from the group, or the EHS. An Unattended Experiment Form, available from this site, should identify any laboratory where an experiment is to be left unattended overnight or over a weekend. It is your responsibility to see that adequate information is supplied to protect safety personnel or firemen who may have to deal with an emergency situation in your laboratory. Never leave a reaction or experiment running unattended unless you have told your lab partners enough about it to deal with potential hazards while you are away. Leave an overnight form on the hood if the laboratory will be unattended. NEVER carry out hazardous work alone, especially at night or over the weekends. If an emergency occurs know who to call. Know how to evacuate the building, Make sure someone is in visible or audible range to help you if something goes wrong. Regardless of the work function, there should be a check procedure established at some regular interval to determine the physical state of the person working alone. Keep aware of where your neighbors are. Report every accident or fire, no matter how trivial, at once to the Campus Police, 5-2677. Even if there is no injury to personnel or equipment, a report should be filed by a police officer. If the incident is trivial, give Campus Police the option of sending an officer to your lab at a mutually convenient time rather than immediately. Common laboratory hazards. file://C:\Documents%20and%20Settings\Patrick_Kiser.KISERNB01\My%20Documents\w... 6/4/2004 Kiser Lab Safety Manual Page 4 of 41 1. Smashing a large bottle into a countertop and it breaking. Place all bottle in secondary containment and then place back in storage location. 2. Spilling a bottle of hazardous material while working with it in the hood in the hood. This can be prevented by cleaning up the hood area o Clamp the bottle while removing the material 3. Getting caustic base (metal hydroxides) in your eye" o This will cause immediate blindness o Always wear safety glasses o Show extra precaution with strong alkali materials (NaOH, LiOH, KOH etc...) 4. Cryogenic liquids are dangerous and can cause suffocation. If the dewar is spilled leave the lab immediately and call safety 5-2677. 5. Glass joints often joints get stuck. Please be very careful applying extreme forces onto glass. Wear leather gloves to protect yourself. " 6. Vacuum Lines and glass dewars. When placed under vacuum glass ware has been known to implode and great a shower of high velocity glass particles. Always wear personal eye protection. 7. Always add acid to water. Concentrated acid exotherms when mixing with water therefore it is best practice to add acid to water to control the heat evolution. 8. Always label your samples and solutions with identity and the date. 9. Label overnight experiments. 10. Unsecured high pressure tanks. 11. Do not touch phones or door handles with dirty gloves. GENERAL SAFETY POLICIES The safety and well being of its students, faculty, and staff come above all other considerations at the University of Utah. No experiment that subjects personnel to unreasonable risk is acceptable, no matter how desirable the information which might be obtained. It is the first duty of research directors, instructors, supervisors and all persons in authority to provide for safety in the environment and operations under their control. It is the our policy to comply not only with legal safety standards, but to act positively, where it can, to prevent injury, ill-health, damage and loss arising from work carried out within its building. We seek to encourage all its members to participate in and contribute to the establishment and observance of safe working practices. This is not only a moral duty, failure to do so can constitute legal grounds for negligence suits. A discussion of Negligence Suits in ScienceTeaching, J. Chem. Educ. 60, 358 (1983) states, "In all cases it is the teacher who is legally responsible for the safety of his or her students. The teacher must foresee hazards to the extent that any reasonably prudent person would". An aim of this manual is to provide the required information on which to base a prudent approach to safe laboratory operations. Safety Guidelines for Undergraduates Students should be assigned to work in laboratories in which graduate students and/or postdoctoral associates are also working. 1. Students should receive instruction and close supervision directly from their faculty mentor, although a senior graduate student or postdoctoral associate working with the faculty member may also be involved. 2. Students should not work alone, particularly at night or on weekends, on operations involving chemicals or other hazards of the type covered in the this Safety Manual. 3. If work at night or on weekends is required, it should only be done with the express permission of the faculty mentor and with specific arrangements to avoid working alone. file://C:\Documents%20and%20Settings\Patrick_Kiser.KISERNB01\My%20Documents\w... 6/4/2004 Kiser Lab Safety Manual Page 5 of 41 4. Supervising faculty and, if appropriate, associate supervisors, should discuss with the student the potential hazards of all experiments to be carried out, and closely supervise preparations for all new potentially hazardous operations. 5. Students should agree with their supervising professors on a weekly work schedule and should make every effort to maintain this schedule. 6. Students must read this Safety Manual and sign a statement that they have done so, before they are allowed to begin laboratory work. 7. An outline of the independent study project, including the goal(s) and as far as practical, the kinds of experiments to be carried out, methods to be used and data to be collected, as well as a proposed schedule of accomplishments, should be completed by the student and faculty member together before the beginning of the project. 8. This will serve as a guide so that it is clear to student and mentor what each expects at each stage of the project and for the overall project. It would be appropriate for each to sign and keep a copy. Responsibility of the Research Director and Instructors The first responsibility for laboratory safety lies with the senior faculty members in charge of the laboratories. Sometimes lack of proper equipment, or other hazards beyond their control may play a part in safety problems. However, it is their duty to evaluate the safety hazards connected with any experiment and to avoid conducting any experiment which cannot be carried out without excessive risk to personnel or property. It is also the responsibility of the senior faculty members to be certain that every person working in their laboratories is aware of the safety hazards and safety regulations in the laboratory. It is highly recommended that the person in charge of a laboratory have safety rules posted prominently in convenient locations for everyone to read. Research directors and teaching laboratory directors have the primary responsibility for enforcing regulations on solvent storage, waste solvent disposal, smoking, personal protective equipment, etc., and for reporting problems to the EHS. Research directors should recognize that graduate students and postdoctoral students coming into the Department may have enormously different backgrounds and attitudes towards good laboratory practice and that it is part of the advisor's responsibilities both in laboratory courses and as research directors to provide instruction where it is necessary either in techniques or in attitudes which are appropriate for the training of professional scientists. It is expected that research directors appoint at least one member of their research groups as a safety officer who will be responsible for maintaining safety devices, attending all monthly safety meetings and checking day-to-day laboratory safety practices. Research directors should have cards fastened to the outside of the door of each laboratory and chemical storage area under his/her supervision which states: 1. The name of the senior faculty member or person in charge of that laboratory who should be notified in case of emergency. 2. The phone number (home and business) of that person. 3. Special Precautions (if necessary). file://C:\Documents%20and%20Settings\Patrick_Kiser.KISERNB01\My%20Documents\w... 6/4/2004 Kiser Lab Safety Manual Page 6 of 41 for workers in that laboratory for firemen or other emergency personnel. Individual Responsibilities Persons engaged in the use of chemicals and apparatus inside the Department (undergraduate students, graduate student researchers, postdoctoral fellows, etc.) are responsible for protecting themselves and their neighbors. The individual student or researcher has to take the initiative in protecting himself or herself from hazards which have been explained to them, e.g. they should protect their own eyes by wearing safety glasses. Their next responsibility is to their neighbors. Safety Rules for Experimenters 1. Avoid working alone, especially when carrying out a new or unfamiliar reaction or operation. Make arrangements with other persons in the building to check with each other periodically. Never perform hazardous operations while alone. 2. Use a towel to protect the hands when glass rods, tubing, or thermometers are being inserted or removed from rubber stoppers or when trying to loosen ground glass joints that are stuck. 3. Do not use flawed glassware. Throw it out or take it to the glassblower for repair. Chipped or cracked glassware can produce serious cuts, explosions, or bad spills. 4. All electrical equipment should be properly grounded. Use of extension cords should be avoided. 5. In working with fume hoods the following facts should be kept in mind. 6. Lowering the sash will increase air velocity and offer greater protection from toxic fumes and will provide supplemental eye and face protection. Normally the sash opening should be less than 18". If the sash is opened to a height greater than 18", a red light is activated at the top face of the hood. It is important to keep the sash below the 18" mark. The EHS periodically measures the airflow in the fume hoods. They have labeled the hoods the maximum recommend sash height. If the sash is raised above the indicated height, then the airflow will fall below the minimum acceptable level of 75 feet per minute. If you have questions about the airflow in your fume hood, contact the EHS at 581-6590. 7. Placing equipment deep in the hood will also reduce the possibility of fumes escaping into the laboratory. Personal Safety Considerations Gloves should be worn when handling: Most kinds of organic chemicals. If in doubt assume they are carcinogenic, toxic or allergenic. Corrosive materials. Radioactive materials. Pathological microorganisms. Large quantities of volatile solvents. Any highly poisonous substance. A lab coat or apron should be worn when working with hazardous materials. Use a protective shield for unfamiliar or potentially hazardous reactions. file://C:\Documents%20and%20Settings\Patrick_Kiser.KISERNB01\My%20Documents\w... 6/4/2004 Kiser Lab Safety Manual Page 7 of 41 Wash hands often--always before eating, smoking, or leaving the laboratory. Washing should be an instinctive reaction to spillage of any chemical on the skin. Reactions involving solutions No solutions should be pipetted by mouth. An aspirator bulb or vacuum line should be used. Add the more concentrated solution to the less concentrated - e.g. concentrated acid to water, not water to acid. Never mix concentrated solutions of highly reactive materials together without careful planning. Avoid accidentally mixing incompatible chemicals . Since both HNO3 and alcohol are often used for cleaning, it is easy to inadvertently make an explosive mixture approaching nitroglycerine in sensitivity and destructive power! Do not add a solid to a liquid near its boiling point. Bubble nucleation can produce a vigorous eruption. Avoid overheating oil baths - these can spatter and flash into a flame. Never use an oil bath for heating highly oxidizing substances. (perchlorates, nitrates, peroxides). Do not overfill reaction vessels - leave at least 20% free volume. Place a container under a reaction vessel to contain the spillage should the vessel break. Do not leave syringes with needles in positions where the needle is exposed to a working area. Needle tips on loaded syringes should be covered with a small cork or rubber septum when not actually in use. Accidental injection of most chemicals into a person will probably cause death. Distillations When possible, the heat source should be elevated on a jack or removable blocks. Do not open a system to the air until the residue has cooled to avoid exothermic decomposition. Vacuum operations Vacuum desiccators and Dewar flask should be enclosed or wrapped with tape to prevent flying glass in case of an implosion. Never carry an evacuated desiccator! Do not apply a vacuum to a flat-bottomed