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ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT
AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION SYSTEMS BY USING LIFE CYCLE
ASSESSMENT (LCA): A CASE STUDY IN INDONESIA AND FRANCE
Rattanawan Tam Mungkung*, Joël Aubin, Hayo van der Werf, Triheru Prihadi, Souhila Amrouche,
Marc Legendre, and Jacques Slembrouk
Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR Sol-Agronomie Spatialisation, Rennes, France
Aquaculture is seen as a potential way to requirements and high oxygen demand of
compensate for declining productivity trout (Fig 2). The pond system of catfish
from marine fish capture. The required the highest energy, mainly due to
environmental issues associated with the larger amount of diesel use attached to
aquaculture production activities are being the use of dried fish from trawling (for use
discussed widely, the main question being in the local fish feed) as well as a higher
whether aquaculture is a more sustainable FCR (Food Conversion Ratio). The same
method of fish production. This factors also resulted in the highest impacts
emphasizes the need to identify more on potential climate change and
sustainable aquaculture production acidification. The highest amount of
systems. This study used Life Cycle organic and nutrient loading was found in
Assessment (LCA) as an environmental the cage system of carp and tilapia and
analytical tool to compare the thus had the highest eutrophication
environmental performances of different potential. The highest net primary
aquaculture production systems: a carp production use found in trout production is
(Cyprinus carpio) and tilapia the consequence of the multiple feed raw
(Oreochromis niloticus) cage system in ingredients used. This LCA study has
Indonesia; a pond system of catfish allowed us to compare different fish
(Pangasius hypophthalmus) in Indonesia; aquaculture production systems and to
and a trout (Onchorynchus mykiss) flow- identify improvement options for each of
through system in France. the systems studied.
Based on the production cycle in 2007, Hatchery
Emissions to
air, water
and soil
different aquaculture production sites were Water
Land
Resources use for broodstock rearing
assessed regarding resource use, pollutants, Energy extraction and production
Fingerlings
Feed
Energy
and waste emitted to the environment to Feed ingredients’ production
Chemicals
Infrastructure
Emissions to
air, water
produce one tonne of fish. The resource Chemicals’ production
Water
Farm and soil
Infrastructure materials’ production
use and emissions from raw material Fuel extraction and production
Land
Fingerlings
Feed
extraction and processing, energy use for Energy
Chemicals
Infrastructure Emissions to
energy resources extraction, and emission Market
air, water
and soil
to air from electricity production, including Water
transports in all stages, were also included LCA’s system boundary
Figure 1 TheOxygen
Vehicles
Fuel
in the study (Fig 1). The environmental 100
%
impact indicators considered were: water 90
dependency (m3), energy requirement
80
70
(MJ), climate change potential (kg CO 2 - 60
50
eq.), acidification (kg SO2 -eq.), 40
eutrophication potential (kg PO4 -eq.), and 30
net primary production use (kg C) per 20
10
tonne of fish produced. 0
Water dependency Energy requirement Climate change (kg Acidification (kg SO2 Eutrophication (kg Net primary
(m3) (MJ) CO2 eq.) eq.) PO4 eq.) production (kg C)
The results indicate the highest water Cage system (Carp & Tilapia) Pond system (Pangasius) Flow-through system (Trout)
Figure 2 Comparative potential impacts from different
dependency and energy use for the flow- aquaculture systems, expressed per tonne of fish, as a
through system, due to the large water percentage of the system presenting the highest impact.
