Get documents about "Chapter _ 5 Arithmetic Circuits
Document Sample
Chapter # 5: Arithmetic Circuits
No. 5-1
Chapter Overview
• Binary Number Representation
Sign & Magnitude, Ones Complement, Twos Complement
• Binary Addition
Full Adder Revisited
• ALU Design
• BCD Circuits
• Combinational Multiplier Circuit
• Design Case Study: 8 Bit Multiplier
No. 5-3
Number Systems
Representation of Negative Numbers
Representation of positive numbers same in most systems
Major differences are in how negative numbers are represented
Three major schemes:
sign and magnitude
ones complement
twos complement
Assumptions:
we'll assume a 4 bit machine word
16 different values can be represented
roughly half are positive, half are negative
No. 5-4
Number Systems
Sign and Magnitude Representation
-7 +0
-6 11 11 00 00 +1
11 10 00 01
-5 +2 +
11 01 00 10
-4 11 00 00 11 +3 0 10 0 = + 4
-3 10 11 01 00 +4 1 10 0 = - 4
10 10 01 01
-2 +5 -
10 01 01 10
-1 10 00 01 11 +6
-0 +7
High order bit is sign: 0 = positive (or zero), 1 = negative
Three low order bits is the magnitude: 0 (000) thru 7 (111)
n-1
Number range for n bits = +/-2 -1
Two representations for 0
No. 5-5
Number Systems
Ones Complement
-0 +0
-1 11 11 00 00 +1
11 10 00 01
-2 +2 +
11 01 00 10
-3 11 00 00 11 +3 0 10 0 = + 4
-4 10 11 01 00 +4 1 01 1 = - 4
10 10 01 01
-5 +5 -
10 01 01 10
-6 10 00 01 11 +6
-7 +7
Subtraction implemented by addition & 1's complement
Still two representations of 0! This causes some problems
Some complexities in addition
No. 5-6
Number Representations
Twos Complement
-1 +0
-2 11 11 00 00 +1
11 10 00 01
-3 +2 +
like 1's comp 11 01 00 10
except shifted -4 11 00 00 11 +3 0 10 0 = + 4
one position
clockwise -5 10 11 01 00 +4 1 10 0 = - 4
10 10 01 01
-6 +5 -
10 01 01 10
-7 10 00 01 11 +6
-8 +7
Only one representation for 0
One more negative number than positive number
No. 5-7
Number Systems
Sign and Magnitude
Cumbersome addition/subtraction
Must compare magnitudes to determine sign of result
Ones Complement
N is positive number, then N is its negative 1's complement
n
N = (2 - 1) - N 2 4 = 10000
-1 = 00001
Example: 1's complement of 7
1111
-7 = 0111
Shortcut method: 1000 = -7 in 1's comp.
simply compute bit wise complement
0111 -> 1000
No. 5-8
Number Systems
Twos Complement Numbers
n
N* = 2 - N
4
2 = 10000
Example: Twos complement of 7 sub 7 = 0111
1001 = repr. of -7
4
Example: Twos complement of -7 2 = 10000
sub -7 = 1001
0111 = repr. of 7
Shortcut method:
Twos complement = bitwise complement + 1
0111 -> 1000 + 1 -> 1001 (representation of -7)
1001 -> 0110 + 1 -> 0111 (representation of 7)
No. 5-9
Number Representations
Addition and Subtraction of Numbers
Sign and Magnitude
4 0100 -4 1100
result sign bit is the
same as the operands' +3 0011 + (-3) 1011
sign
7 0111 -7 1111
when signs differ, 4 0100 -4 1100
operation is subtract,
sign of result depends -3 1011 +3 0011
on sign of number with
the larger magnitude 1 0001 -1 1001
No. 5-10
Number Systems
Addition and Subtraction of Numbers
Ones Complement Calculations
4 0100 -4 1011
+3 0011 + (-3) 1100
7 0111 -7 10111
End around carry 1
1000
4 0100 -4 1011
-3 1100 +3 0011
1 10000 -1 1110
End around carry 1
0001
No. 5-11
Number Systems
Addition and Subtraction of Binary Numbers
Ones Complement Calculations
Why does end-around carry work?
n
Its equivalent to subtracting 2 and adding 1
n n
M - N = M + N = M + (2 - 1 - N) = (M - N) + 2 - 1 (M > N)
n n
-M + (-N) = M + N = (2 - M - 1) + (2 - N - 1) n-1
M+N<2
n n
= 2 + [2 - 1 - (M + N)] - 1
after end around carry:
n
= 2 - 1 - (M + N)
this is the correct form for representing -(M + N) in 1's comp!