flask. Maintain a cold trap between a vacuum pump and the apparatus - do not use liquid N2 as trap coolant when pumping organic compounds (liquid O2 may condense in the trap, leading to explosive oxidation). All workers utilizing the house vacuum line must be sure to use a trap to prevent volatile materials from going into the vacuum line. If the trap is not used, a dangerous amount of the volatile materials will collect along the vacuum line and in the mechanical area of the basement causing a serious fire hazard as well as a hazard to those who work in the basement. Housekeeping The laboratory should be kept clean and free from clutter, by regular maintenance. At the completion of each experiment, equipment should be cleaned and properly stored. Do not let unused equipment or chemicals accumulate in the lab. Do not use the aisles of the lab or the space in front of the emergency escape panels for storage. Dispose of all hazardous wastes in accord with the procedures indicated in this manual. Reagent bottles must be properly labeled - when pouring hold the bottle with its label to your palm to protect the label. Notify your safety officer of bottles whose contents are in doubt. file://C:\Documents%20and%20Settings\Patrick_Kiser.KISERNB01\My%20Documents\w... 6/4/2004 Kiser Lab Safety Manual Page 8 of 41 PERSONAL PROTECTION Hygiene Wash hands often--always before eating, smoking, or leaving the laboratory. Washing should be an instinctive reaction to spillage of any chemical on the skin. Never eat or drink in the lab - never use lab equipment as a food or drink container. No food items should ever be stored or even cooled in a laboratory refrigerator. Food and beverages can become contaminated within a very short period of time to a life-threatening level by absorption of chemical vapors. Any food/beverage found in inappropriate areas will be removed without notice. For more information see the EHS Laboratory Safety Manual discussion on chemical hygiene at the following URL. http://www.utahehs.org. Eye Protection 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Various types of eye protection listed in order of increasing effectiveness include: Ordinary spectacles Safety glasses with side shields Protective goggles, which can be worn over spectacles, if necessary Face shields Head shields, which protect all of the head and throat The university policy requires that all persons wear, at least, safety glasses (equipped with side shields), or goggles for eye protection while in the laboratory. In situations in which there is potential of a corrosive chemical being splashed into the eyes, safety glasses or goggles AND a face shield are required. In situations where there is potential for an explosion to occur, head shields are required in addition to safety glasses or goggles. The policy on contact lenses in the laboratory has changed. You may wear contact lenses in the laboratory. Of course you must, always, wear safety glasses in the laboratory weather or not you are working with hazardous chemicals or procedures. Plain lens safety glasses, with side shields are provided for all workers in the lab (including all research students and teaching assistants) at no charge. Students who wear prescription glasses, and who do not wish to wear safety goggles can wear large safety glasses which cover their eyes. The PI will purchase you safety glasses at your request. Several pairs are available in the lab. Foot Protection All persons in labs must wear shoes (bare feet or sandals are not allowed) and adequate clothing to protect the skin from spilled chemicals. file://C:\Documents%20and%20Settings\Patrick_Kiser.KISERNB01\My%20Documents\w... 6/4/2004 Kiser Lab Safety Manual Page 9 of 41 Skin Protection Always wear clothing that minimizes the amount of skin that can be exposed to potentially harmful chemicals. Never wear shorts in the lab. A lab coat or apron should be worn when working with hazardous materials. Of the ways chemicals can affect the human body, exposure through skin contact is one of the most significant. The skin does a wonderful job acting as a barrier to those conditions normally encountered in the environment; however, as our workplace environments use more and more chemical substances, our skin can no longer provide adequate protection on its own. Chemical substances can act on unprotected skin in three ways: Local Damage - The action of many chemicals is limited to the skin itself. Corrosive burns, irritation, and chafing due to loss of skin oils are a few examples. Sensitization - Sensitizer chemicals may not have any initial effect, but will cause the skin to react, during subsequent exposures, to quantities much smaller than would otherwise have any affect. Absorption - The skin provides no barrier against some chemicals, which can penetrate freely and enter the blood stream affecting such target organs as the liver and nervous systems. A chemical may cause damage by more than one of the above effects. Some examples include chlorinated solvents, such as ethylene dichloride, which will defeat the skin causing irritation and tissue breakdown, also can permeate the skin possibly causing liver and kidney damage. Hand Protection Our hands are the body parts most likely to be exposed to chemical contact under normal situations. Even though careful technique may help an employee avoid direct contact with a chemical; the potential for exposure still demands the use of protective gloves. If you have any questions regarding the effectiveness of a glove with a specific chemical, contact the safety officer, the PI or visit the following glove manufacturer links: http://www.ansell-edmont.com/Chemical.html http://www.bestglove.com http://www.superiorglove.com/product.review/ Selecting A Glove - What material is best? "Karen E. Wetterhahn, professor of chemistry.... in the the Sciences at Dartmouth College, died June 8 at age 48 from mercury poisoning....While preparing the mercury NMR standard in a fume hood, Wetterhahn spilled one to a few drops of dimethylmercury. The compound permeated the latex gloves she was wearing and was absorbed through her skin into the bloodstream." C & EN, June 16, 1997, page 12. In choosing a glove which will provide an adequate level of protection, it is important to keep three warnings in mind: file://C:\Documents%20and%20Settings\Patrick_Kiser.KISERNB01\My%20Documents\w... 6/4/2004 Kiser Lab Safety Manual Page 10 of 41 There is no such thing as an "impermeable glove" No one glove material is a barrier to all chemicals For certain chemicals, there is no glove material available which will provide more than one hour of protection All chemicals will permeate through all glove materials. This process involves absorption of the chemical at the outside surface, diffusion of the chemical through the glove, and then desorption of the chemical from the inside of the glove. Gloves are considered protective if the rate of this permeation process is slow enough that the chemical does not break through to the inside. Glove manufacturers use two measures of glove suitability: Permeation Rate; the amount of a chemical which is passed through a given area of glove material per unit time and Breakthrough Time; the elapsed time from initial contact of the chemical to the outside of the glove to the first detection of the chemical on the inside glove surface. The objective in choosing a glove should be to seek a low permeation rate and a high breakthrough time, keeping in mind some of these factors: Temperature - Permeation rates increase and breakthrough times decrease with increasing temperatures. You need greater protection if your chemical processes involve heat. Thickness - Permeation is inversely proportional to thickness. Breakthrough time is directly proportional to the square of the thickness. Double gloving can quadruple the duration of protection. Solubility - Permeation is a direct function of the solubility of the chemical in the glove material. Selecting a Glove - What Other Factors are Important? There are many other factors that must be considered when selecting the glove that best suits the task. In some cases, your task may require you to choose a glove material which has a higher permeation rate, but has other qualities which makes it better for your situation. Some of these factors include: Resistance To Physical Damage - Do you need a glove that resists abrasions, cuts, punctures or tears? A torn glove made of the perfect material is less protective than an intact glove made of another reasonably adequate material. Flexibility - Is the ability to feel or manipulate small objects important or can you use a thicker more protective glove? Heat Resistance - Do you have a hot operation? As stated above, heat increases permeation rates. In addition, heat can lead to the breakdown of the glove material. Incompatibilities - Are you using a variety of chemicals? Some gloves may be incompatible with some of the substances. A good example of this is Poly Vinyl Alcohol (PVA), a glove material with great resistance to solvents, but that dissolves in water. The intent of this article was to present an overview of the complex nature of selecting the correct glove for adequate protection. Users should consult chemical MSDS's, glove manufacturer's literature, and the EHS for assistance. General Guidelines For Glove Use And Care: Disposable latex and PVC gloves have an important role in laboratories and health care settings; however they are NOT SUITABLE for direct contact with aggressive or highly toxic chemicals. Sometimes the ideal glove is two gloves worn together, combining the advantages of both. It is usually not necessary to replace reusable gloves unless they become discolored or show signs file://C:\Documents%20and%20Settings\Patrick_Kiser.KISERNB01\My%20Documents\w... 6/4/2004 Kiser Lab Safety Manual Page 11 of 41 of damage. If you suspect that they have been contaminated, replace them immediately - once a chemical has begun to diffuse it will continue to diffuse even when the chemical on the outside has been removed. NEVER REUSE DISPOSABLE GLOVES! Store reusable gloves away from chemicals. Even chemical vapors may cause damage. Respiratory Protection Equipment Fume Hoods Fume hoods provide constant respiratory protection in all laboratories in the building. Such protection is adequate for most controlled experiments. In using the hoods in the building, the following facts should be kept in mind. 1. Lowering the sash will increase air velocity and offer greater protection from toxic fumes. Normally the sash opening should be less than 18". If the sash is opened to a height greater than 18", a red light is activated at the top face of the hood. It is important to keep the sash below the 18" mark. The EHS periodically measures the airflow in the fume hoods. They have labeled the hoods with the maximum recommend sash height. If the sash is raised above the indicated height, then the airflow will fall below the minimum acceptable level of 75 feet per minute. If you have questions about the airflow in your fume hood, contact the EHS at 581-6590 . 2. Placing equipment no less than six inches in the hood will also reduce the possibility of fumes escaping into the laboratory. 