10th Annual LEA/CIWMB Conference October 15-18, 2007 San Diego, CA
Fernando Berton, Branch Manager California Integrated Waste Management Board Sacramento, California
EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES AND ISSUES
What are They
Are they Safe??
Outline
Overview Technology Types
Pyrolysis Gasification Anaerobic Digestion Fermentation
Issues
Biomass Resources in California
• Gross resources are 80 billion bone dry tons annually • Three principal resources are agriculture, forestry, and waste
• Forestry in northern and central mountains
• Agriculture in Central Valley • Waste in Los Angeles and San Francisco Bay Area
Total Disposal vs. Statewide Diversion
50 125
California Population
40
45
Millions
35
100
Amount Landfilled (M Tons)
30
40 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 75
35
50
30 Diversion Rate (%) Right hand Axis
25
25 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004
0
Diversion (%)
Potential Feedstock
Waste Management & Energy Production
42 Million TPY Disposed
Reduce Reliance on Landfills
Alternatives to Natural Gas
Achieve 20% Threshold of Renewable Energy by 2017 Achieve Governor’s EO on Biofuels
Waste Characterization in California
Other Mixed and Mineralized 8% Metal 8% Glass 2% Paper/Cardboard 20%
• 42 million tons disposed in 2005 • 23 million tons biological in origin
Fraction of waste stream (%)
Other C&D 12% Food 15% Textiles 5% C&D Lumber 10% All non-Film Plastic 5% Other Organics 4% Leaves and Grass 4%
Biomass Plastics/ textiles Inorganic Total
Film Plastic 4%
• 5.7 tons plastic and textiles
56 14 30 100
Prunings, trimmings, branches and stumps 3%
Available Residuals – Mixed Waste (6.7 Million Tons)
Figure H Summary of Composition of Residuals - MRFs Receiving Mixed Waste, 2005
Special Waste 0.5% (36,442 tons) Mixed Residue 0.5% (36,508) Paper 33.1% (2,213,130 tons)
Household Hazardous Waste 0.4% (25,022 tons)
Construction & Demolition 12.6% (839,302 tons)
Glass 1.9% (128,415 tons) Organic 27.3% (1,825,548 tons) Metal 5.6% (372,659 tons) Plastic 16.9% (1,127,866 tons) Electronics 1.1% (73,259 tons)
Total Residual Weight is 6,678,151 tons Note: Percentages calculated by weight as the average proportion of each material type to the total residual weight
Available Residuals – Overall (7.4 Million Tons)
Figure J Summary of Composition of Residuals - Overall MRFs, 2005
Special Waste 0.6% (43,308 tons) Mixed Residue 0.6% (41,485 tons) Paper 32.6% (2,406,114 tons)
Household Hazardous Waste 0.4% (26,067 tons)
Construction & Demolition 13.4% (987,200 tons)
Organic 26.1% (1,926,785 tons)
Glass 2.3% (172,859 tons)
Metal 5.7% (417,225 tons) Plastic 17.2% (1,266,737 tons) Electronics 1.1% (84,677 tons)
Total Residual Weight is 7,372,456 tons Note: Percentages calculated by weight as the average proportion of each material type to the total residual weight
Waste Distribution (Mass/Energy)
Annual Disposal (left axis) 10 Annual Disposal (million tons / y) Potential Primary Energy (right axis) 0.15
67 million barrels of crude oil annually
6 0.09 4 0.06 2 0.03 0 0
2650 MW Electricity
Fraction of Total (%)
8
0.12
Potential Primary Energy (Quads)
WHAT ARE THEY??