No. 5-12
Number Systems
Addition and Subtraction of Binary Numbers
Twos Complement Calculations
4 0100 -4 1100
+3 0011 + (-3) 1101
7 0111 -7 11001
If carry-in to the high
order bit =
carry-out then ignore
carry
if carry-in differs from 4 0100 -4 1100
carry-out then overflow
-3 1101 +3 0011
1 10001 -1 1111
Simpler addition scheme makes twos complement the most common
choice for integer number systems within digital systems
No. 5-13
Number Systems
Addition and Subtraction of Binary Numbers
Twos Complement Calculations
Why can the carry-out be ignored?
-M + N when N > M:
n n
M* + N = (2 - M) + N = 2 + (N - M)
n
Ignoring carry-out is just like subtracting 2
-M + -N where N + M < = 2 n-1
n n
-M + (-N) = M* + N* = (2 - M) + (2 - N)
n n
= 2 - (M + N) + 2
After ignoring the carry, this is just the right twos compl.
representation for -(M + N)!
No. 5-14
Number Systems
Overflow Conditions
Add two positive numbers to get a negative number
or two negative numbers to get a positive number
-1 +0 -1 +0
-2 1111 0000 +1 -2 1111 0000 +1
1110 0001 1110 0001
-3 +2 -3
1101 1101 +2
0010 0010
-4 -4
1100 0011 +3 1100 0011 +3
-5 1011 -5 1011
0100 +4 0100 +4
1010 1010
-6 0101 -6 0101
1001
+5 +5
0110 1001 0110
-7 1000 0111 +6 -7 1000 +6
0111
-8 +7 -8 +7
5 + 3 = -8 -7 - 2 = +7
No. 5-15
Number Systems
Overflow Conditions
0111 1000
5 0101 -7 1001
3 0011 -2 1100
-8 1000 7 10111
Overflow Overflow
0000 1111
5 0101 -3 1101
2 0010 -5 1011
7 0111 -8 11000
No overflow No overflow
Overflow when carry-in to the high-order bit does not equal carry out
No. 5-16
Networks for Binary Addition
Half Adder
With twos complement numbers, addition is sufficient
Ai 0 1 Ai 0
Ai Bi Sum Carr y 1
Bi Bi
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 1 1 0
1 0 1 0 1 0
1 1 0 1
1 1 0 1
Sum = Ai Bi + Ai Bi Carr y = Ai Bi
= Ai + Bi
Ai
Sum
Bi Half-adder Schematic
Carry
No. 5-17
Networks for Binary Addition
Full Adder
A3 B3 A2 B2 A1 B1 A0 B0
Cascaded Multi-bit
Adder + + + +
S3 C3 S2 C2 S1 C1 S0
usually interested in adding more than two bits
this motivates the need for the full adder
No. 5-18
Networks for Binary Addition
Full Adder
A B CI S CO AB
0 0 0 0 0 CI 00 01 11 10
0 0 1 1 0
0 0 1 0 1
0 1 0 1 0 S
0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0
1 0 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 1
1 1 0 0 1 AB
1 1 1 1 1 CI 00 01 11 10
0 0 0 1 0
CO
1 0 1 1 1
S = CI xor A xor B
CO = B CI + A CI + A B = CI (A + B) + A B
No. 5-19
Networks for Binary Addition
Full Adder/Half Adder
Standard Approach: 6 Gates
A
A
B
B
CI CO
S
CI
A
B
Alternative Implementation: 5 Gates
A A+B A + B + CI
Half S
Half S S
Adde r A B Adde rCO CI (A + B)
B CO
CI
+ CO
A B + CI (A xor B) = A B + B CI + A CI
No. 5-20
Networks for Binary Addition
Adder/Subtractor