3. Members of the maintenance staff periodically work on the roof of this building. Although they are required to wear protective breathing apparatus while on the roof, they should not be exposed to dangerous substances unnecessarily. Prior to carrying out an experiment that will send such dangerous fumes as HCN, etc., up the hood; you should warn anyone who may be on the roof by activating the roof alarm. The switch for activating the roof alarm is located across the hall from the elevator at the third floor level. Allow sufficient time for evacuation of the roof area before initiating the experiment. EHS documents the Respiration Protection Policy on their website. What does it mean when the hood beeps ? When the hood beeps it means that the hood is not working properly. Respiratory protection equipment for emergency use. There are two types of emergency equipment available for respiratory protection: air-purifying and selfcontained. These should only be used by Safety Office Personnel or others who have been instructed in their use. If you have need of respiratory protection equipment, contact the EHS. General Safety Equipment Available in Each Lab In each lab there should be the following safety equipment in the lab or in the hallway: safety shower eyewash station fume hood(s) a first aid kit (which the research group is responsible for restocking with items purchased at the stockroom) file://C:\Documents%20and%20Settings\Patrick_Kiser.KISERNB01\My%20Documents\w... 6/4/2004 Kiser Lab Safety Manual Page 12 of 41 a flashlight for use in case of a power failure a copy of the books, "Prudent Practices in the Laboratory: Handling and Disposal of Chemicals" and "University of Utah Chemical Hygiene Plan" (usually one copy of each per research group) Other Safety Equipment Available in the Laboratory If you use any of the expendable safety items (such as a fire extinguisher), notify the EHS at 5-2677 as soon as possible so that replacements can be obtained. Spill Kits -There is a simple spill kit for spill up to 1 L in the lab. Mops, buckets and water vacuum - A bucket and mop are available in the janitor room. Be sure to return them to their proper location if you use them. A vacuum cleaner for picking up water is available in room 520. Please empty water from the vacuum and return it to the lounge when you have finished using it. CHEMICALS NFPA Notation Information concerning the hazards associated with a chemical can be obtained quickly from a notation developed by the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). See http://www.utahehs.org/index.php? tier=5&id=58. This notation uses a diamond shaped symbol which is subdivided into four square segments. The left segment indicates health hazard which includes both contact with the chemical and inhaling the fumes from the chemical, the top segment indicates flammability, the right segment indicates instability, and the bottom segment is reserved for special warnings. A number is used in the first three segments to indicate the degree of hazard with 4 implying extreme hazard, 3 for severe hazard, 2 for moderate hazard, 1 for slight hazard, and 0 for no hazard known at this time. If one of these first three segments is left blank or contains a dash; it does not mean that it is safe, but rather means that it has not yet been included in the NFPA listing. In the fourth segment; the notation, W is used to warn of a possible violent reaction with water and the notation, OXY, is used to warn of a strong oxidizing agent which may react explosively with combustible materials. See the sample given below. It should be remembered that the ratings given in the NFPA system apply to the pure chemical and generally represent the "worst case scenario". Aqueous solutions of the chemical are usually less hazardous than the pure chemical. In general, the more dilute the solution, the less hazardous it becomes. Even so, as a general policy you should avoid contact with and inhaling the vapors of all pure chemicals and their solutions. Labeling There are few greater potential hazards around the laboratory than that of unmarked or improperly labeled chemicals. All chemicals must have complete identification securely fastened to the container. Chemicals of unknown stability and those which deteriorate with age shall have a preparation date clearly indicated on the label. Disposal of unlabeled bottles is dangerous and therefore very expensive and tightly regulated by law. Research Directors will be required to pay the costs for removal of unlabeled bottles in their areas if their students have been responsible for producing them. file://C:\Documents%20and%20Settings\Patrick_Kiser.KISERNB01\My%20Documents\w... 6/4/2004 Kiser Lab Safety Manual Page 13 of 41 The purpose of proper labels is multifold: They are required. They indicate the source, supplier, or manufacturer of the chemicals. They indicate the age of the chemical. They warn about the possible hazards. Each research group should have some type of actively updated inventory (either on cards or computer file) of the chemicals in their laboratories. Computer programs, such as "Personal Bibliographic Software" for the Macintosh, or "Symphony" for IBM-PC/compatibles are available for developing a catalog. Chemical cards, like the one shown on the following page, are available in the stockroom. Laboratory Cleanliness 1. The laboratory should be kept clean and free from clutter, by regular maintenance. Do not let unused equipment or chemicals accumulate in the lab. 2. Reagent bottles must be properly labeled - when pouring hold the bottle with its label to your palm to protect the label. Notify your safety officer of bottles whose contents are in doubt. 3. Never eat or drink in the lab - never use lab equipment as a food or drink container. Transport of Chemicals NEVER TRANSPORT OPEN CONTAINERS OF CHEMICALS THROUGH THE HALLWAYS, STAIRS OR IN THE ELEVATOR. All chemicals, with the exception of those contained in sealed metal cans, are to be transported in rubber buckets or chemical transport carts (with special dividers to hold glass bottles). Stockroom personnel have been instructed not to allow any chemicals, except those in sealed metal can, to be removed from the stockroom unless they are transported in a rubber bucket or a chemical transport cart. Research groups which must transport large amounts of chemicals have purchased file://C:\Documents%20and%20Settings\Patrick_Kiser.KISERNB01\My%20Documents\w... 6/4/2004 Kiser Lab Safety Manual Page 14 of 41 one or more rubber buckets and keep these available in their labs. Persons who transport chemicals less frequently may borrow a rubber bucket to transport chemicals from the stockroom to their labs. Borrowed buckets must be returned to the stockroom or left in the corridor for someone else to use. Do not use a cart without side rails for transporting reagents in glass bottles even when the bottles are in rubber buckets since the buckets may fall from the cart and the bottles may break. Gas cylinders must be transported in approved carts with the cylinders secured by straps and capped. Some General Rules of Chemical Storage 1. 2. 3. 4. Avoid overhead storage of hazardous liquids and dangerous solids. Use flammable or corrosive cabinets for most storage. Refrigerate flammables only in approved flammable storage refrigerators. Maximum separation of reactive chemicals minimizes risk. Therefore, don't store chemicals in alphabetical order--store by category. Do not store mutually-reactive chemicals near each other e.g. sodium near the sink or in a sprinkled storage area, acids near bases, organometallics near alcohols. See this manual and "Prudent Practices in the Laboratory: Handling and Disposal of Chemicals" p. 54 for tables of chemical incompatibilities. Contact OESO or the Departmental Safety Coordinator for a suggested shelf pattern for storage of chemicals. 5. Date ethers and other peroxide-forming compounds upon arrival and follow directions for storage, testing and disposal given in this manual. 6. Respiratory assailants and "stench" compounds should be stored in a properly vented storage cabinet. 7. Store cleanup kits close to storage areas. General Hazards Associated with the Use of Chemicals All chemicals should be regarded as potentially dangerous. Before working with chemicals with which you are unfamiliar, consult the Particularly Hazardous Substances List (Table IV of this manual) and the other tables at the end of this manual or another book (see Bibliography). You should become aware of the following possible hazards: toxicity (often quoted in terms of the threshold limit value, TLV, given as PPM of air by volume, which should not be exceeded); PEL (OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit); flammability; ignition temperature; and, carcinogenic properties; and you should also know the recommended method of disposal for the chemical. 1. Gases. Other than sudden release of pressure risks, toxicity, due to buildup of high concentrations in the air, is the most general hazard. Toxicity and recommended maximum cylinder size for some common gases are listed in Table I . 2. Other gases and volatile liquids. Explosive and toxic properties of common chemicals are listed in Table II. Selected Types of Hazardous Substances Organic peroxides. These are among the most hazardous chemicals normally handled in the laboratory, being explosive and extremely sensitive to shock and other forms of accidental ignition. Take advice or consult the bibliography before using peroxides. Although some types of peroxides can be handled with relative safety, an insidious and treacherous hazard concerning peroxides is their formation from certain classes of compounds after exposure to the file://C:\Documents%20and%20Settings\Patrick_Kiser.KISERNB01\My%20Documents\w... 6/4/2004 Kiser Lab Safety Manual Page 15 of 41 air. Specific examples are: 1,4-dioxane, ethyl ether, isopropyl ether, THF, tetralin, cyclohexene, decalin. See Dr. Kiser for a complete list of peroxide forming chemicals. Ethyl ether and isopropyl ether. Containers should be labeled with the date they are purchased and should be tested for peroxides or disposed of within three months after opening. Ethers should be stored in dark bottles (to reduce photolytic oxidation), refrigerated, with the date of purchase on the label. If the ether has stood for over three months it should be tested for peroxides by shaking several ml. with an equal volume of 2% aqueous KI solution and a few drops of dilute aqueous HCl or H2SO4. Development of a brown color, or purple-black in the presence of starch, indicates the presence of peroxides. . To remove peroxides, shake with a concentrated solution of ferrous sulfate, or sodium sulfite. Chromatography through a column of alumina is also effective. For additional information, see the section titled "A Guide to the Safe Use of Peroxide-Forming Compounds",. More detailed information and procedures can be found in ""Prudent Practices in the Laboratory: Handling and Disposal of Chemicals" p. 162. Each research group should have a copy of this valuable book. In checking for peroxides and destroying them, the major responsibility for keeping track of the age of ether samples, detecting peroxides and destroying them is yours. Never move an old bottle of the above ethers which has developed white crystals at the bottom. These may be peroxide crystals. Call the safety department and warn others to stay away from the bottle until it can be removed safely. It may detonate when touched! Never use ether for an extraction until it has been tested for peroxides. It may explode during subsequent distillation. Although lithium aluminum hydride destroys peroxides and removes excess water from ethers, it is a dangerous drying agent. NEVER USE LiAlH4 TO DRY ETHERS. Use benzophenone and sodium as recommended below. A superior alternative to the use of LiAlH4 for drying ethers and other solvents is a mixture of sodium and benzophenone. This may be prepared by adding about 5 g of chunk sodium to 10 g of benzophenone in 2 l. of the solvent to be dried. This should be done under nitrogen since the mixture reacts with oxygen. A purple solution results, from which the dry solvent is distilled. Appearance of a brown or greenish yellow color indicates the depletion of the drying agent. This is a safe way of removing water, oxygen and peroxides, while leaving no dangerous residue for disposal. For a useful reference to articles about drying agents and their abilities see D. R. Burfield and R. H. Smithers, J. Org. Chem., 43, 3966 (1978). Cyanides and nitriles. Store away from acids. Because of the extreme toxicity of cyanides and nitriles, ampoules of amyl nitrite should be kept in laboratories where these chemicals are used. In an emergency, amyl nitrite should be held under the affected person's nose for about 15 seconds and then at intervals until help arrives. Organic solvents. Among the more common solvents, benzene (TLV 10 PPM; PEL 1 PPM) and carbon tetrachloride) (TLV 5 PPM; PEL 2 PPM) are particularly hazardous; the latter is readily absorbed through intact skin to produce chronic damage to the liver and kidneys. Perchloric acid and perchlorates. All perchlorates should be considered as very explosive, especially on file://C:\Documents%20and%20Settings\Patrick_Kiser.KISERNB01\My%20Documents\w... 6/4/2004 Kiser Lab Safety Manual Page 16 of 41 contact with organic materials. Many, particularly all metal amine complexes, and perchlorates, are extremely shock sensitive, powerful explosives. Periodates and chlorates are similar hazards. Mercury. Mercury should be stored in polyethylene containers - not in glass bottles, because of the risk of breakage. Spilled mercury should be, immediately and painstakingly, cleaned up preferably by University personnel, or by using a trapped vacuum line. Alkylating agents. All powerful methylating agents are extremely toxic. The toxicity of iodomethane, dimethyl sulfate and diazomethane are well known. When these reagents are of inadequate reactivity, methyl fluorosulfate, methyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (triflate) and trimethyloxonium salts are frequently used. Methyl triflate has almost identical volatility to methyl fluorosulfate, is slightly more reactive but more expensive. Trimethyloxonium salts are more reactive in most cases, and may offer a safety advantage because of their low-volatility. Being hygroscopic solids of low solubility, they are more difficult to handle, and this may introduce its own safety penalty. We conclude that the alkylation of unreactive substance using, of necessity, powerful alkylating agents, is probably