CT Major Categories
Thermochemical Processes
Pyrolysis
Gasification
Very little air/oxygen added or none at all 750o F to 1500o F Some air/oxygen used but less than for incineration Begins at 1300o F
Technology Primary Product Secondary Product Residue Gasification Pyrolysis Fuel Gas Synthesis Gas Fuel Gas Synthesis Gas Pyrolytic oils Fuels, Chemicals, Power Fuels, Chemicals, Power Char, Ash Char, Ash
Gasification
Carbon in waste or biomass reacts with steam and oxygen (from air) at sub-stoichiometric conditions
Primary reactions: C + O2 -> CO2 (exothermic) C + H2O -> CO + H2 (endothermic, water gas) C + CO2 -> 2 CO (endothermic) CO + H2O -> CO2 + H2 (exothermic, generator gas)
Resulting synthesis gas (syngas) can be used for:
energy production in IC engines or turbines synthesis of chemicals hydrogen production
Pyrolysis
Endothermic reaction of organic fraction of waste, biomass, or liquid waste in the absence of oxygen at high temperature and pressure Organic matter is transformed to a gas, liquid, and a solid (char) Temperature and pressure levels affect the relative ratios of gas, liquid, and solid
GASIFICATION
“Cooks” feedstock at high temps No combustion Yields gases that are turned into electricity or fuel
Typical Gasification Process
Kurashiki Facility
Kurashiki Facility
Kawaguchi Facility
Kawaguchi Facility
Kawaguchi Facility
CT Major Categories
Biochemical Processes
Anaerobic Digestion
Fermentation
Bacteria breaks down feedstock No oxygen Also anaerobic process Microbes used to produce ethanol Primary Product Secondary Product Heat, Electricity, Fuels, Soil Amendment Residue
Technology Anaerobic Digestion
Biogas Ethanol
Lignin, inorganics Lignin, inorganics
Fermentation
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION
Bacteria “digest” feedstocks Mesophilic or Thermophilic temperatures Yields gases and residues Gases into electricity Residues into fertilizer
Arrow Bio - Israel
Arrow Bio - Israel
Arrow Bio - Israel
Arrow Bio – Australia Facility
Dranco Anaerobic Digestion Facility Belgium
Digester Feedstock
Hydrolysis/Fermentation
Breaks feedstocks into sugars, then “brews” products Uses acid or enzyme pretreatment Yields ethanol, citric acid, other products
Hydrolysis
Acids or enzymes Processing involves several steps:
preparation (addition of nutrients and sterilization to microorganisms) treatment of organic residues (cellulose) hydrolysis of cellulose glucose separation
feed
Typical Hydrolysis/Fermentation Process
Feedstock Size Reduction Concentrated H2SO4 Water
Cellulose Decrystallization
1st Stage Hydrolysis
2nd Stage Hydrolysis
Lignin
Acid/Sugar Separation
Steam/ Electricity Generation
Acid Reconcentration
Sugars
Ethanol Concentration Fermentor Gypsum
Water
Neutralization/ Detoxification
FEEDSTOCKS
Mostly cellulose-based = plant material Organic part of solid waste (wood, yard, etc.) Low-grade paper part of solid waste Ag and forest residues Some also can take plastics Each technology needs certain characteristics Which feedstocks best for which technologies?
What Are The Issues
Perception of Technologies
Incinerators
Solid
in disguise?
Permitting Issues
Waste Facilities? Manufacturing Facilities
Cost NIMBY/BANANA
Perception of Technologies
Some technologies labeled “Incinerators in Disguise” Technologies will harm existing recycling infrastructure Technologies less efficient than recycling
Permitting Issues
Are they solid waste facilities Are they manufacturing facilities Are they recycling facilities
Cost
Technologies expensive Average tip fee in California currently approximately $40 per ton Cost of facilities range from $50 to $175 per ton - Depending on throughput
NIMBY/BANANA
Public opposition to anything Fear of technologies Support for renewables but not for technologies to produce renewables
Are They Safe??
