HGMIO2-6e
IHO-IEC Harmonization Group on Marine Information Objects (HGMIO)
OCEANOGRAPHIC OBJECT ATTRIBUTION TECHNICAL WHITE PAPER
June 21, 2002
DRAFT
Lead: Maxim F. Van Norden, NAVOCEANO Steven P. Harrison, NAVOCEANO Kurt A. Nelson, NAVOCEANO
HGMIO2-6e
Introduction
Overview Marine Information Objects (MIOs) consist of supplementary information to be used with Electronic Chart Display and Information Systems (ECDIS) that are not Electronic Navigational Chart (ENC) objects or Digital Navigational Chart (DNC) objects. Supplementary means non-mandatory information that is in addition to those required by existing ECDIS-related standards and specifications. MIOs may be either chart- or operational-related, and often include a vertical or time dimension. At the last meeting of the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO)/International Electro-Technical Commission (IEC) Harmonization Group of Marine Information Objects (HGMIO) held on 15-16 January 2002 at the University of New Hampshire the following MIOs were agreed to be further researched: Ice Systems Tides and Water Levels Current Flow Oceanographic Meteorological Marine Mammals Environmental Protection Security Vessel Traffic System Search and Rescue Imagery
The Naval Oceanographic Office (NAVOCEANO) has taken on the task of reporting where oceanographic standard objects and specifications are today. Plus, propose oceanographic objects that would interest the mariner for display on an ECDIS. Background The guiding principle of the HGMIO is to formulate the development of specifications related to the use of MIOs on ECDIS that supplement the minimum chart- and navigation-related information required for safety of navigation. The presentation of oceanographic data on a current 2D ECDIS is not necessarily a simple matter. The ocean is a best related as a 3D environment. Other considerations are the use of real time data or climatic data since it is very difficult to obtain real time oceanographic data worldwide. One other major difficulty is how to relate oceanographic data with other display parameters without over cluttering the display.
HGMIO2-6e
Current Work in Oceanographic Object Attribution
Meteorological and Oceanographic (METOC) Symbology – MIL-STD-2525C This work addressed the tactical graphics in the METOC domain. The purpose is to provide the warfighter with a standard symbology to convey information about METOC objects in the warfighter battlespace. It contains the technical specifications, symbol coding scheme, symbology hierarchy, and the tactical graphics for METOC symbology set. The symbology hierarchy for METOC is broken down into three categories; Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space. Oceanic is sub-divided into six categories; Ice Systems, Hydrography, Oceanography, Geophysics and Acoustics, Limits, and Man-made Structures. The hierarchy may need to be adjusted to align with other work begin done in oceanographic object attribution in the future. Ocean Circulation is a subcategory of hyrography under dangers and hazards. Oceanography has subcategories of bioluminescence and temperature. As oceanographic object attribution becomes more defined, updates to this military standard are required. Here is an example of how bioluminescence parameter would be defined: VDR LEVEL 1-2 Parameters 1. Anchor Points. This graphic requires at least three anchor points to define the boundary of the area. Add as many points as necessary to accurately reflect the size and shape of the area. 2. Size/Shape. Determined by the anchor points. The points are connected with a solid line. 3. Orientation. Not applicable. The symbol ID code is a 15-character alphanumeric identifier that provides the information necessary to display or transmit a tactical graphic between MIL-STD-2525 compliant systems. This is very different from S-57 standard. Tactical Ocean Data – MIL-PRF-89049/10 This defines the content and format for Tactical Ocean Data Level 0 (TOD0) products. TOD0 is a vector-based digital product that portrays naval operating areas, ranges, and naval exercise areas in a format suitable for electronic navigation. This specification provides the description, accuracy, data format, and design of the content of the TOD0 database. There are four data coverages for TOD0; Aeronautical, Data Quality, Earth Cover, and Maritime. For each coverage there is a list of character value description table, integer value description table, feature tables, feature class attribute table, and feature class schema table. Maritime coverage contains water boundaries and limits of specified areas of significance to naval operations. The feature codes associated with maritime coverage are current flow, maritime limits, and restricted areas. There is no oceanographic attribution for physical properties of the ocean. DARK GREEN (RGB 26:153:77) 3.2.3.1.1 WO-DOBVA----A--