an inherently hazardous chemical operation and should be approached accordingly. Specific hazards of some selected chemicals It would be impossible to list all of the possible chemical hazards which might be encountered in laboratories. A few of the most commonly used hazardous materials are listed below. Nitric Acid - In addition to its corrosive properties, and the highly toxic properties of its oxides, nitric acid is a powerful oxidizing agent and forms flammable and explosive compounds with many materials. Paper, which has been used to wipe up nitric acid spills, can ignite spontaneously when dry and should not be thrown into a waste basket until first rinsed with water and neutralized. Highly flammable materials such as ethers, exposed to nitric acid may spontaneously ignite. A mixture of nitric acid and acetone has been known to explode upon standing. Storage of nitric acid should always be away from combustible materials including organic acids such as acetic acid. Perchloric Acid - This acid forms highly explosive and unstable compounds with many combustible materials and even with metals. Wood or asphalt tile on which perchloric acid has been spilled may spontaneously ignite. Perchloric Acid should be used with extreme caution and only in a fume hood specifically designed for this use. Perchloric and sulfuric acid, when mixed, produce anhydrous perchloric acid which will ignite any organic matter (e.g., wood) and/or explode spontaneously. Explosive crystals may form in perchloric acid bottles stored over long periods. For this reason, bottles should not be stored for more than one year. Picric Acid (2,4,6-trinitrophenol) - This acid may form explosive compounds with many combustible materials. It may also lose water and become unstable after extended periods of storage. It should be stored wet, and, away from combustible materials and should not be kept for extended periods. Hydrofluoric Acid - This acid is extremely corrosive, even attacking glass, and unlike the other halogen acids, is also extremely toxic. It is volatile and will attack skin and eyes. Burns from hydrofluoric acid heal slowly and with great difficulty. There is a chance of nerve damage resulting from all HF exposure. It forms toxic fumes in contact with metals or ammonia. It should be handled only in an adequate fume hood while wearing appropriate personal protective equipment. Inhalation can be fatal. Call the ambulance at once if taken into the lungs. file://C:\Documents%20and%20Settings\Patrick_Kiser.KISERNB01\My%20Documents\w... 6/4/2004 Kiser Lab Safety Manual Page 17 of 41 Mercury - The vapor pressure of mercury at room temperature is about 1 micron which is sufficient to produce a concentration which is several times the allowable concentration for continuous exposure. Although this concentration is not likely to occur with small spills in a well ventilated laboratory, every effort should be made to avoid mercury spills and to clean up spills which do occur. Care should be taken not to heat mercury in open vessels or to heat equipment contaminated with mercury. Mercury or mercury compounds should never be disposed of by sewer. Mercury vapors from thermometers which have broken in hot oil baths and ovens are a common hazard. Lead - Lead may give off toxic vapors when heated. Lead compounds in the form of finely divided powders may be carried by air currents. Lead and lead compounds, like and heavy metal, should not be disposed of by sewer. People using lead and lead compounds are required by OSHA to have special training. Contact the Safety Coordinator before beginning to schedule such training. Phosphorus (Yellow) - Yellow phosphorus is stored under water. It may ignite spontaneously if allowed to dry. It is extremely toxic if ingested. Gloves should always be worn when handling phosphorus. Care should be taken that the water level in the storage jar not be allowed to go below the level of the phosphorus. Material contaminated with phosphorus should be handled with great care to avoid fire hazard or exposure of personnel. Ether - In addition to its highly flammable properties, it may form explosive and unstable peroxides if stored over long periods. The peroxides may explode from shock or even from the friction of unscrewing the bottle cap. Tetrahydrofuran and isopropyl ether as well as the more widely used diethyl ether exhibit this dangerous property. Ether should be ordered in minimum quantities and should not be stored over long periods. Containers with visible peroxide crystals should be handled and disposed of with extreme caution by the Environmental Safety Department. Do not ever disturb such a bottle. See pages 20-21 regarding detection and removal of peroxides. Carbon Disulfide - Is the most highly flammable and explosive of all the common solvents. Its vapor can be ignited by contact with an ordinary light bulb or steam radiator. It is toxic, and major residual injury may result from overexposure in spite of prompt treatment. Carbon Disulfide should be handled only with adequate ventilation and protective clothing to prevent contact with the skin or eyes. Because of its low ignition temperature the danger of fire or explosion is high. Active Metals - (Sodium and potassium being the most common) - are stored under oil. They react violently with water and may ignite spontaneously if exposed to the moisture in air. Toxic fumes are given off during combustion. Protective clothing should be worn while handling these materials. On long term standing even when stored under oil, potassium forms a superoxide. The dry superoxide is very unstable and can explode if subjected to any form of shock. Oxidizing Agents and Peroxides - These materials should be obtained and stored in minimum quantities. Deterioration may occur after long storage causing an explosion hazard. Explosion hazard can be minimized by treatment with ferrous sulfate. These materials should never be stored in close proximity to flammable materials. Phosphorus pentoxide if moistened with water can easily ignite paper, for instance. Organic Phosphates - These compounds are related to the nerve gases developed during World War II. They are generally used as pesticides. They should be used with caution. Disposal should not be made in trash receptacles or sewers. file://C:\Documents%20and%20Settings\Patrick_Kiser.KISERNB01\My%20Documents\w... 6/4/2004 Kiser Lab Safety Manual Page 18 of 41 Chemical Spills Spills are likely whenever chemicals are used. Personnel should be trained and equipped to handle most of the spills in their work area. Environmental Health and Safety has a trained and equipped chemical spill response team. Call Police Dispatch at x5-2677 for assistance or advice about a chemical spill and your call will be forwarded to EHS personnel. This service is available 24 hours per day. Spill Prevention and Planning Prevention is the best safety strategy for any environment. Use safe handling procedures and be aware of the potential hazards associated with chemicals. For example, before working with any chemicals, review the appropriate MSDSs. Be prepared to respond to a chemical spill. To prepare for a potential spill, follow these guidelines: Develop and periodically review written procedures for an emergency response plan. Keep a fully stocked chemical spill response kit available. This includes a mercury clean up kit for mercury-containing equipment. Know the location and proper use of cleanup materials. Know how to turn off equipment, heat sources, electrical panels, etc. Review appropriate MSDSs. Spill Response Kit Work areas that contain potentially hazardous chemicals should have a chemical spill response kit. This kit should include the following: Disposable laboratory/surgical gloves Disposable vinyl gloves Safety goggles Absorbent (e.g., spill pillows, vermiculite, litter box filler, etc.) Plastic scoop Plastic trash bags Responding to Chemical Spills The following sequence provides a brief overview of proper chemical response procedures: 1. 2. 3. 4. Notify others in the immediate area that a spill has occurred. Evacuate the area if necessary. Attend to injured and exposed people. Identify the spilled chemical(s). Based on the hazards and the personal protective equipment needed (e.g., respiratory protection), determine if you can safely clean the spill or if assistance is necessary. (Most spills can be cleaned safely by the people who were using the chemical.) file://C:\Documents%20and%20Settings\Patrick_Kiser.KISERNB01\My%20Documents\w... 6/4/2004 Kiser Lab Safety Manual Page 19 of 41 If you determine that you can safely clean the spill without emergency assistance, follow these guidelines: Wear appropriate protective clothing and equipment. Have another person stand by during the cleanup. Clean up the spill and collect all wastes for proper disposal. Ventilate the area, as necessary, before it is reoccupied. Decontaminate reusable cleanup supplies such as scoops, rubber boots, etc. Restock the chemical spill kit and return it to the normal storage location. Do not take unnecessary risks with chemical spills. Call Environmental Health and Safety whenever a spill involves the following: Large volume of spilled material Very hazardous material Very hazardous conditions (e.g., fire, explosion, toxicity, etc.) Strong odor Personnel injury or exposure FIRE HAZARDS Never carry out experiments involving a fire risk at night or over the weekend unless a colleague is nearby. Know the location of your nearest shower, fire extinguisher, sand pail, fire alarm, emergency telephone and emergency exit from your own lab. Fires and explosions are major contributors to loss of life and property in laboratories. A study of one hundred significant laboratory fires by the National Fire Protection Association provides some interesting facts: 71% of the fires originated in the laboratories; 56% of the laboratory fires originated between 6 PM and 6 AM; 67% of the fires were caused by: electrical equipment (wire and appliances) 21% misuse of flammable liquids 20% explosions 13% gas 7% spontaneous ignition 6% For more information on fire safety, visit the OESO fire safety site at: http://www.safety.duke.edu/FireSafety/index.htm Electrical Equipment 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Be careful not to spill flammable liquids around electrical equipment in use. Ground equipment to avoid electrical arc or spark formation from static. Avoid temporary wiring. Replace defective cords. Keep equipment in good working condition. Flammable Liquids file://C:\Documents%20and%20Settings\Patrick_Kiser.KISERNB01\My%20Documents\w... 6/4/2004 Kiser Lab Safety Manual Page 20 of 41 Any liquid having a flash point below 140°F and having a vapor pressure exceeding 40 LB/sq. in. absolute at 100°F. Class IA - flash point below 73°F and B.P. below 100°F. Class IB - flash point below 73°F and BP at or above 100°F. Class IC - flash point at or above 73°F and BP below 100°F. Flammable liquids should be stored in OSHA approved Safety Storage Cabinets (yellow safety cabinets). Combustible Liquids Any liquid having a flash point at or above 100°F. Class II - flash point at or above 100°F. Class IIIA - flash point at or above 140°F and below 200°F. Class IIIB - flash point at or above 200°F. Safe Handling and Storage of Flammable and Combustible Liquids Safety Suggestions for Handling Combustibles: 1. Limit the amount of combustibles in the laboratory. 2. Keep combustibles a safe distance from heat sources and stored at least 18 inches below the ceiling. 3. Enforce "No Smoking" rules in applicable areas. Never use the trash can to extinguish smoking materials. Safety Suggestions for Handling Flammable Liquids: 1. Limit the quantities at any one location to those actually necessary, but not to exceed the limits specified. 2. Use only approved containers, e.g., safety cans or metal drums for all transportation and handling. 3. Label all containers used for liquids with the name of the material and the words: "DANGER FLAMMABLE (or COMBUSTIBLE)" - Keep away from heat, sparks, and open flames - Keep closed when not in use. 4. When pouring liquids with a low flash point from a large (e.g. 5 gal.) can, ground the can to reduce development of static charge. This is particularly important in cold, dry weather. 