A 3 B 3 B3 A 2 B2 B2 A 1 B1 B1 A 0 B 0 B0
0 1 Sel 0 1 Sel 0 1 Sel 0 1 Sel
A B A B A B A B
CO + CI CO + CI CO + CI CO + CI Add/Subtract
S S S S
S3 S2 S1 S0
Ov erflow
A - B = A + (-B) = A + B + 1
No. 5-21
Networks for Binary Addition
Carry Lookahead Circuits
Critical delay: the propagation of carry from low to high order stages
@0 A @1 @N+1
late @0 B
arriving @N CI CO
signal
@0 A @N+2 two gate delays
@0 B
@1 to compute CO
C0
A0 S0 @2
0
B0 C1 @2
4 stage
adder A1 S1 @3
1
B1 C2 @4
A2 S2 @5
2
B2 C3 @6
A3 S3 @7
3 final sum and
B3 C4 @8
carry
No. 5-22
Networks for Binary Addition
Carry Lookahead Circuits
Critical delay: the propagation of carry from low to high order stages
1111 + 0001
worst case
addition
T0: Inputs to the adder are valid
2 delays to compute sum
T2: Stage 0 carry out (C1)
but last carry not ready
T4: Stage 1 carry out (C2) until 6 delays later
T6: Stage 2 carry out (C3)
T8: Stage 3 carry out (C4)
No. 5-23
Networks for Binary Addition
Carry Lookahead Logic
Carry Generate Gi = Ai Bi must generate carry when A = B = 1
Carry Propagate Pi = Ai xor Bi carry-in will equal carry-out here
Sum and Carry can be reexpressed in terms of generate/propagate:
Si = Ai xor Bi xor Ci = Pi xor Ci
Ci+1 = Ai Bi + Ai Ci + Bi Ci
= Ai Bi + Ci (Ai + Bi)
= Ai Bi + Ci (Ai xor Bi)
= Gi + Ci Pi
No. 5-24
Networks for Binary Addition
Carry Lookahead Logic
Reexpress the carry logic as follows:
C1 = G0 + P0 C0
C2 = G1 + P1 C1 = G1 + P1 G0 + P1 P0 C0
C3 = G2 + P2 C2 = G2 + P2 G1 + P2 P1 G0 + P2 P1 P0 C0
C4 = G3 + P3 C3 = G3 + P3 G2 + P3 P2 G1 + P3 P2 P1 G0 + P3 P2 P1 P0 C0
Each of the carry equations can be implemented in a two-level logic
network
Variables are the adder inputs and carry in to stage 0!
No. 5-25
Networks for Binary Addition
Carry Lookahead Implementation
Ai
Pi @ 1 ga te d el ay
Bi Adder with Propagate and
Si @ 2 ga te d el ays Generate Outputs
Ci
Gi @ 1 ga te d ela y
Increasingly complex logic
C0 C0 C0
P0 C1 P0 P0
P1 P1
G0
P2 P2
P3
G0
P1 G0
C0
P2 P1
P0
P2
P1
G1 C3 P3
G0 P2
C2 G1
P1
P2
G2 P3
G1 C4
G2
P3
G3
No. 5-26
Networks for Binary Addition
Carry Lookahead Logic
Cascaded Carry Lookahead C0
Carry lookahead A0 S0 @2
logic generates B0
individual carries
C 1 @3
sums computed A1 S1 @4
much faster B1
C 2 @3
A2 S2 @4
B2
C 3 @3
A3 S3 @4
B3
C4 @3
No. 5-27
Networks for Binary Addition
Carry Lookahead Logic
Cascaded Carry Lookahead
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
C1 6 A [15-12] B[15-12] C1 2 A [11-8] B[11-8] C
8
A [7-4] B[7-4] C4 A [3-0] B[3-0] C0
4-bit Adder 4-bit Adder 4-bit Adder 4-bit Adder
P G P G P G P G @0
4 @8 4 @8 4 @7 4 @4
S[15-12] S[11-8] S[7-4] S[3-0]
@2 @3 @5 @2 @3 @5 @2 @3 @4 @2 @3
P3 G3 C3 P2 G2 C2 P1 G1 C1 P0 G0
C1 6 C0
C4 Look ahead Carry U nit C0
@5 @0
P3-0 G3-0
@3 @5
4 bit adders with internal carry lookahead