HGMIO2-6e GIS in Oceanography and Fisheries – Written by Valilis D. Valavanis, Institute of Marine Biology of Crete, Greece This book presents how GIS analyzes oceanographic processes, and how GIS links these analytical steps for a combined examination of marine world. The book was organized around the need for information based marine and fisheries management and especially on how GIS can contribute and facilitate the processes. Chapters in the book include spatial thinking in the marine context, conceptual model of the a marine GIS, GIS and scientific visualization systems, identification of upwelling, temperature, chlorophyll fronts, and gyres. The aim of providing a book that examines general marine GIS issues through a great number of reviewed applications and GIS routine presentation is to inspire others to produce further potential developments in the increasingly developing and highly related fields of oceanographic and fisheries GIS. The book didn’t specify any given data format, accuracy or feature attribution. The ArcGIS Marine Data Model – Oregon State University http://dusk.geo.orst.edu/djl/arcgis/index.html ESRI has been engaged in the exercise of building "industry-specific" data models for ArcGIS. There are a number of efforts currently underway in most of the industries and scientific disciplines that ESRI serves. The marine community is applying GIS to the coasts, estuaries, marginal seas, and/or the deep ocean. The ArcGIS Marine Data Model represents a new approach to spatial modeling via improved integration of many important features of the ocean realm, both natural and manmade. The goal is to provide more accurate representations of location and spatial extent, along with a means for conducting more complex spatial analyses of marine and coastal data by capturing the behavior of real-world objects in a geodatabase. The model also considers how marine and coastal data might be more effectively integrated in 3-D space and time. Although currently limited to 2D, the model includes "placeholders" meant to represent the fluidity of ocean data and processes. The first step in the data modeling process is to define the overall scope and content of the model. From an external design standpoint, this involves the challenging task of identifying common, essential "things" that are modeled in most GIS projects within an application domain. From a conceptual standpoint, it involves the creation of an analysis diagram, with the identification of major thematic groups and an initial set of object classes within these groups. The analysis diagram is therefore at the "conceptual design" stage in the data modeling process. In technical terms, starting with the core ArcGIS object classes and a set of named, real-world objects to be modeled can create an analysis diagram. The creation of the conceptual data model often begins with a top-down approach, where the list of objects is conceptually divided into thematic layers. At the final implementation phase (physical or internal design), four related elements are produced for the marine community, in the production of four related elements: 1) An object-oriented ArcGIS Marine Data Model specified in Unified Modeling Language UML that can be used in ArcGIS by most marine application development teams as a starting point for structuring marine data. The physical (UML) is a detailed view of the design, providing specifications of data types, relationships, and other details. This is the view of the database design that can be used to create an actual ArcGIS geodatabase. The specific data needs of a given user may require modifications of, or extensions to, the basic data model. 2) An easy-to-read poster (final analysis diagram) that presents the basic, conceptual structure of the data model in UML. Project teams can use this to review the data model with users and stakeholders. 3) Several data sets that can be used to demonstrate the efficacy of the marine data model. The data sets will be composed of public domain, marine data that may be freely used to support specific applications. 4) A final conceptual framework document, describing and explaining the data model, demonstrating its use in ArcGIS, and providing examples of marine applications that use the model. A data dictionary for the data and other reference material will also be provided. This conceptual marine GIS data model provides the framework for object attribution, but leaves the door open to determine those features within the marine community that need to be addressed in a geodatabase.