5. Flammables should be stored in OSHA approved cabinets and must not be allowed to collect on benches, in hoods or on shelves in violation of the OSHA limits. Maximum Quantities of Flammable and Combustible Liquids outside of Flammable Storage Cabinets: The maximum quantity of Class I Flammables outside of the storage cabinet shall not exceed 2 gallons per 100 square feet of laboratory space. The combined maximum quantity of Class I, II and III Flammables and Combustibles outside of a storage cabinet shall not exceed 5 gallons per 100 square feet of laboratory space. file://C:\Documents%20and%20Settings\Patrick_Kiser.KISERNB01\My%20Documents\w... 6/4/2004 Kiser Lab Safety Manual Page 21 of 41 Types of Fires Many fires are small at origin and may be extinguished by the use of portable fire extinguishers. The proper type of extinguisher for each class of fire will give the best control of the situation and avoid compounding the problem. The classification of fires given here is based on the type of material being consumed. CLASS A FIRES: Fires in ordinary combustible materials, such as wood, cloth, paper, rubber and many plastics. Almost any fire extinguisher is effective on a CLASS A fire, but water is the best extinguishing agent. CLASS B FIRES: Fires in flammable liquids, gases, oil, paint and greases. Foam, dry chemical or CO2 extinguishers are the most effective on CLASS B fires. Do NOT USE WATER. CLASS C FIRES: Fires which involve energized electrical equipment where the electrical nonconductivity of the extinguishing agent is of importance. Use Carbon Dioxide or Dry Chemical extinguishers. DO NOT USE WATER. CLASS D FIRES: Fires in combustible metals, such as magnesium, titanium, zirconium, sodium, lithium, zinc and potassium. Use metal fire extinguishing agent at safety stations or sand, or vermiculite. Types of Fire Extinguishers There are three main types of fire extinguishing agents in the building, the carbon dioxide extinguisher, the dry chemical extinguisher, and the metal fire extinguishing agent. Every research laboratory and almost all teaching laboratories are equipped with two carbon dioxide extinguishers. The Safety Centers each have one CO2 extinguisher. The CLASS D extinguishing agent is found at all Safety Centers and various other locations throughout the building. Dry chemical extinguishers are located at the Safety Centers throughout the building. Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Extinguishers These extinguishers are intended primarily for use on CLASS B and CLASS C fires. They have a limited range; thus, initial application must start reasonably close to the fire. On all fires the discharge should be directed at the base of the flames using care not to spread the fire by blasting burning materials around the area. CO2 discharge should be applied to the burned surface even after the flames are extinguished, to allow added time for cooling and to prevent possible re-flash. On flammable liquid fires, best results are obtained when the discharge from the fire extinguisher is employed to sweep the flame off the burning surface, applying the discharge first at the near edge of the fire and gradually progressing forward, moving the discharge horn from side to side. Dry Chemical (ABC) Extinguishers Dry chemical extinguishers are intended for use on CLASS A, CLASS B, and CLASS C fires. The discharge should be directed at the base of the flames. Best results are obtained by attacking the near edge of the fire and progressing forward, moving the nozzle rapidly with a side-to-side sweeping motion with care not to blast flaming liquid around the area. file://C:\Documents%20and%20Settings\Patrick_Kiser.KISERNB01\My%20Documents\w... 6/4/2004 Kiser Lab Safety Manual Page 22 of 41 Discharge should be continued after flames are extinguished to prevent possible re-flash. For CLASS A fires the discharge should be continued intermittently to coat flowing areas of CLASS A materials. Dry Powder Extinguishing Agent (D) Dry powder extinguishing agent is intended primarily for use on metal fires. The application of the agent should be of sufficient depth to adequately cover the fire area and provide a smothering blanket. Additional applications may be necessary to cover any hot spots which develop. Care should be taken to avoid scattering the burning metal. Where the burning metal is on a combustible surface, the fire should be covered with powder, then a two inch layer of powder spread out nearby and the burning metal moved onto this layer, with more powder added as needed. EXPERIMENTS It is expected that time and care will be taken by all Laboratory Members in PLANNING EXPERIMENTS. [The following material is taken from a safety booklet prepared by the Mallinckrodt Laboratory Safety Committee. This booklet is available on the Safety Shelf in our library.] "In order to foresee and avoid some of the booby-traps in a laboratory experiment: List all possible reactions, including side-reactions, before beginning. Think through all reactants, intermediates, and products in terms of flammability, toxicity, and reactivity hazards. Follow recognized safe practice procedures concerning protective equipment, housekeeping, the handling of hazardous chemicals and of equipment, as outlined above. In an unknown reaction, always start with small quantities of material and carefully observe reaction characteristics, such as temperature, color, viscosity, and physical state. If possible, obtain safety information about reactants and products from the Table on Hazardous Chemicals, page 21, the Reference List, page 58, [these references are to material in the Mallinckrodt Booklet] or from laboratory analysis (flash point, ...etc.). Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) are available in the Chemistry Library, OESO, and from the chemical manufacturers. If the safety information is not available elsewhere, it may by obtained from some outside laboratories that offer a testing service for the evaluation of explosion hazards, etc. If possible, determine from thermodynamic and kinetic considerations, the total quantity of, and the rate of evolution of heat and gases to be released during the reaction. Provide adequate cooling, ventilation, pressure relief, and gas purging. Isolate the reaction vessel, if possible, and make frequent inspections of equipment during reaction. Do not leave a hazardous system unattended. For each reactant, intermediate, or product, ask: file://C:\Documents%20and%20Settings\Patrick_Kiser.KISERNB01\My%20Documents\w... 6/4/2004 Kiser Lab Safety Manual Page 23 of 41 What is its flash point, flammability range, auto-ignition point, vapor pressure and vapor density? Does it decompose and if so, how rapidly and to what products? What is its stability on storage to heat, light, water, metals, etc.? Is it impact sensitive? Is it toxic? If so, what is the type of hazard (inhalation, ingestion, skin contact)? What protective measures are required? What is the recommended first aid treatment in case of an accidental exposure? About the reaction itself, ask: How violent will it be? What is the effect of catalysts or inhibitors? Will water or air affect the reaction? What would happen and what should be done if: Electric power fails? Cooling system fails? Pressure gets out of hand? Water leaks into system? Reaction container falls and breaks or spills contents? Remember that many explosions, fires, and asphyxiations are caused by the accidental combination of potentially dangerous substances. Safety rules for carrying out experiments 1. Avoid working alone, especially when carrying out a new or unfamiliar reaction or operation. Make arrangements with other persons in the building to check with each other periodically. Never perform hazardous operations while alone. 2. Use a towel to protect the hands when glass rods, tubing, or thermometers are being inserted or removed from rubber stoppers or when trying to loosen ground glass joints that are stuck. 3. Do not use flawed glassware. Throw it out or take it to the glassblower for repair. Chipped or cracked glassware can produce serious cuts, explosions, or bad spills. 4. All electrical equipment should be properly grounded. Use of extension cords should be avoided. 5. In working with fume hoods the following facts should be kept in mind. 6. Lowering the sash will increase air velocity and offer greater protection from toxic fumes and will provide supplemental eye and face protection. Normally the sash opening should be less than 18". If the sash is opened to a height greater than 18", a red light is activated at the top face of the hood. It is important to keep the sash below the 18" mark. The university periodically measures the airflow in the fume hoods. They have labeled the hoods the maximum recommend sash height. If the sash is raised above the indicated height, then the airflow will fall below the minimum acceptable level of 75 feet per minute. 7. Placing equipment deep in the hood will also reduce the possibility of fumes escaping into the laboratory. Personal Safety Considerations Gloves should be worn when handling: file://C:\Documents%20and%20Settings\Patrick_Kiser.KISERNB01\My%20Documents\w... 6/4/2004 Kiser Lab Safety Manual Page 24 of 41 Most kinds of organic chemicals. If in doubt assume they are carcinogenic, toxic or allergenic. Corrosive materials. Radioactive materials. Pathological microorganisms. Large quantities of volatile solvents. Any highly poisonous substance. A lab coat or apron should be worn when working with hazardous materials. Use a protective shield for unfamiliar or potentially hazardous reactions. Wash hands often--always before eating, smoking, or leaving the laboratory. Washing should be an instinctive reaction to spillage of any chemical on the skin. Reactions involving solutions No solutions should be pipetted by mouth. An aspirator bulb or vacuum line should be used. Add the more concentrated solution to the less concentrated - e.g. concentrated acid to water, not water to acid. Never mix concentrated solutions of highly reactive materials together without careful planning. Avoid accidentally mixing incompatible chemicals . Since both HNO3 and alcohol are often used for cleaning, it is easy to inadvertently make an explosive mixture approaching nitroglycerine in sensitivity and destructive power! Do not add a solid to a liquid near its boiling point. Bubble nucleation can produce a vigorous eruption. Avoid overheating oil baths - these can spatter and flash into a flame. Never use an oil bath for heating highly oxidizing substances. (perchlorates, nitrates, peroxides). Do not overfill reaction vessels - leave at least 20% free volume. Place a container under a reaction vessel to contain the spillage should the vessel break. Do not leave syringes with needles in positions where the needle is exposed to a working area. Needle tips on loaded syringes should be covered with a small cork or rubber septum when not actually in use. Accidental injection of most chemicals into a person will probably cause death. Distillations When possible, the heat source should be elevated on a jack or removable blocks. Do not open a system to the air until the residue has cooled to avoid exothermic decomposition. Vacuum operations Vacuum desiccators and Dewar flask should be enclosed or wrapped with tape to prevent flying glass in case of an implosion. Never carry an evacuated desiccator! Do not apply a vacuum to a flat-bottomed flask. Maintain a cold trap between a vacuum pump and the apparatus - do not use liquid N2 as trap coolant when pumping organic compounds (liquid O2 may condense in the trap, leading to explosive oxidation). All workers utilizing the house vacuum line must be sure to use a trap to prevent volatile materials from going into the vacuum line. If the trap is not used, a dangerous amount of the volatile materials will collect along the vacuum line and in the mechanical area of the basement causing a serious fire hazard as well as a hazard to those who work in the basement. file://C:\Documents%20and%20Settings\Patrick_Kiser.KISERNB01\My%20Documents\w... 6/4/2004 Kiser Lab Safety Manual Page 25 of 41 HAZARDOUS WASTE Hazardous materials are defined as those materials that are: flammable, corrosives, air or water reactive or toxic (see Definitions of Hazardous Materials. It is the responsibility of the lab principal investigator to manage their hazardous material and hazardous waste in their lab. This includes proper packaging and labeling of hazardous waste for disposal purposes per the following guidelines, and applicable regulations. The Department of Environmental Health and Safety (EHS) is charged with the responsibility of removing all hazardous materials, used and unused, from University facilities. EHS provides guidance on how to properly package and label waste material. Materials picked up by EHS are recycled, used by someone else, or disposed of at an EPA approved facility. Liquid Hazardous Waste In each hood there is a container for hazardous waste. This container must remain capped when not in use. When you pour material in the container record the date, identity and amount of material on the hazardous waste manifest form attached to the hood. When this in process container is filled then place the large waste container in the hood. Put on protective equipment (gloves, respirator, lab coat) and pour the in process waste into the large container. Finally attach the manifest to large waste container for future completion of the hazardous waste tag. To have hazardous waste removed from your area you must: 1. Use safe containers. Please package all hazardous materials properly for transport by EHS personnel, see packaging requirements below. 