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Embodied and operational energy use
of buildings:
How sustainable are energy savings?
13 June 2009
Laure Itard
23 april 2010
1
Onderzoeksinstituut OTB
Renovation of a row dwelling built
between 1966-1976
23 april 2010 2
Onderzoeksinstituut OTB
1. Insulation
envelope
2. HR++-glas
3. High
efficiency boiler
(HR107)
4. HR boiler +
heat pump boiler
5. HR boiler +
solar boiler
6. Balanced
ventilation
23 april 2010 3
Onderzoeksinstituut OTB
Life cycle analysis – Embodied energy
resources
Production
waste
Transport
23 april 2010 4
use
Operational
Onderzoeksinstituut OTB energy use
Primary Energy
4000
Reference
Façade
3000 insulation
HE glazing
HE boiler
MJ
2000
HE boiler + Heat
Pump boiler
1000 HE boiler + Solar
boiler
Balanced
ventilation
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Year
Primary Energy
500 Reference
450
Façade
400
insulation
350 HE glazing
300
MJ
250 HE boiler
200
HE boiler + Heat
150
Pump boiler
23 april 2010 100 5
HE boiler + Solar
50 boiler
0 Balanced
0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1 ventilation
Onderzoeksinstituut OTB Year
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0
23 april 2010
Reference
Variant 1:
Onderzoeksinstituut OTB
façade
insulation
Variant 2:
HE -glazing
Variant 3:
HE
combiboiler
Variant 4:
HE boiler +
Heat Pump
Variant 5:
HE boiler +
solar boiler
Variant 6:
Balance
ventilation
(after 30 years)
Space heating
Warm tap water
Elec. Auxiliary energy
Operational primary energy savings
6
Operational & embodied energy
(LCA analysis), after 30 years
100
90
80
70 Embodied energy
60
%
50 Electrical auxiliary
40 energy
30 Hot tap water
20
10
Space heating
0
Balanced ventilation
Reference
HE boiler
HE glazing
Façade insulation
HE boiler + Solar boiler
HE boiler + Heat Pump
boiler
Energy pay-back time: 0.2 0.3 1.5 5.0 1.9 1.2 year
23 april 2010 7
Onderzoeksinstituut OTB
New built: low-energy buildings
Ecobuild test dwellings, ECN, Petten,
EPC~0.6
Concrete
Heat Pump Timber frame
Rc= 5 m2K/W
3-layer glass
(U=1 W/m2K)
Heat
Recovery
Ventilation
23 april 2010 8
HE Boiler
Onderzoeksinstituut OTB
Embodied & operational primary
energy
5000000
Energy (MJ)
4000000 Reference
3000000 Dwelling A Concrete, boiler
Concrete, heat
2000000 Dwelling B pump
Dwelling C Timber frame,
1000000 heat pump
0
0
20
40
60
80
Year
23 april 2010 9
Onderzoeksinstituut OTB
Embodied & operational primary
energy
5000000
Energy (MJ)
4000000 Reference
3000000 Dwelling A Concrete, boiler
Concrete, heat
2000000 Dwelling B pump
Dwelling C Timber frame,
1000000 heat pump
0
0
20
40
60
80
Year
23 april 2010 10
Onderzoeksinstituut OTB
Embodied & operational primary
energy
5000000
Energy (MJ)
4000000 Reference
3000000 Dwelling A Concrete, boiler
Concrete, heat
2000000 Dwelling B pump
Dwelling C Timber frame,
1000000 heat pump
0
0
20
40
60
80
Year
23 april 2010 11
Onderzoeksinstituut OTB
Embodied & operational primary
energy
5000000
Energy (MJ)
4000000 Reference
3000000 Dwelling A Concrete, boiler
Concrete, heat
2000000 Dwelling B pump
Dwelling C Timber frame,
1000000 heat pump
0
0
20
40
60
80
Year
23 april 2010 12
Onderzoeksinstituut OTB
Energy use &
Environmental effects
23 april 2010 13
Onderzoeksinstituut OTB
Resource depletion
•Biotic resources
•A-biotic resources
•Infinite, renewable resources
23 april 2010 14
Onderzoeksinstituut OTB
Global warming
[Bron: United Nations Environmental Programme]
23 april 2010 15
Onderzoeksinstituut OTB
Ozone layer depletion
23 april 2010 16
Onderzoeksinstituut OTB
Photochemical oxidation (smog)
[Source: Alex Fraaij, Kees Duijvenstein]
23 april 2010 17
Onderzoeksinstituut OTB
Humane toxicity
23 april 2010 18
Onderzoeksinstituut OTB
Aquatic and terrestrial ecotoxicity
23 april 2010 19
Onderzoeksinstituut OTB
Acidification
23 april 2010 20
Onderzoeksinstituut OTB
Eutrophication
23 april 2010 21
Onderzoeksinstituut OTB
Abiotic depletion
50000
Reference
45000
40000
kg Sb-eq (x1000)
Façade insulation
35000
30000 HE glazing
25000
20000 HE boiler