second level carry lookahead unit, extends lookahead to 16 bits
Group Propagate P = P3 P2 P1 P0
Group Generate G = G3 + G2P3 + G1P3P2 + G0P3P2P1
No. 5-28
Networks for Binary Addition
Carry Select Adder
Redundant hardware to make carry calculation go faster
C8 0
4-Bit Adder Adder
[7:4] Low
C4
C8 1
4-Bit Adder Adder
[7:4] High
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 C0
4¥ C4 4-Bit Adder
2:1 Mux [3:0]
C8 S7 S6 S5 S4 S3 S2 S1 S0
compute the high order sums in parallel
one addition assumes carry in = 0
the other assumes carry in = 1
No. 5-29
Arithmetic Logic Unit Design
Sample ALU bit slice
M = 0, Logica l Bitw ise Operations
S1 S0 Function Comme nt
0 0 Fi = Ai Input Ai trans fe rred to output
0 1 Fi = not Ai Comple ment of Ai transferred to output
1 0 Fi = Ai xor Bi Compute XOR of Ai, Bi
1 1 Fi = Ai xnor Bi Compute XNOR of Ai, Bi
M = 1, C0 = 0 , Arithme tic Ope ra tions
0 0 F=A Input A pas sed to output
0 1 F = not A Comple ment of A pass ed to output
1 0 F = A plus B Sum of A and B
1 1 F = (not A) plus B Sum of B and c ompleme nt of A
M = 1, C0 = 1 , Arithme tic Ope ra tions
0 0 F = A plus 1 Increment A
0 1 F = (not A) plus 1 Tw os comple ment of A
1 0 F = A plus B plus 1 Increment sum of A and B
1 1 F = (not A) plus B plus 1 B minus A
Logical and Arithmetic Operations
Not all operations appear useful, but "fall out" of internal logic
No. 5-30
Arithmetic Logic Unit Design
M S1 S0 Ci Ai Bi Fi Ci+1
Sample ALU 0 0 0 X 0 X 0 X
X 1 X 1 X
0 1 X 0 X 1 X
Traditional Design Approach X 1 X 0 X
1 0 X 0 0 0 X
X 0 1 1 X
Truth Table & Espresso X 1 0 1 X
X 1 1 0 X
1 1 X 0 0 1 X
.i 6 X 0 1 0 X
.o 2 X 1 0 0 X
.ilb m s1 s0 ci ai bi
23 product terms! .ob fi co
X 1 1 1 X
1 0 0 0 0 X 0 X
.p 23 0 1 X 1 X
111101 10 0 1 0 0 X 1 X
110111 10
0 1 X 0 X
Equivalent to 1-0100 10
1 0 0 0 0 0 0
1-1110 10
25 gates 10010- 10 0 0 1 1 0
10111- 10 0 1 0 1 0
-10001 10 0 1 1 0 1
010-01 10 1 1 0 0 0 1 0
-11011 10 0 0 1 0 1
011-11 10 0 1 0 0 0
--1000 10 0 1 1 1 0
0-1-00 10 1 0 0 1 0 X 1 0
--0010 10 1 1 X 0 1
0-0-10 10 0 1 1 0 X 0 1
-0100- 10 1 1 X 1 0
001-0- 10 1 0 1 0 0 1 0
-0001- 10 1 0 1 0 1
000-1- 10
1 1 0 0 1
-1-1-1 01
--1-01 01 1 1 1 1 1
--0-11 01 1 1 1 0 0 0 1
--110- 01 1 0 1 1 1
--011- 01 1 1 0 1 0
.e 1 1 1 0 1
No. 5-31
Arithmetic Logic Unit Design
Sample ALU
Multilevel Implementation
.model alu.espresso
.inputs m s1 s0 ci ai bi
.outputs fi co
.names m ci co [30] [33] [35] fi
110--- 1
-1-11- 1
--01-1 1
--00-0 1 \S1
M
.names m ci [30] [33] co [35] Ci Ci
\Bi
-1-1 1 [33] \Co
Ci
--11 1 M [30]
Co [30]
111- 1 S1 [33] [33] [33]
Fi
Bi \Co
.names s0 ai [30] M
[30]
Ci
01 1 [30] [35]
S0 \Co
10 1 Ai
[30]
\[3 0]
.names m s1 bi [33] \[3 5]
111 1
.names s1 bi [35]
0- 1
-0 1
.end 12 Gates
No. 5-32
Arithmetic Logic Unit Design