Emissions Results – Particulate Matter
Particulate Matter Emissions 30
PM Emissions (mg/N-m3 at 7% O2)
SCAQMD MSW Incinerator Permit Limits - 27.0
25 US EPA Limits (starved air combusters) - 18.0 20 German Limits (thermal MSW conversion) - 14.0 15 10 5 0 IES (MSW residual) BRI Energy (MSW residual) IET circuit board, genset IET medical waste, genset 3.9 2.0 3.3 <3.3
Emissions Results - NOx
Nitrogen Oxides Emissions 500
NOx Emissions (mg/N-m3 at 7% O2)
425 400 SCAQMD MSW Incinerator Permit Limits - 350 German Limits (thermal MSW conversion) - 281 300 US EPA Limits (starved air combusters) - 220 200 162 74 10 0 IES (MSW residual) BRI Energy (MSW residual) IET circuit board, genset IET medical waste, genset
100
Emission Results - Lead
Lead Emissions 0.75
Pb Emissions (mg/N-m3 at 7% O2)
0.65 German Limits (thermal MSW conversion) - 0.7 0.55 0.45 0.35 0.25 US EPA Limits (starved air combusters) - 0.15 0.15 0.05 -0.05 0.00028 IES (MSW residual) 0.02 BRI Energy (MSW residual) 0.00027 IET circuit board, genset 0.011 IET medical waste, genset SCAQMD MSW Incinerator Permit Limits - 0.44
Emissions Results - Mercury
Mercury Emissions 0.1 German Limits (thermal MSW conversion) - 0.042 SCAQMD MSW Incinerator Permit Limits - 0.04
Hg Emissions (mg/N-m3 at 7% O2)
0.09 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0 IES (MSW residual) BRI Energy (MSW residual) IET circuit board, genset IET medical waste, genset 0.00056 0.0001 0.0002 0.00067 US EPA Limits (starved air combusters) - 0.015
Emission Results - Cadmium
Cadmium Emissions 0.045 German Limits (thermal MSW conversion) - 0.042 SCAQMD MSW Incinerator Permit Limits - 0.04
Cd Emissions (mg/N-m3 at 7% O2)
0.04 0.035 0.03 0.025 0.02 0.015 0.01 0.005 0.005 0.00015 0 IES (MSW residual) BRI Energy (MSW residual) IET circuit board, genset IET medical waste, genset 0.0001 0.000027 US EPA Limits (starved air combusters) - 0.015
Emissions Results – Dioxins/Furans
Dioxin/Furan Emissions
Dioxin/Furan Emissions (ng-TEQ/N-m3 at 7% O2)
0.5 0.45 0.4 0.35 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 IES (MSW residual) BRI Energy (MSW residual) IET circuit board, genset IET medical waste, genset 0.035 0.003 0.000013 0.0067 German Limits (thermal MSW conversion) - 0.14 US EPA Limits (starved air combusters) - 0.41
US Dioxin Inventory
Backyard Refuse Burning Medical Waste Burning Metal Smelting Cement Kilns (hazardous waste burning) Residential Wood burning Coal fire utilities Diesel Trucks Industrial Wood burning Cement Kilns (non-hazardous waste burning) Sewage Sludge burning If ALL CA disposal was burned, Modern Facilities MSW Combustion Facilities, US (>250 t/d) EDC/Vinyl chloride production Oil fired utilities Crematoria Hazardous Waste combustion Unleaded Gasoline Lt. Wt. Ag kilns (hazardous waste) Kraft Black Liquor Boilers Refinery Catalyst Regen. Leaded Gasoline Cigarette Smoke Industrial Boilers Tire Combustion Drum Reclamation Carbon Reactivation
6- 10 g -TEQ/yr using emission
factors reported by Abad (2003)
12 g -TEQ/yr
0
100
200 300 400 500 a US Dioxin Emissions (g-TEQ/year)
600
700
Dioxin emission factors for several technology types
European Limit, [0.1 ng/Nm^3] (1) US Solid Waste Combustion MACT average (2) Commerce (2) IES Romoland (3) SERRF (2) Retrofitted Spanish Comb. Facility (4) Covanta-Stanislaus (2) New German Comb. Facility (5) Thermoselect - Chiba (6)
0.003 0.00002
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Dioxin/Furan (ug -TEQ/ton consumed)
Contact Information
Fernando Berton fberton@ciwmb.ca.gov (916) 341-6607