15000
10000 HE boiler + Heat Pump
boiler
5000
HE boiler + Solar boiler
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Balanced ventilation
Year
Global warming
2500000 Reference
kg CO2-eq (x1000)
2000000 Façade insulation
1500000 HE glazing
1000000 HE boiler
HE boiler + Heat Pump Primary Energy
500000
boiler
HE boiler + Solar boiler 4000
0 Reference
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Balanced ventilation 3000
Façade
insulation
HE glazing
23 april 2010 Year 22 HE boiler
MJ
2000
HE boiler + Heat
Pump boiler
1000 HE boiler + Solar
boiler
Balanced
ventilation
0
Onderzoeksinstituut OTB
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Year
Photochemical oxidation
50000 Reference
45000
kg Ethyl-eq (x1e6)
40000 Façade insulation
35000
30000 HE glazing
25000
20000 HE boiler
15000
HE boiler + Heat Pump
10000 boiler
5000
HE boiler + Solar boiler
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Balanced ventilation
Year
Terrestrial ecotoxicity
1000
Reference
900
kg 1.4DCB-eq (x1000)
800 Façade insulation
700
600 HE glazing
500
400 HE boiler
300 Primary Energy
200 HE boiler + Heat Pump
boiler
100 4000
HE boiler + Solar boiler Reference
0 Façade
3000 insulation
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Balanced ventilation HE glazing
23 april 2010 Year 23 HE boiler
MJ
2000
HE boiler + Heat
Pump boiler
1000 HE boiler + Solar
boiler
Balanced
ventilation
0
Onderzoeksinstituut OTB
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Year
Operational environmental impacts only
na 30 jaar (Renovation)
350
300
250
Reference
Variant 1: Façade insulation
200 Variant 2: HE glazing
%
Variant 3: HE boiler
150 Variant 4: HE boiler + Heat Pump boiler
Variant 5: HE boiler + Solar boiler
Variant 6: Balanced ventilation
100
50
0
Ozone layer depletion
Human toxicity
Global warming
Terrestrial ecotoxicity
Fresh water aquatic
Eutrophication
Photochemical
Abiotic depletion
Acidification
oxidation
toxicity
23 april 2010 24
Onderzoeksinstituut OTB
Embodied & operational envir. Impacts
na 30 jaar (Renovation)
350
300
250 Reference
Variant 1: Façade insulation
Variant 2: HE glazing
200 Variant 3: HE boiler
%
Variant 4: HE boiler + Heat Pump b
Variant 5: HE boiler + Solar boiler
150
Variant 6: Balanced ventilation
100
50
0
Human toxicity
Ozone layer
Global warming
Terrestrial ecotoxicity
Eutrophication
Fresh water aquatic
Photochemical
Abiotic depletion
Acidification
depletion
oxidation
toxicity
100
90
80
70 Embodied energy
60
%
50 Electrical auxiliary
40 energy
30 Hot tap water
20
23 april 2010 10
0 25 Space heating
Balanced ventilation
Reference
HE boiler
HE glazing
Façade insulation
HE boiler + Heat Pump
HE boiler + Solar boiler
boiler
Onderzoeksinstituut OTB Energy pay-back time: 0.2 0.3 1.5 5.0 1.9 1.2 year
Operational & embodied environmental
impacts na 75 jaar (Ecobuild houses)
300
250
200
Reference
Dwelling A
150
Dwelling B
Dwelling C
100
50
0
Acidification
Fresh water
Ozone layer
depletion
Golbal warming
Eutrophication
Photochemical
ecotoxicity
Humane toxicity
Energy (MJ) Terrestrial
ecotoxicity
Abiotic
depletion
aquatic
oxidation
5000000
4000000 Reference
3000000 Dwelling A
2000000 Dwelling B
23 april 2010 1000000 26 Dwelling C
0
0
20
40
60
80
Year
Onderzoeksinstituut OTB
Conclusions
• Decreasing Primary energy use # environmental
friendly
• Primary energy is good/ predictor for depletion,
global warming and eutrophication
• Primary energy is not a good predictor of other
environmental impacts.
• Insulation measures are always efficient
• Solar boiler must be optimized (materials, production)
• Using electricity (not from renewables) instead of gas
produces an enormous increase of environmental
impact
23 april 2010 27
Onderzoeksinstituut OTB
Conclusions
• Embodied energy in renovation activities is low
What about passive renovation?
• Embodied energy in new built low-energy housing is
high
To minimize it should be a main challenge
23 april 2010 28
Onderzoeksinstituut OTB
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