Sample ALU
Clever Multi-level Logic Implementation
S1 Bi S0 Ai M S1 = 0 blocks Bi
Ci Happens when operations involve Ai
only
A1 X1 A2
Same is true for Ci when M = 0
Addition happens when M = 1
Bi, Ci to Xor gates X2, X3
X2
S0 = 0, X1 passes A
S0 = 1, X1 passes A
A3 A4
Arithmetic Mode:
Or gate inputs are Ai Ci and
Bi (Ai xor Ci)
O1 X3
Logic Mode:
Ci +1 Fi Cascaded XORs form output from
8 Gates (but 3 are XOR) Ai and Bi
No. 5-33
Arithmetic Logic Unit Design
74181 TTL ALU
Se le ction M=1 M = 0, Arithmetic Func tions
S3 S2 S1 S0 Logic Function Cn = 0 Cn = 1
0 0 0 0 F = not A F = A minus 1 F=A
0 0 0 1 F = A nand B F = A B minus 1 F=AB
0 0 1 0 F = (not A) + B F = A (not B) minus 1 F = A (not B)
0 0 1 1 F=1 F = minus 1 F = ze ro
0 1 0 0 F = A nor B F = A plus (A + not B) F = A plus (A + not B) plus 1
0 1 0 1 F = not B F = A B plus (A + not B) F = A B plus (A + not B) plus 1
0 1 1 0 F = A xnor B F = A minus B minus 1 F = (A + not B) plus 1
0 1 1 1 F = A + not B F = A + not B F = A minus B
1 0 0 0 F = (not A) B F = A plus (A + B) F = (A + not B) plus 1
1 0 0 1 F = A xor B F = A plus B F = A plus (A + B) plus 1
1 0 1 0 F=B F = A (not B) plus (A + B) F = A (not B) plus (A + B) plus 1
1 0 1 1 F=A+B F = (A + B) F = (A + B) plus 1
1 1 0 0 F=0 F=A F = A plus A plus 1
1 1 0 1 F = A (not B) F = A B plus A F = AB plus A plus 1
1 1 1 0 F=AB F= A (not B) plus A F = A (not B) plus A plus 1
1 1 1 1 F=A F=A F = A plus 1
No. 5-34
Arithmetic Logic Unit Design
74181 TTL ALU
Note that the sense of the carry in and out are
OPPOSITE from the input bits
19
21
A3
A2 F3 13
6
182
23 181 11 P3
A1 F2 15
2 A0 F1 10 P2 7
18 9 2 P
B3 F0 P1 10
20 B2 4 G
22 A=B 14 P0
B1 5
Cn +4 16 G3
1 B0
14 Cn +z 9
G 17 G2
7 Cn
P 15 1 Cn +y 11
G1
8 M
3 Cn +x 12
G0
S3 S2 S1 S0
3 4 5 6 13 Cn
Fortunately, carry lookahead generator
maintains the correct sense of the signals
No. 5-35
Arithmetic Logic Unit Design
16-bit ALU with Carry Lookahead
19 A3
21 A2 181 F3 13
23 A1 F2 11
2 A0 F1 10
18 B3 F0 9
20 B2 A=B 14
22 B1 16
1 B0 Cn+4 C16
7 Cn G 17
8M P 15
S3S2S1S0
3 4 5 6
19 A3
21 A2 181 F3 13
23 A1 F2 11
2 A0 F1 10
18 B3 F0 9
20 B2 A=B 14
22 B1
1 B0 Cn+4 16
7 Cn G 17
8 M P 15 182
6 P3
S3S2S1S0 15 P2 7
3 4 5 6 2 P1 P 10
4 P0 G
19 A3 5 G3 9
21 A2 13 14 G2 Cn+z
23 A1 181 F3
F2 11 1 G1 Cn+y 11
12
2 A0 F1 10 3 G0 Cn+x
18 B3 F0 9 13 Cn
20 B2 14
22 B1 A=B
1 B0 Cn+4 16
7 Cn G 17
8M P 15
S3 S2S1S0
3 4 5 6
19 A3
21 A2 13
23 A1
181 F3
F2 11
2 A0 F1 10
18 B3 F0 9
20 B2 14
22 B1 A=B
1 B0 Cn+4 16
C0 G 17
7 Cn P 15
8 M
S3S2S1S0
3 4 5 6
No. 5-36
BCD Addition
BCD Number Representation
Decimal digits 0 thru 9 represented as 0000 thru 1001 in binary
Addition:
5 = 0101 5 = 0101
Problem
3 = 0011 8 = 1000 when digit
sum exceeds 9
1000 = 8 1101 = 13!
Solution: add 6 (0110) if sum exceeds 9!