HGMIO2-6e Marine and Coastal Geographical Information Systems – Edited by Dawn Wright and Darius Bartlett This book is a collection of papers that cover the conceptual and technical issues of marine and coastal GIS, the applications of marine GIS, and institutional issues of managing marine and coastal data sources. Additional Military Layer (AML) – United Kingdom Hydrographic Office AML is designed as a unified series of discrete data products for use in a modular manner. They can act as an overlay to a chart display, as a complete display in their own right, or as a resource that can be processed. At present, the AML concept is restricted to maritime information. It could, however, be readily extended to include further products for ‘land-specific’ warfare data and for the complete spectrum of aeronautical information. The current AML products falls into the following categories: MFF – Maritime Foundations and Facilities RAL – Routes, Areas and Limits CLB – Bathymetric Contour LBO – Large Bottom Objects SBO – Small Bottom Objects ESB – Environmental, Seabed and Beach NMB – Network Model Bathymetry IWC – Integrated Water Column AMC – Atmospheric and Meteorological Climatology Within the Integrated Water Column you have oceanographic climatological data like sound velocity profiles, sea surface temperature, fronts and eddies, ocean currents, ambient noise, biological and optical properties. This specification covers the full range of information about the water column. As with temperature models, one reason for taking this development slowly has been the need to await agreement in the international standard arena (mainly in ISO TC 211) regarding data of this type. AML is a core component of two wider and related initiatives. Firstly, it provides the initial data load necessary for planning within NATO’s Rapid Environmental Assessment concept. Secondly, AML lies at the heart of the UK Maritime Foundation Data Concept. This builds on the extant, land-based GII/FD initiative and has been defined by DNSOM working closely with the UK’s Defence Geographic and Imagery Intelligence Agency (DGIA). A third significant area is the adoption by the NATO MWDCs of AML as the standard format for high volume exchange of environmental information. International Origination for Standardisation, Geographic Information/Geomatics – ISO TC 211 http://www.has.vcu.edu/usp/faculty/rugg/wi10.html Standardization in the field of digital geographic information. This work aims to establish a structured set of standards for information concerning objects or phenomena that are directly or indirectly associated with a location relative to the Earth. These standards may specify, for geographic information, methods, tools and services for data management (including definition and description), acquiring, processing, analyzing, accessing, presenting and transferring such data in digital/electronic form between different users, systems and locations. The work shall link to appropriate standards for information technology and data where possible, and provide a framework for the development of sector-specific applications using geographic data. Recommend that the HGMIO monitor closely the recommendations made in this working group in developing standards for digital geographic information that can be use in MIOs.
HGMIO2-6e Synthetic Environment Data Representation and Interchange Specification – SEDRIS http://www.sedris.org As its name implies, SEDRIS is fundamentally about two key aspects: (1) representation of environmental data, and (2) the interchange of environmental data sets. SEDRIS offers a data representation model, augmented with its environmental data coding specification and spatial reference model, so that one can articulate one's environmental data clearly, while also using the same representation model to understand others' data unambiguously. Therefore, the data representation aspect of SEDRIS is about capturing and communicating meaning and semantics. We know from practice that it is not enough to be able to clearly represent or describe the data, we must also be able to share such data with others in an efficient manner. SEDRIS is about interchange of data that can be described using the data representation model. For the interchange part, the SEDRIS API, its format, and all the associated tools and utilities play the primary role, while being semantically coupled to the data representation model. SEDRIS does not try to judge, side with, separate, or distinguish how various domains use environmental data. Instead it provides a unifying mechanism for all of them to describe (and subsequently share) such data, without detracting from one or the other.
HGMIO2-6e
Oceanographic Object Hierarchy
After reviewing the different factors of oceanography, we found that the hierarchy can be best viewed in four separate categories. The primary oceanographic category is the physical properties of the ocean. These include salinity, temperature, pressure, and density of the water column. Other physical properties are how light and sound react to the water column, plus the elements that make up the water column. The second category is that of the oceans circulation both at the surface and in the water column. This could also include the effects of ocean circulation in the near shore environment. The third category is ocean sediments, primarily the characteristic of the ocean sea floor. The last category is that of the coastal processes both natural and man-made. Oceanographic Objects Physical Properties - Salinity - Temperature - Pressure - Density - Solar Radiation - Sound Velocity - Acoustic Propagation - Light Reflection (Underwater Visibility) - Ocean Color (Chlorophyll) - Bioluminescence Ocean Circulation - Surface Circulation - Major currents - Coastal currents - Flow rates - Fronts and Eddies - Subsurface Circulation - Upwelling - Ocean Waves - Wind driven - Swells - Breaking waves (Surf) - Rip currents - Storm Surge (Wave Energy) - Flooding Ocean Sediments - Bottom Characteristics - Roughness - Impact Burial - Bottom Sediment - Marine Vegetation Coastal Processes - Human Activities - Erosion - Dredging - Damming - Pollution - Trafficability - Estuaries
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HGMIO2-6e Once this list is finalized and approved, each category will be examined to determine object/feature coding. Bottom sediments were the only area were a draft object/feature coding was found. Ocean currents along with tides and water levels are being reviewed currently as a separate MIO category. These MIO’s could be a subcategory of oceanography under ocean circulation.