2. Fill out an Inventory tag. These tags are available online at http://www.utahehs.org/wastetag.doc. 3. Please check that all sections are filled out accurately and completely. The information on the tags is used by chemists to safely handle your chemicals and to file an annual report with the Environmental Protection Agency. Incomplete tags will be returned. If you have filled out an online tag you do not need to mail a copy. 4. Call EHS or fill out the online form at http://www.utahehs.org/index.php?tier=3&id=40 Procedures for properly collecting, storing and handling hazardous materials 1. Keep all hazardous materials in appropriate closed containers with airtight lids. Do not store hazardous materials in a fume hood. Keep all hazardous material containers closed at all times except when adding or removing the material. 2. Do not mix incompatible chemicals (i.e. oxidizers with flammables . . .). 3. Do not mix hazardous materials with non-hazardous materials. It greatly increases waste disposal costs. 4. Accurately label all containers with chemical names and exact content as well as date of purchase. It is imperative to avoid producing containers whose contents are unknown. Such materials are very expensive to dispose of. If containers of unknown chemicals are found, please contact EHS to make special arrangements. PACKAGING REQUIREMENTS FOR ALL HAZARDOUS MATERIALS file://C:\Documents%20and%20Settings\Patrick_Kiser.KISERNB01\My%20Documents\w... 6/4/2004 Kiser Lab Safety Manual Page 26 of 41 1. The outside of the containers must be clean and free of chemical contamination. 2. Use appropriate containers. All glass containers must be securely packaged to prevent breakage during transport. 3. All containers of liquids must have screw lids and must not leak when inverted. Corks, cotton plugs, tape, or parafilm are not acceptable lids for containers of hazardous materials. 4. If possible, use the same container for disposal of used material that held the new material originally. 5. Metal cans are not acceptable for accumulating hazardous solvents - except for waste oil. Five gallon polyethylene containers are available at no cost from EHS. 6. Loose solid materials must be placed in a sealed container or in a cardboard box lined with two polyethylene bags. 7. Containers storing hazardous materials must be kept closed, except when adding or removing contents. Non-infectious sharps disposal The disposal procedure for non-infectious sharps is in place to provide protection to custodial staff and disposal crews from injury. This is in response to actual injuries due to unknown sharp items placed in regular trash containers. Placing glass and other non-infectious sharps in regular trash containers presents a real hazard to custodians when removing trash bags from the labs to the trash bins outside. Sharps can easily puncture plastic trash bags and present poking, cutting, and contamination hazards to custodians. Placing the non-infectious sharps waste in the provided plastic lined boxes contains the sharps, so that they do not become a problem for the custodians and trash disposal crews during transportation and disposal. The responsibility of the lab personnel: 1. The lab personnel are responsible to properly segregate and package all their hazardous waste for disposal. This includes chemical, radioactive, infectious, and noninfectious sharps. 2. Only non-infectious sharps are to be placed in the noninfectious sharps containers. 3. Bottles of any size larger than 1 pint are not to be put in the containers unless they are broken. Large bottles are to be set-aside for the custodians to throw out separately. 4. Metal sharps such as needles, syringes, and razor blades should go in the red biohazard (infectious) waste containers. 5. Lab personnel are responsible for closing up the boxes when they are full and setting them outside the lab door for pickup. 6. Any containers that are overfilled and not closed are not safe for the custodians to handle and will not be picked up, but will be put back in the lab for the lab personnel to properly close. The responsibility of the custodians: 1. To supply the labs with containers (boxes and bags, etc) as appropriate. 2. To request support from EHS regarding bags, boxes and supplies as needed. 3. To make sure containers (boxes, etc) are securely closed (taped, etc). All closed sharps containers sitting outside lab doors will be disposed to the dumpster. 4. The boxes supplied by EHS are disposable. Custodians or lab personnel are NOT to remove the plastic bags to dispose of its contents. The entire box is to be thrown away and a new box will replace it. NOTE: Labs may provide their own containers (boxes, etc) if the containers provided by custodial file://C:\Documents%20and%20Settings\Patrick_Kiser.KISERNB01\My%20Documents\w... 6/4/2004 Kiser Lab Safety Manual Page 27 of 41 services and/or EHS do not meet the specific needs of the lab. However, the lab should consult with custodial services and/or EHS to ensure that the containers used will accommodate the desired outcome of protecting custodial staff from injury. Special Notes Waste containing arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, selenium or silver are particularly difficult and expensive to dispose of. Consequently, specific information giving the amounts and types of metals present the in the chemical waste must be included on the chemical pickup request form. If the information is not provided on the form, the U of U EHS will contact your lab prior to pickup to obtain the missing information. If the exact amount of a metal in the waste is not known a good estimate should be made based on how much material was used in the experiment generating the waste. Disposal of empty gas cylinders The contents of lecture bottles must be identified prior to disposal with the EHS. Every effort should be made to recycle a used, but not empty, lecture bottle by giving it to another researcher when your lab no longer needs the material. 1. Open valve fully so that the top of the container may be completely unscrewed or sawed off prior to burial in a landfill. Then tag the cylinder for waste pickup. 2. If the tank has an automatic valve that cannot be left open, (e.g., disposable propane tanks for torches) simply tag it for pickup. When empty. 3. Do not vent toxic or other unsafe gasses in the fume hood. Instead, you should attempt to cycle the bottle to another researcher, or if it clearly needs to be emptied, you should trap the gas in an appropriate solution for disposal. Disposal of chemical contaminated solids There is a supply of plastic bags in the hood into which gloves, pipette tips, vials etc… should be placed. When the bag is full, seal the bag and place it in solid waste. Disposal of silica gel Used silica may be left in a hood, to evaporate solvent, packaged in thick plastic bags or sealed drums and disposed of in the dumpster at the loading dock provided that it does not contain other hazardous chemicals. If it does contain hazardous chemicals dispose following guidelines for chemical waste. Do not dispose of silica gel in trash cans or leave it for housekeeping to remove. Disposal of rinse solvents When you rinse glassware with a solvent, such as acetone, collect the rinse solvent in an appropriate container. Preferably; rinse your glassware over a funnel that empties into a container such as a bottle or used acetone can. The container should then be tagged for waste pickup using normal procedures. Our general policy is that nothing except water should go down the drain. Disposal of glass bottles Rinse the bottles with water and then remove label by crossing out and place in the waste container for file://C:\Documents%20and%20Settings\Patrick_Kiser.KISERNB01\My%20Documents\w... 6/4/2004 Kiser Lab Safety Manual Page 28 of 41 glass or in the regular waste barrel. Disposal of broken glass Place all broken glass items in the cardboard containers designated for the disposal of broken glass, which are located in the hallways on the third floor. You may also use any cardboard box to dispose of broken glassware in your laboratory. The box should be properly labeled, and taped shut when it is full. Disposal of needles and syringes Used needles cannot be placed intact in regular waste receptacles since they may injure persons who must handle our trash. Use only containers specifically designated for disposal of syringes and needles. These containers are available in the Chemistry Storeroom. Full containers of used syringes and needles should be tagged as chemical waste as described above. Disposal of used pump oil Used pump oil should be tagged as chemical waste as described above. Disposal of smelly trash In order to avoid exposing Housekeeping staff to unusually odoriferous trash, wrap up the trash before putting it in waste baskets. Special disposal bags are available at the Stockroom free of charge. If you are a potential producer of such trash, pick up a supply of these bags to keep on hand in your lab at all times. Wrap up all offensive materials in these bags and tie them up tight before discarding them in the trash. Disposal of chemicals in the trash is forbidden. If the housekeeping staff sees (or smells) chemicals in the trash, they will not pick it up. Lab Shut down Procedures Lab shut down procedure (this is placed on the door) The last person out is responsible. Walk through the lab Hood Sashes Down Reflux condenser lines clamped N2 off or left intentionally on at a slow flow Solvent bottle in the flammable cabinets Vacuum pump off or topped off with liquid nitrogen UV lamp off in hood HPLC off Overnight samples labeled Work areas are clean Balance clean Samples labeled file://C:\Documents%20and%20Settings\Patrick_Kiser.KISERNB01\My%20Documents\w... 6/4/2004 Kiser Lab Safety Manual Page 29 of 41 Water shut off and not running in all sinks Oven door closed Rotovap heating bath and chiller off House vacuum off Lights off EMERGENCY PROCEDURES In Case of Emergency YOU ARE IN ROOM # _______ IN BLDG# __BPRB_____ AT PHONE#_______ EMERGENCY EVENT FIRST ACTION THEN DO THIS Call 5-2677 PULL ALARM, CLOSE DOORS, FIRE OR EXPLOSION 24 hrs/University EVACUATE TO NEARBY AREA Police CHEMICAL SPILL IS Call 5-2677 EVACUATE TO NEARBY AREA, or MIGHT BE LIFE 24 hrs/University REMOVE VICTIMS CLOTHING, THREATENING Police DOUSE W/WATER -15 MINUTES CHEMICAL SPILL Call 5-2677 SECURE SPILL AREA, CLOSE DOORS, NOT LIFE 24 hrs/University NOTIFY NEIGHBORING AREAS. THREATENING Police Call 1-6141 8a5p/Radiological DETAIN THOSE CONTAMINATED, RADIOACTIVE SPILL Health CONSULT RADIATION SAFETY 5-2677 MANUAL 24 hrs/University Police Call 5-2677 ENSURE ACCESS TO THE AREA, CARDIAC ARREST 24 hrs/University BEGIN CPR IF QUALIFIED Police Call 1-6590 ODD ODOR 7a-5p/EHS Call 5-2677 IDENTIFY SOURCE 24 hrs/University IF POSSIBLE Police Call 1-7221 Plant Natural Gas Odor Ops DO NOT CALL EARTHQUAKE INSIDE- GET BENEATH STRUCTURE Call 5-2677 (desk, doorway) / OUTDOORS GET INTO If a gas leak or electrical 24 hrs/University OPEN AREA AFTER TREMOR. hazard is detected Police SECURITY PROBLEM Call 5-2677 file://C:\Documents%20and%20Settings\Patrick_Kiser.KISERNB01\My%20Documents\w... 6/4/2004 Kiser Lab Safety Manual Page 30 of 41 - PERSON OR ANIMAL UTILITY FAILURE MEDICAL ASSIST 24 hrs/University Police Call 1-7221 7a-5p/Plant Operations Dispatch 5-2677 24 hrs/University Police Call 5-2677 24 hrs/University Police GET COMPLETE DESCRIPTION GIVE EXACT LOCATION OF UTILITY FAILURE. TURN OFF EQUIPMENT, MAJOR APPLIANCES. DO NOT USE OPEN FLAMES FOR LIGHTING. COMPLETE THE APPROPRIATE REPORTING FORM* *Employee = Worker's Compensation "First Report of Injury" Student/Visitor = University "Accident/Injury Report" EMERGENCY ASSEMBLY POINT (OUTSIDE): ______________________________ Format courtesy of Howard Hughes Medical Institute Dealing with serious emergencies Serious emergencies are of two basic types--those that expose one or two individuals to personal injury (burn, shock, poisoning, etc.) and those that endanger lives and property in the whole building. In either sort of emergency situation you should get help at once. This may be done by: calling for help from people nearby pulling the fire alarm Since you should never carry out hazardous operations while working alone with no help nearby, it is unlikely that you will need to have immediate recourse to (b) or (c) as a first step in response to most types of accidents. If you and/or the people nearby successfully handle the emergency without calling Campus Police, you still need to report the emergency within 24 hours to the Departmental Safety Coordinator and to Campus Police at 5-2677. Personal Injury or Chemical Spill Forms Proper documentation and follow-up are the keys to preventing recurrence of any accident. The form to be filled out in the event of any personal injury, fire or chemical spill