5 = 0101 9 = 1001
8 = 1000 7 = 0111
1101 1 0000 = 16 in binary
6 = 0110 6 = 0110
1 0011 = 1 3 in BCD 1 0110 = 1 6 in BCD
No. 5-37
BCD Addition
Adder Design
A3 B3 A2 B2 A1 B1 A0 B0
CO FA CI CO FA CI CO FA CI CO FA CI Cin
S S S S
A1 11XX
A2 1X1X
CO FA CI CO FA CI 0
S S
Cout S3 S2 S1 S0
Add 0110 to sum whenever it exceeds 1001 (11XX or 1X1X)
No. 5-38
Combinational Multiplier
Basic Concept
multiplicand 1101 (13)
product of 2 4-bit numbers
multiplier * 1011 (11) is an 8-bit number
1101
1101
Partial products 0000
1101
10001111 (143)
No. 5-39
Combinational Multiplier
Partial Product Accumulation
A3 A2 A1 A0
B3 B2 B1 B0
A3 B0 A2 B0 A1 B0 A0 B0
A3 B1 A2 B1 A1 B1 A0 B1
A3 B2 A2 B2 A1 B2 A0 B2
A3 B3 A2 B3 A1 B3 A0 B3
S7 S6 S5 S4 S3 S2 S1 S0
No. 5-40
Combinational Multiplier
Partial Product Accumulation
A 3 B3 A 3 B2 A 2 B3 A 3 B1 A 2 B2 A 1 B3 A 3 B0 A 2 B1 A 1 B2 A 0 B3 A 2 B0 A 1 B 1 A 0 B 2 A 0 B 1 A 1 B0 A 0 B0
FA HA HA HA
FA FA FA FA
FA FA HA FA
S7 S6 S5 S4 S3 S2 S1 S0
Note use of parallel carry-outs to form higher order sums
12 Adders, if full adders, this is 6 gates each = 72 gates
16 gates form the partial products
total = 88 gates!
No. 5-41
Combinational Multiplier
Another Representation of the Circuit
Sum In X Cin Building block: full adder + and
Y
FA
A B
CO CI
S
Cout Sum O ut
A3 A2 A1 A0
B0
A3 B0 A2 B0 A1 B0 A0 B0
C C C C
S S S S
B1
A3 B1 A2 B1 A1 B1 A0 B1
C C C C
S S S S
B2
A3 B2 A2 B2 A1 B2 A0 B2
C C C C
S S S S
B3
A3 B3 A2 B3 A1 B3 A0 B3
C
S S S S
P7 P6 P5 P4 P3 P2 P1 P0
4 x 4 array of building blocks
No. 5-42
Case Study: 8 x 8 Multiplier
TTL Multipliers
A0
A1
A2
A3
B0
B1
B2
B3
14 13 14 13
4 7 6 5 15 1 2 3 4 7 6 5 15 1 2 3
G A A A A B B B B G G A A A A B B B B G
2 A 3 2 1 0 3 2 1 0 B 2 A 3 2 1 0 3 2 1 0 B
8 8
4 Y Y Y Y 5 Y Y Y Y
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
9 10 11 12 9 10 11 12
Y6 Y4 Y2 Y0
Y7 Y5 Y3 Y1
Two chip implementation of 4 x 4 multipler
No. 5-43
Case Study: 8 x 8 Multiplier
Problem Decomposition
How to implement 8 x 8 multiply in terms of 4 x 4 multiplies?
A7-4 A3-0
* B7-4 B3-0
8 bit products A3-0 * B3-0 = PP0
A7-4 * B3-0 = PP1
A3-0 * B7-4 = PP2
A7-4 * B7-4 = PP3
P15-12 P11-8 P7-4 P3-0
P3-0 = PP0 3-0
P7-4 = PP0 7-4 + PP1 + PP2 + Carry-in
3-0 3-0
P11-8 = PP1 7-4 + PP2 7-4 + PP3 3-0 + Carry-in
P15-12 = PP3 7-4 + Carry-in
No. 5-44
Case Study: 8 x 8 Multiplier
Calculation of Partial Products
A6 A4 B6 B4 A2 A0 B6 B4 A6 A4 B2 B0 A2 A0 B2 B0
A7 A5 B7 B5 A3 A1 B7 B5 A7 A5 B3 B1 A3 A1 B3 B1
4 x 4 Multiplier 4 x 4 Multiplier 4 x 4 Multiplier 4 x 4 Multiplier
74 284 /2 85 74 284 /2 85 74 284 /2 85 74 284 /2 85
PP3 PP3 PP2 PP2 PP1 PP1 PP0 PP0
7-4 3-0 7-4 3-0 7-4 3-0 7-4 3-0
Use 4 74284/285 pairs to create the 4 partial products
No. 5-45
Case Study: 8 x 8 Multiplier
Three-At-A-Time Adder
Clever use of the Carry Inputs
Sum A[3-0], B[3-0], C[3-0]:
A3 B3 A2 B2 A1 B1 A0 B0
FA C3 FA C2 FA C1 FA C0
FA FA FA 0
S3 S2 S1 S0
Two Level Full Adder Circuit
Note: Carry lookahead schemes also possible!