Proposed Attribution for Ocean Sea Surface Temperature
Using version 3.1 of the S-57 exchange standard for hydrographic information as a starting point to establish objects and attribution in oceanographic datasets. The exchange standard consists of three primary components. The first is the IHO S-57 catalog of Objects and attributes. The second is the specification of S-57 Exchange Format. The third is the Product Specifications for Electronic Navigational Charts (ENCs). By designing the oceanographic objects in a manner compatible with S-57, we will be able to use the update mechanism designed for ECDIS for oceanographic information. Temperature Object Class Sea Surface Temperature Sea Surface Temperature Contour Sea Surface Temperature Area Temperature Attribute Exposition of Temperature Quality of Temperature Measurement Technique of Temperature measurement Temperature Accuracy Temperature Units Temperature Range Value 1 Temperature Range Value 2 Value of Temperature Contour Code SSTEMP TMPCNT SSTARE Code EXTTMP QUATEM TECTMP TEMACC TUNITS TPVAL1 TPVAL2 VALTCO
These same temperature attributes could be used in meteorological object classes
HGMIO2-6e
Object Classes
OCEANOGRAPHY OBJECT CLASSES Object Class: Sea Surface Temperature Acronym: SSTEMP Code: xx Anchor berth ACHBRT 3 Set Attribute_A: EXPTMP; NOBJNM; OBJNAM; QUATMP; TMPACC; STATUS; TECTMP; VERDAT; Set Attribute_B: INFORM; NINFOM; NTXTDS; SCAMAX; SCAMIN; TXTDSC; Set Attribute_C: RECDAT; RECIND; SORDAT; SORIND; Definition: A measured temperature of the ocean surface which has been reduced to a vertical datum. Reference: INT 1: M-4: Remarks: Distinction: sea surface temperature area;
Object Classes
OCEANOGRAPHY OBJECT CLASSES Object Class: Sea Surface Temperature Contour Acronym: TMPCNT Anchor berth ACHBRT 3 Set Attribute_A: VALTCO; VERDAT; Set Attribute_B: INFORM; NINFOM; NTXTDS; SCAMAX; SCAMIN; TXTDSC; Set Attribute_C: RECDAT; RECIND; SORDAT; SORIND; Definition: A line connecting points of equal temperature at the surface of the ocean. These lines only represent an approximate location of the line of equal temperature as related to the surveyed temperatures delineated on the source. Reference: INT 1: M-4: Remarks: Distinction: sea surface temperature area; Code: xx
HGMIO2-6e
Object Classes
OCEANOGRAPHY OBJECT CLASSES Object Class: Sea Surface Temperature Area Acronym: SSTARE Anchor berth ACHBRT 3 Set Attribute_A: TPVAL1; TPVAL2; QUATEM; TEMACC; VERDAT; Set Attribute_B: INFORM; NINFOM; NTXTDS; SCAMAX; SCAMIN; TXTDSC; Set Attribute_C: RECDAT; RECIND; SORDAT; SORIND; Definition: A designated area of water where the sea surface temperature is a defined range or value. Reference: INT 1: M-4: Remarks: The temperature range within a given area is defined by the attributes >TPVAL1’ and >TPVAL2’. Code: xx
HGMIO2-6e
Attributes
FEATURE OBJECT ATTRIBUTES Object Class: Exposition of temperature Acronym: EXPTMP Temperature range value 1 DRVAL1 87 Attribute type: E Expected input: ID 1: 2: 3: Code: xx
Meaning within the range of temperature of the surrounding temperature area cooler than the range of temperature of the surrounding temperature area warmer than the range of temperature of the surrounding temperature area
Definitions: within the range of temperature of the surrounding temperature area: The temperature corresponds to the temperature range of the surrounding temperature area. Example, the temperature is not cooler than the minimum temperature of the surrounding temperature area or warmer than the maximum temperature of the surrounding temperature area. cooler than the range of temperature of the surrounding temperature area: The temperature is cooler than the minimum temperature of the surrounding temperature area. warmer than the range of temperature of the surrounding temperature area: The temperature is warmer than the maximum temperature of the surrounding temperature area. Remarks: This attribute indicates objects with a ‘value of temperature’ not within the range of temperature of the surrounding temperature area. These objects could be a potential danger to the mariner.