is shown on INSERT LINK. Emergencies requiring outside professionals If the emergency endangers lives and property in the building, you or someone helping you will need to pull the red alarm levers which will call the University Public Safety Officers and which is the signal for evacuating the building. (See section on evacuation for details of evacuation plan for the building.) file://C:\Documents%20and%20Settings\Patrick_Kiser.KISERNB01\My%20Documents\w... 6/4/2004 Kiser Lab Safety Manual Page 31 of 41 Call, or have someone call, the University Police at "5-2677" and give the following information concerning the emergency: Location - Room _____, BPRB BLD 570 . What you see: Flame or smoke. Describe smell of smoke. Describe odor of gas. Serious injuries Involved. What is burning or what was spilled. Flammable liquids (kind), combustibles (kind), toxic substance, etc. Quantity in room, if known. Name of caller. Phone number where you can be reached. Stay on the phone until the dispatcher hangs up. You or people helping you should be sure that: • • • • emergency personnel have been called initial steps have been taken to deal with the situation, such as administering first aid if qualified, containing or extinguishing a fire or closing all fire doors if you are unable to fight the fire, cleaning up a chemical spill, etc., • information on the hazards of the situation or injured person will be given to professional safety personnel when they arrive, • people have been dispatched to the elevator and doors of the building to help professional safety personnel get to the site of the emergency, • the appropriate research director(s) and officers of the department have been informed of the emergency situation. In an emergency situation the hierarchy of responsibility for determining WHO IS IN CHARGE until the professional safety personnel arrive is as follows: 1. faculty supervisor of the group having the accident, 2. the postdoctoral or graduate student Safety Officer for the laboratory or research group involved with the emergency, 3. any other member of the group having the accident or any faculty member. As soon as professional safety personnel arrive, they have the responsibility and authority to take charge of the situation, although they may still need the help of Chemistry Department personnel. In a case of more serious accidents where there is injury and the possibility of a fire or explosion, the City Public Safety Officers (firemen and police) may be called to the Gross Chemical Lab. When they file://C:\Documents%20and%20Settings\Patrick_Kiser.KISERNB01\My%20Documents\w... 6/4/2004 Kiser Lab Safety Manual Page 32 of 41 are here, they have the responsibility of assuming as much authority for what is done as they consider appropriate. This means that they can call for evacuation of the building, and if they do, their orders are to be complied with at once without question. Failure to do so or to offer resistance to the orders of a Public Safety Officer can result in arrest. It is important to understand that Public Safety Officers are not chemists and may not be able to size up or appreciate the difference between small and large hazards as they would appear to us. They do, however, have the legally constituted responsibility and authority to deal with potentially hazardous situations and often must start by assuming a "worst case scenario" although the real hazard may quickly turn out to be small. Since all research personnel have been trained to respond to building evacuation orders there should be little problem in closing down an experiment for 10 to 15 minutes until the responsible Public Safety Officer has been satisfied that the building may be reoccupied safely. Electrical Power Failure Power outages have occurred several times in the recent past and will probably be a recurring problem. When the power fails, We note the following as sources of hazard: All hoods will stop. You should be prepared to deal immediately with toxic or inflammable gases. All pumps will stop. Vacuum lines are apt to flood with pump oil. Liquefied gases in vacuum lines may be a hazard as the supply of Dry Ice runs out. Refrigerators and freezers and cold rooms will warm up after a few hours. Explosive vapors may accumulate, and detonate when the power goes on. Although the thermostats in refrigerators in research labs have been modified to reduce the potential for explosion, the compressors are not sealed and are a potential ignition source. It is therefore important to keep the contents of the refrigerator cold by keeping a block of Dry Ice in the freezer compartment for the duration of the outage. A standby refrigerator-freezer which operates on the backup generator will be purchased at a later date. Power surges or sparks from switches may be a hazard for delicate equipment when the power goes on. Assuming that the generator operates correctly, all lights except one safety light in each teaching lab and safety lights in each corridor and stairwell will go out. If the generator fails, all lights will go out. You should bring a flashlight to work and keep it available in your working area. If a power failure appears to be extended you should go home and stay there after leaving your laboratory in safe condition. It will not be practical to do research anyway! Emergency Evacuation In the event of a serious emergency such as fire, explosion or release of hazardous gas, the building must be evacuated. This requirement is not only to remove those present in the building from potential hazard, but to clear the way for firemen or Safety Officers who are responsible for handling the emergency. Signs have been posted on the walls indicating the evacuation route to be taken from any point in the building. The Evacuation Plan for the building is described below. Every person working regularly in a research laboratory or teaching laboratory should be familiar with the correct evacuation route from that area and should get out by the correct stairway as soon as the evacuation order is given. file://C:\Documents%20and%20Settings\Patrick_Kiser.KISERNB01\My%20Documents\w... 6/4/2004 Kiser Lab Safety Manual Page 33 of 41 Evacuation drills will be held as required by the City of Salt Lake. Total evacuation of the building is required during evacuation drills. In addition to the drills, the fire alarm system is tested once per year. Evacuation is not required during fire alarm tests. Advance notice of fire alarm tests will be posted. An evacuation may be signaled by the sounding of the fire alarm, by a person going room-to-room and/or by an announcement over the PA system (third floor only). Before leaving a lab, shut down all experiments as quickly and safely as possible using common sense as your guide. This should include removing heat, releasing pressure or vacuum, and turning off electrical appliances. When you exit from a lab; leave the lights turned on, close the doors to the room, but leave the doors unlocked. Follow the designated evacuation route from your lab using the stairs, not the elevator. Move away from the building and meet with the other members of your research group at the pre-designated place to verify that everyone has left the building. During fire drills an all-clear signal will be given when it is all right to return to the building. DO NOT RETURN TO THE BUILDING UNTIL THE ALL-CLEAR SIGNAL IS GIVEN. It should be recognized that any building evacuation, either in a drill or in a genuine emergency situation, may interfere with experiments that are underway. You should keep this possibility in mind and consider as part of your preparation for any experiment the question of how you can safely close it down in an emergency with minimum damage to your work. Emergency Evacuation Plan for BPRB Fifth Floor Exit stairway in south corner or stairway down the middle of the building Meet near bus stop to the south east corner of the building First Aid There is a reference book on the Safety Shelf to the right of the entrance to the Chemistry Library, "First Aid Manual for Chemical Accidents" which covers inhalation, digestion, skin contact, and eye contact procedures. Give immediate First Aid only if it is immediately life threatening or if the accident is trivial; otherwise await the arrival of qualified safety personnel or paramedics. Except for trivial accidents, call the University Public Safety Office by dialing 5-2677. State clearly: What the emergency is Where the emergency is Who is calling Where to pick up victim Do not hang up the phone until the dispatcher hangs up. The car from the Public Safety Office should arrive within 5 minutes. Thermal Burns - In the case of a burn, apply cold water and/or ice immediately to the burned area until the pain subsides. Wrap the burned area to protect from infection. It is best to avoid oils and ointments in first aid treatment since these frequently complicate the physician's job. If the burns are extensive, treat for shock (see following) and call Public Safety (5-2677) for transportation. file://C:\Documents%20and%20Settings\Patrick_Kiser.KISERNB01\My%20Documents\w... 6/4/2004 Kiser Lab Safety Manual Page 34 of 41 Chemical Burns - Flush the affected area at least 15 minutes with tap water. Acid or minor bromine burns may then be treated with 5% sodium carbonate solution. Alkali burns can be washed with 5% acetic acid solution or saturated boric acid solution. Wrap the burned area loosely . Call 5-2677 for severe burns. Burns from the following chemicals: hydrofluoric acid, white phosphorus and phenol require special treatment. If these chemicals are to be handled, be sure that you know the first aid treatment before they are used. See the "First Aid Manual for Chemical Accidents" on the Safety Reserve Shelf in the library for details. Minor Bleeding: Allow the blood to flow a few moments. Flush the wound thoroughly with water. Apply an antiseptic and bandage the wound to prevent contamination. Toxic Fumes: If there are complaints of a headache or dizziness in a laboratory in which the odors of such toxic gases as chlorine, hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen oxides, etc., are even detectable, see that the victim is taken to fresh air immediately and made to rest. Do not permit the victim to move unless the symptoms disappear rapidly. Also clear all others from the laboratory until the problem can be clearly identified and remedied. Call 5-2677. Fainting and Shock: Any or all of the following are symptoms of shock: chill, trembling, shortness of breath, pallor, nausea, excessive perspiration. In such cases, the patient should be placed in a prone position with head lower than feet. Loosen tight clothing and keep patient warm. Call "5-2677" and request transportation. Chemical Splashes: Safety Showers and Eye Washes Each of the laboratories is equipped with a safety shower, since it has been conclusively proven that immediate washing of the skin with a generous amount of water is the most effective first aid treatment for chemical burns. Pulling the ring hanging from a safety shower will cause the rapid discharge of about 50 gallons of water. Be sure to leave the ring hanging freely at the end of the chain at all times. For a major chemical splash or clothing on fire, have no hesitation to use the shower in your laboratory. For less serious splashes requiring change of clothes, use the showers located in the basement restrooms. All of the research and teaching laboratories are also equipped with eye wash fountains in case a chemical splashes in the eyes. LINKS Here are a collection of safety related links. If you come across any other good sites, please e-mail the links to patrick.kiser@utah.edu University of Utah Safety Sites http://www.utahehs.org/index.php - EHS main safety page http://www.utahehs.org/index.php?tier=2&id=16 - University of Utah Research Lab Safety Manual http://www.utahehs.org/index.php?tier=3&id=37 - EHS Biological Safety http://www.utahehs.org/index.php?tier=6&id=13 - University of Utah's Particularly Hazardous Substances Index http://www.utahehs.org/index.php?tier=2&id=4 - University of Utah Safety Encyclopedia file://C:\Documents%20and%20Settings\Patrick_Kiser.KISERNB01\My%20Documents\w... 6/4/2004 Kiser Lab Safety Manual Page 35 of 41 Below is a list of links providing safety information. This information comes from the American Chemical Society and was published in CHEMTECH, November 1999, page 56. Online safety Training Knowing how to practice safe science - Great website at Yale University MSDS Information http://msds.pdc.cornell.edu/msdssrch.asp-MSDS searchable database. http://www.hazard.com/msds/index.php-searchable MSDS database. http://www.msdssearch.com-searchable MSDS database Agency of Toxic Substances and Disease Registry http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov-Agency of Toxic Substances and Disease (ATSDR) homepage http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/advisories-ATSDR health advisory http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/alerts- ATSDR alerts http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaq.html-Frequently asked questions about toxic substances from ATSDR. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/cxcx3.html-ATSDR's top 20 hazardous substances. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/HAC/PHA-Pubic Health Asssessments searchable database. Food and Drug Administration http://www.fda.gov-FDA homepage. http://www.fda.gov/cder/-Center for Drug Evaluation and Research homepage. http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/cos-safe.html-FDA information concerning cosmetics safety. http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/cos-210.html-FDA restricted ingredients for cosmetics. http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/cos-207.html-FDA cosmetic shelf life information. http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/cos-toc.html-FDA frequently asked questions concerning cosmetics. http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/eafus.html-FDA food additive database. Environmental Protection Agency http://www.epa.gov-Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) homepage. http://www.epa.gov/oar/-EPA Office of Air and Radiation (OAR) homepage. http://www.epa.gov/oar/airtoxic.html-OAR description of toxic air pollutants. file://C:\Documents%20and%20Settings\Patrick_Kiser.KISERNB01\My%20Documents\w... 6/4/2004 Kiser Lab Safety Manual Page 36 of 41 http://www.epa.gov/iaq-EPA Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) homepage. http://www.epa.gov/iaq/pubs/sbs.html-IAQ discussion of Sick Building Sindrome. http://www.epa.gov/iaq/pubs-List of IAQ publications. http://www.epa.gov/ow-EPA Office of Water Quality(OW) homepage. http://www.epa.gov/safewater/index.html-Office of Water's current drinking water standards. http://www.epa.gov/ost/beaches-Office of Water's beach watch homepage. http://www.epa.gov/owm-Office of Wastewater Management homepage. http://www.epa.gov/pesticides-EPA Pesticides division homepage. http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/info.htm-General information on pesticides. http://www.epa.gov/opptintr/opptcon.htm-Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics(OPPTS) conerns for citizens site. http://www.epa.gov/opptintr/opptloc.htm-OPPTS information resources. http://www.epa.gov/swerrims/outreach.htm-Solid waste and emergency response site. http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/hotline/index.htm-Office of Solid Waste information resources. http://yosemite.epa.gov/oswer/ceppoweb.nsf/content/index.htmlInformation on chemical emergency preparedness. Chemical Hygene http://www.ehs.uiuc.edu/- Safety at the University of Illinois at Urbania-Champaign. http://www.ehs.uiuc.edu/css/safety/index.htm-Chemical safety guide. http://www.ehs.uiuc.edu/css/chyp/index.htm- Model Chemical hygene plan http://www.ehs.uiuc.edu/css/msds/index.htm-MSDS Links http://www.ehs.uiuc.edu/css/hazcom/index.htm-Hazardous communications/Right to Know information http://www.ehs.uiuc.edu/css/factsheets/index.html-CSS fact sheets -UIUC laboratory safety inspection form. http://www.pubs.acs.org/hotartcl/chas/98/mayjun/cho.htmlResponsibilities of a chemical hygene officer presented by the ACS. http://www.pubs.acs.org/hotartcl/chas/98/marapr/cus.html-Customer chemical health and safety education http://www.pubs.acs.org/hotartcl/chas/97/novdec/latex.htmlInformation on latex gloves. http://www.pubs.acs.org/hotartcl/chas/97/mayjun/con.html-Contact lens safety information. http://www.pubs.acs.org/cen/safety/19980601.html-More information on contact lens safety. http://acsinfo.acs.org/hotartcl/chas/96/novdec/choall.htmlQualifications and training of chemical hygene officers. http://physchem.ox.ac.uk/MSDS/incompatibles.html-Incompatible chemical information. file://C:\Documents%20and%20Settings\Patrick_Kiser.KISERNB01\My%20Documents\w... 6/4/2004 Kiser Lab Safety Manual Page 37 of 41 http://www.minerals.csiro.au/safety/preg.htm http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/chemical-safety/default.htmlChemical health and safety data information. http://pubs.acs.org/cen/safety/index.html-Chemical and Engineering news safety letters. Easily Printable Safety Forms (PDF format): Overnight/Unattended Experiment Form Safety Inspection Form Waste Disposal Form Waste Manifest Chemical Waste Pickup Form (Here is an example of a completed form) Personal Injury Report Form Carcinogen list CHEMICAL NAME 2-Acetylaminofluorene Acrylonitrile Actinimycin D Adriamycin Aflatoxins 2-Aminoanthraquinone o-Aminoazotoluene 4-Aminobiphenyl 2-Amino-5-(5-nitro-2-furyl)1,3,4-thiadiazole Amitrole O-Anisidine O-Anisidine hydrochloride Aramite Arsenic Arsenic compounds Arsenic pentoxide Arsenic trioxide Arsenic, inorganic compounds Asbestos Auramine Azaserine Azathioprine Benzene Benzidine CAS NUMBER 53-96-3 107-13-1 50-76-0 23214-928 1402-68-2 117-79-3 97-56-3 92-67-1 712-68-5 61-82-5 90-04-0 134-29-2 140-57-8 7440-38-2 7440-38-2 1303-28-2 1327-53-3 7440-38-2 492-80-8 115-02-6 446-86-6 71-43-2 92-87-5 CATEGORY NTPAHC IARC 2B;NTPAHC IARC 3 IARC 2A;NTPAHC IARC 1;NTPHC NTPAHC IARC 2Bs IARC 1;NTPHC IARC 2Bs IARC 2B;NTPAHC IARC 2Bs;NTPAHC NTPAHC IARC 2Bs;NTPAHC IARC 1;NTPHC NTPHC IARC 1 IARC 1;NTPHC IARC 1;NTPHC IARC 1;NTPHC IARC 2B IARC 2Bs IARC 1;NTPHC IARC 1;NTPHC IARC 1;NTPHC file://C:\Documents%20and%20Settings\Patrick_Kiser.KISERNB01\My%20Documents\w... 6/4/2004 Kiser Lab Safety Manual Page 38 of 41 Benzo(a)pyrene Benzo(b)fluoranthene Benzotrichloride Benzyl violet Beryllium and compounds Bis-(chloromethyl) ether Bis-chloroethyl nitrosourea 1,4-Butanediol dimethane-sulphonate B-butyrolactone Cadmium and compounds Carbon tetrachloride Chlorambucil Chloramphenicol Chlorinated toluenes 1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-cyclo-hexyl-1-nitrosourea 4-Chloro-o-phenylenediamine Chromium hexavalent compounds Cisplatin Citrus red no. 2 Cobalt-chromium alloy Creosote(s) p-Cresidine Cupferron Cycasin Cyclophosphamide Dacarbazine Daunomycin DDT N,N'-Diacetylbenzidine 2,4-Diaminoanisole sulfate 4,4'-Diaminodiphenyl ether 2,4-Diaminotoluene Dibenz(a,h)acridine Dibenz[a,j]acridine Dibenz[a,h]anthracene Dibenzo(a,e)pyrene Dibenzo[a,h]pyrene Dibenzo([a,i]pyrene Dibenzo[q,i]pyrene Dibromochloropropane (DBCP) 3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine Dichlorodiaminodiphenyl ether Diethyl sulfate Diethylstilbestrol Dihydrosafrole 3,3'-Dimethoxybenzidine 50-32-8 205-99-2 98-07-7 1694-09-3 7440-41-7 542-88-1 154-93-8 55-98-1 3068-88-0 7440-43-9 56-23-5 305-03-3 56-75-7 13010-47-4 95-83-0 1333-82-0 15663-27-1 6358-53-8 11114-92-4 8001-58-9 120-71-8 135-20-6 14901-08-7 50-18-0 4342-03-4 20830-81-3 50-29-3 613-35-4 39156-41-7 101-80-4 95-80-7 226-36-8 224-42-0 53-70-3 192-65-4 189-64-0 189-55-9 189-55-9 96-12-8 91-94-1 284-34-86-8 64-67-5 56-53-1 94-58-6 119-90-4 IARC 2A IARC 3 NTPAHC IARC 2Bs IARC 1;NTPAHC IARC 1;NTPHC IARC 2A;NTPAHC IARC 1;NTPHC IARC 2Bs NTPAHC IARC 2B;NTPAHC IARC 1;NTPHC IARC 2B IARC 1 IARC 1;NTPAHC IARC 2Bs;NTPAHC IARC 1;NTPHC IARC 2A IARC 2Bs IARC 2B;NTPHC IARC 2Bs IARC 2Bs;NTPAHC NTPAHC IARC 2Bs;NTPAHC IARC 1;NTPHC IARC 2B;NTPAHC IARC 2Bs IARC 2B;NTPAHC IARC 2Bs IARC 2Bs;NTPAHC IARC 2Bs IARC 2Bs;NTPAHC IARC 2Bs;NTPAHC IARC 2Bs;NTPAHC IARC 2B;NTPAHC IARC 2Bs IARC 2Bs;NTPAHC IARC 2Bs;NTPAHC IARC 2Bs;NTPAHC IARC 2Bs;NTPAHC IARC 2B;NTPAHC IARC 2Bs IARC 2A;NTPAHC IARC 1;NTPHC IARC 2Bs IARC 2B;NTPAHC file://C:\Documents%20and%20Settings\Patrick_Kiser.KISERNB01\My%20Documents\w... 6/4/2004 Kiser Lab Safety Manual Page 39 of 41 trans-2((Dimethylamino)methylimino)5(2-(5-nitro-2-furyl)vinyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) Dimethyl sulfate Dimethylaminoazobenzene Dimethylcarbamoyl chloride Dioxane Estrone Ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) Ethylene dibromide (EDB) Ethylene thiourea Formaldehyde 2-(2-Formylhydrazino)-4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)thiazole Glycidylaldehyde Hexachlorobenzene Hexamethyl phosphoramide Hydrazine, sulfate (1:1) Lasiocarpine Lead acetate Lead chromate(VI) oxide Lindane, and mixed isomers Melphalan Merphalan Mestranol 4,4'-Methylene bis-(2-chloroaniline) 4,4'-Methylene bis(N,N-dimethyl)benzeneamine 4,4'-Methylene bis (2-methylaniline Methylenedianiline Methylenedianiline dihydro-chloride Methyl iodide Methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) Methylnitroanthraquinone Methylnitronitrosoguanidine Methylazoxymethanol acetate Methylthiouracil Metronidazole Michler's ketone Mirex Mitomycin C Monocrotaline Mustard gas 2-Naphthylamine 5-Nitroacenaphthene 5-Nitro-o-anisidine 1-((5-Nitrofurfurylidene)-2-imidazolidinone N-(4-(5-Nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl)acetamide 55738-54-0 57-14-7 77-78-1 60-11-7 79-44-7 123-91-1 53-16-7 62-50-0 106-93-4 964-45-7 3570-75-0 765-34-4 118-74-1 680-31-9 10034-93-2 303-34-4 301-04-2 18454-12-1 58-89-9 148-82-3 531-76-0 72-33-3 101-14-4 101-61-1 838-88-0 101-77-9 13552-44-8 74-88-4 66-27-3 129-15-7 70-25-7 592-62-1 56-04-2 443-48-1 90-94-8 2385-85-5 50-07-7 315-22-0 505-60-2 91-59-8 602-87-9 99-59-2 555-84-0 531-82-8 IARC 2Bs IARC 2Bs;NTPAHC IARC 2A;NTPAHC IARC 3;NTPAHC IARC 2A;NTPAHC IARC 2B;NTPAHC IARC 2B;NTPAHC IARC 2Bs IARC 2B;NTPAHC IARC 2B;NTPAHC IARC 2B;NTPAHC IARC 2Bs IARC 2Bs IARC 2Bs;NTPAHC IARC 2Bs;NTPAHC NTPAHC IARC 2Bs NTPAHC IARC 1;NTPHC NTPAHC IARC 1;NTPHC IARC 2Bs IARC 2B;NTPAHC IARC 2Bs;NTPAHC NTPAHC IARC 2A NTPAHC NTPAHC IARC 3;NTPAHC IARC 2A IARC 2Bs IARC 2A IARC 2Bs IARC 2Bs IARC 2B;NTPAHC NTPAHC IARC 2Bs;NTPAHC IARC 2Bs IARC 2Bs IARC 1;NTPHC IARC 1;NTPHC IARC 2Bs NTPAHC IARC 2Bs IARC 2Bs file://C:\Documents%20and%20Settings\Patrick_Kiser.KISERNB01\My%20Documents\w... 6/4/2004 Kiser Lab Safety Manual Page 40 of 41 2-Nitropropane p-Nitrosodiphenylamine Nitrosodibutylamine Nitrosodipropylamine Nitrosodiethanolamine Nitrosodiethylamine Nitrosodimethylamine Nitrosomethylethylamine Nitrosomorpholine Nitrosonornicotine Nitrosopiperidine Nitrosopyrrolidine Nitrososarcosine Nickel and dusts, powders, fumes Nickel compounds Niridazole Nitrilotriacetic acid Nitrogen mustard Nitrogen mustard N-oxide Norethisterone Panfuran S Phenacetin Phenazopyridine hydrochloride Phenoxybenzamine hydro-chloride Phenytoin Phenytoin, sodium salt Polychlorinated biphenyls Ponceau 3R Ponceau MX Procarbizine (MIH) Procarbizine hydrochloride Progesterone 1,3-Propane sultone B-Propiolactone (BPL) Reserpine Safrole Selenium sulfide Sterigmatocystin Streptozotocin Sulfallate Testosterone Thioacetamide 4,4'-Thiodianiline Thiourea Toluene-2,4-diisocyanate o-Toluidine 79-46-9 156-10-5 924-16-3 621-64-7 1116-54-7 55-18-5 62-75-9 10595-95-6 59-89-2 16543-55-8 100-75-4 930-55-2 13256-22-9 7440-02-0 61-57-4 139-13-9 68-22-4 794-93-4 62-44-2 136-40-3 63-92-3 57-41-0 630-93-3 1336-36-3 3564-09-8 3761-53-3 671-16-9 366-70-1 57-83-0 1120-71-4 57-57-8 50-55-5 94-59-7 7446-34-6 10048-13-2 18883-66-4 95-06-7 58-22-0 62-55-5 136-65-1 62-56-6 584-84-9 95-53-4 IARC 2Bs;NTPAHC NTPAHC IARC 2Bs'NTPAHC IARC 2Bs;NTPAHC IARC 2Bs;NTPAHC IARC 2Bs;NTPAHC IARC 2Bs;NTPAHC IARC 2Bs IARC 2Bs;NTPAHC IARC 2BS;NTPAHC IARC 2Bs;NTPAHC IARC 2Bs;NTPAHC IARC 2Bs;NTPAHC IARC 2A;NTPAHC IARC 2A;NTPAHC IARC 2Bs NTPAHC IARC 2A;NTPAHC IARC 2Bs IARC 2B;NTPAHC IARC 2Bs IARC 2A;NTPAHC NTPAHC IARC 2Bs IARC 2B;NTPAHC NTPAHC IARC 2B;NTPAHC IARC 2Bs IARC 2Bs IARC 2A;NTPAHC NTPAHC IARC 2B;NTPAHC IARC 2Bs;NTPAHC IARC 2Bs;NTPAHC NTPAHC IARC 2Bs;NTPAHC NTPAHC IARC 2Bs IARC 2Bs;NTPAHC NTPAHC IARC 2Bs IARC 2Bs;NTPAHC IARC 2Bs IARC 2Bs;NTPAHC NTPAHC IARC 2A;NTPAHC file://C:\Documents%20and%20Settings\Patrick_Kiser.KISERNB01\My%20Documents\w... 6/4/2004 Kiser Lab Safety Manual Page 41 of 41 o-Toluidine hydrochloride Treosulphan Uracil mustard Vinyl chloride 636-21-5 299-75-2 66-75-1 75-01-4 NTPAHC IARC 1 IARC 2B IARC 1;NTPHC IARC CATEGORIES GROUP 1 2A 2B 2Bs 2Ba 3 HAZARDOUS PROPERTIES Causally associated with human cancer. Probably carcinogenic to humans--higher degree of evidence Probably carcinogenic to humans--lower degree of evidence Probably carcinogenic to humans--lower degree of evidence:evaluated subsequent to IARC Supplement 4. IARC animal carcinogen for which human data is not available. Considered by OSHA to correspond to Group 2B. IARC animal carcinogen for which human data is not available. NTP CATEGORIES NTPHC NTPAHC National Toxicology Program Human Carcinogens National Toxicology Program Anticipated Human arcinogens Academic Laboratory Chemical Hazards Guidebook, William J. Mahn, 1991 Note: Lists updated by the University of Utah's Environmental Health and Safety Department on July 26, 2000. For additional information on carcinogens please visit the following links: 9th Report on Carcinogens 2000, National Toxicology Program List of IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer) Evaluations July 26, 2000 06/20/01 file://C:\Documents%20and%20Settings\Patrick_Kiser.KISERNB01\My%20Documents\w... 6/4/2004