No. 5-46
Case Study: 8 x 8 Multiplier
Three-At-A-Time Adder with TTL Components
C3 B3 A3 C2 B2 A2 C1 B1 A1 C0 B0 A0
Cn B A Cn B A Cn B A Cn B A Full Adders
74 183 74 183 74 183 74 183 (2 per package)
Cn+1 S Cn+1 S Cn+1 S Cn+1 S
+
B3 A3 B2 A2 B1 A1 B0 A0
G Standard ALU configured as 4-bit
P 74 181 Cn
cascaded adder
Cn+4 (with internal carry lookahead)
F3 F2 F1 F0
S S S S
3 2 1 0
Note the off-set in the outputs
No. 5-47
Case Study: 8 x 8 Multiplier
Accumulation of Partial Products
PP1 PP3 PP1 PP3 PP0 PP2 PP0 PP2
7 2 5 0 7 2 5 0
PP2 PP2 PP2 PP2 PP1 PP1 PP1 PP1
7 2 5 4 3 2 1 0
PP3 PP3 PP3 PP3 PP3 PP1 PP3 PP1 PP2 PP0 PP2 PP0
7 6 5 4 3 6 1 4 3 6 1 4
Cn B A Cn B A Cn B A Cn B A Cn B A Cn B A Cn B A Cn B A
74183 74183 74183 74183 74183 74183 74183 74183
Cn +1 S Cn +1 S Cn +1 S Cn +1 S Cn +1 S Cn +1 S Cn +1 S Cn +1 S
+
B3 A3 B2 A2 B1 A1 B0 A0 B3 A3 B2 A2 B1 A1 B0 A0 B3 A3 B2 A2 B1 A1 B0 A0
G G G
P 74181 Cn P 74181 Cn P 74181 Cn
Cn +4 Cn +4 Cn +4
F3 F2 F1 F0 F3 F2 F1 F0 F3 F2 F1 F0
P P P P P P P P P P P
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 P 5
7 6 4
Just a case of cascaded three-at-a-time adders!
No. 5-48
Case Study: 8 x 8 Multiplier
The Complete System
A7 -0 B7 -0
8 8
Pa rtia l Product Calc ulation
4 x 74 284 , 742 85
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
PP3 PP3 PP2 PP2 PP1 PP1 PP0 PP0
7-4 3-0 7-4 3-0 7-4 3-0 7-4 3-0
4 4 4 4 4 4
2 x 74 183 2 x 74 183
0 PP3 PP3 PP3 PP3 +
7 6 5 4
G G G
P 74 181 Cn P 74 181 Cn P 74 181 Cn
Cn+4 Cn+4 Cn+4
P P P P P P P P P P P P P
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3-0
G3 P3 G2 P2 G1 P1 G0 P0
74 182 Cn
+
Cn+z Cn+y Cn+x
No. 5-49
Case Study: 8 x 8 Multiplier
Package Count and Performance
4 74284/74285 pairs = 8 packages
4 74183, 3 74181, 1 74182 = 8 packages
16 packages total
Partial product calculation (74284/285) = 40 ns typ, 60 ns max
Intermediate sums (74183) = 15 ns average, 33 ns max
Second stage sums w/carry lookahead
74LS181: carry G and P = 20 ns typ, 30 ns max
74182: second level carries = 13 ns typ, 22 ns max
74LS181: formations of sums = 15 ns typ, 26 ns max
103 ns typ, 171 ns max
No. 5-50
Chapter Review
We have covered:
Binary Number Representation
positive numbers the same
difference is in how negative numbers are represented
twos complement easiest to handle:
one representation for zero, slightly
complicated complementation, simple addition
Binary Networks for Additions
basic HA, FA
carry lookahead logic
ALU Design
specification and implementation
BCD Adders
Simple extension of binary adders
Multipliers
4 x 4 multiplier: partial product accumulation
extension to 8 x 8 case
No. 5-51