HGMIO2-6e
Attributes
FEATURE OBJECT ATTRIBUTES Object Class: Quality of temperature measurement Acronym: QUATMP Quality of sounding measurement QUASOU 125 Attribute type: L Expected input: ID 1: 2: 3: 4: 5: 6: Meaning temperature known temperature unknown temperature doubtful temperature unreliable temperature maintained temperature regularly maintained Code: XX
Definitions: Temperature known: the temperature at the ocean surface is a known value. Temperature unknown: the temperature at the ocean surface is unknown. Temperature doubtful: a temperature that may be less or more than indicated. Temperature unreliable: a temperature that is considered to be an unreliable value. Temperature maintained: the temperature at which the sea surface is kept by human influence Temperature regularly maintained: sea surface temperatures may be altered by human influence, but will not be routinely maintained. Remarks
HGMIO2-6e
Attributes
FEATURE OBJECT ATTRIBUTES Object Class: technique of temperature measurement Acronym: TECTMP Quality of sounding measurement QUASOU 125 Attribute type: L INT 1 Reference: Chart Specification: Expected input: ID 1: 2: 3: 4: 5: 6: Meaning found by moored buoy found by floating buoy found by ship observation satellite imagery climatology computer generated Code: XX
Definitions: Found by moored buoy: The temperature was determined by using an instrument that’s housed in a moored buoy that determines temperature of surface water with the following parameters. RANGE FREQ AVG. PERIOD RESOLUTION ACCURACY -6 to 40 C 1.0 Hz 8 min 0.1 C +/- 1.0 C Found by floating buoy: The temperature was determined by using an instrument that’s housed in a floating buoy that determines temperature of surface water Found by ship observation: The temperature was determined using an instrument that measures the sea surface temperature from a moving vessel. Satellite imagery: The temperature was determined from a microwave sensor on a polar orbiting satellite. Climatology: The temperature is a mean average of temperatures collected over a given time period for a specific location. Computer generated: The temperature was determined from an ocean model constructed using a computer. Remarks: No remarks.
HGMIO2-6e
Attributes
FEATURE OBJECT ATTRIBUTES Object Class: Temperature range value 1 Acronym: TPVAL1 Temperature range value 1 DRVAL1 87 Attribute type: F Definition: The minimum value of the sea surface temperature range. References: INT 1: M-4: Indication: Unit: defined in the TUNI subfield of the TSPM record or in the TUNITS attribute of the T_UNIT meta object class, e.g. Fahrenheit (F) Resolution: 0.1 F or 0.1 C or 0.1 K Format: sxxx.x s: sign, negative values only. Example: 50 for a minimum sea surface temperature of 50 degrees Fahrenheit. Remarks: Code: xx
HGMIO2-6e
Attributes
FEATURE OBJECT ATTRIBUTES Object Class: Temperature range value 2 Acronym: TPVAL2 Temperature range value 1 DRVAL1 87 Attribute type: F Definition: The maximum value of the sea surface temperature range. References: INT 1: M-4: Indication: Unit: defined in the TUNI subfield of the TSPM record or in the TUNITS attribute of the T_UNIT meta object class, e.g. Fahrenheit (F) Resolution: 0.1 F or 0.1 C or 0.1 K Format: sxxx.x s: sign, negative values only. Example: 70 for a maximum sea surface temperature of 70 degrees Fahrenheit. Remarks: Code: xx
HGMIO2-6e
Attributes
FEATURE OBJECT ATTRIBUTES Object Class: Temperature units Acronym: TUNITS Temperature range value 1 DRVAL1 87 Attribute type: E Expected input: ID 1 : 2 : 3 : Definitions: Celsius: Fahrenheit: Kelvin: Remarks: Meaning Celsius Fahrenheit Kelvin temperatures are specified in Celsius (SI units of temperature) temperatures are specified in Fahrenheit (imperial units of temperature) temperatures are specified in Kelvin Code: xx
HGMIO2-6e
Attributes
FEATURE OBJECT ATTRIBUTES Object Class: Temperature accuracy Acronym: TMPACC Temperature range value 1 DRVAL1 87 Attribute type: F Code: xx
Expected input: The maximum of the one-dimensional error. The error is assumed to be positive and negative. The plus/minus character shall not be encoded. Definition: The best estimate of the accuracy of the temperature data. Minimum value: 0 Indication: Unit: defined in the TUNI subfield of the TSPM record or in the TUNITS attribute of the T_UNIT meta object class, e.g. Fahrenheit (F) Resolution: 0.1 F or 0.1 C or 0.1 K Format: xx.x Example: 0.3 Remarks: for a maximum error of 0.3 C
HGMIO2-6e
Attributes
FEATURE OBJECT ATTRIBUTES Object Class: value of temperature contour Acronym: VALTCO Attribute type: F Definition: The temperature of the sea surface contour. References: INT 1: M-4: Indication: Unit: defined in the TUNI subfield of the TSPM record or in the TUNITS attribute of the T_UNIT meta object class, e.g. Fahrenheit (F) Resolution: 0.1 F or 0.1 C or 0.1 K Format: sxxx.x s: sign, negative values only. Example: 20 for a sea surface temperature contour of 20 degrees Celsius. Remarks: Code: xx
HGMIO2-6e
Spatial and Temporal Attribution
A schematic illustration of the approximate ranges of space and time scales of physical oceanographic processes.
Current use of GIS is limited to the analysis of points on a plane referenced to the earth’s surface. There are very few tools to examine a third or even fourth dimension (temporal). Most GISs treat heights and time as additional attributes. To overcome this problem the Canadian Hydrographic Service (CHS) created and implemented a technology for the management and manipulation of spatial data based on the Riemannian hypercube. HHCodes are used to encode multidimensions into binary streams. Multidimensional codes facilitate the fusion and interrelation of spatial data by the use of variable sized cells. These variable sized cells are locked to temporal periods. They are generated by aggregation techniques that form statistical surfaces or volumes based on selected attribution. Such techniques are very powerful in making a significant step forward in interrelating diverse spatial data sets such as temperature, salinity, bathymetry, tides, currents, etc.
HGMIO2-6e
Future Work
Here is a list of things that needs to be addressed before oceanographic object attribution can move ahead: Agree upon which oceanographic objects need to be addressed on an ECDIS. Determine the best method for handling 3D data in a 2D environment until ECDIS can view 3D objects. Look at how to relate climological and real-time data. Assign attributes and color tables to oceanographic objects. How to relate oceanographic data with other data sets without introducing clutter. Put together an example data set of physical oceanographic objects for testing on an ECDIS.
HGMIO2-6e
References
Wright D. and Bartlett D., 1999, Marine and Coastal Geographical Information Systems, Taylor and Francis Inc. Thompson B., Appendix C, Meteorological and Oceanographic (METOC) Symbology (Draft), MIL-STD-2525C. Valavanis V.D., 2002, GIS in Oceanography and Fisheries, Institute of Marine Biology of Crete, Greece. Schulze J., 1999, Proposed Object Classes and Attributes for Weather. ECDIS Ice Objects, Version 3.0, 30 March 2001 IHO S-57, Version 3.1, November 2000 Tactical Ocean Data, MIL-PRF-89049/10 Ingmanson D. and Wallace W., 1985, Oceanography an Introduction, Third edition, Wadsworth Publishing Company. Web Sites http://dusk.geo.orst.edu/djl/arcgis/index.html http://www.has.vcu.edu/usp/faculty/rugg/wi10.html http://www.iho-cgmhc.org/ http://www.digest.org http://www.csc.noaa.gov http://www.fgdc.gov/standards/status/swgstat.html http://www.marinegis.com/ http://sedris.org Meeting Minutes - Caribbean Sea-Gulf of Mexico Hydrographic Commission Electronic Chart Working Group, 14 Apr 02 - IHO-IEC Harmonization Group on Marine Information Objects (HGMIO), 15-16 Jan 02 - Workshop on Development of Marine Information Objects for ECDIS, 29-30 Oct 98 - 13th CHRIS Meeting, Report on MIOs, 17-19 Sep 01 - Workshop on Development of Marine Information Objects for ECDIS, 8-9 Nov 99