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PREGLED GRAMATIKE ENGLESKOG JEZIKA ZA 4. RAZRED
Dragi učenici,
ovaj kratki pregled gramatike engleskoga jezika trebao bi vam pomoći da uspješno savladate sadržaj
prvoga polugodišta kako bi se što lakše prilagodili nadolazećem gradivu. Ovaj kratki preglednik sadrži
definicije na engleskom i hrvatskom jeziku kako bi što bolje shvatili srž i bit jezika kojim se bavimo.
Usto, pregledniku je priključena i kratka priča na engleskom jeziku te zanimljivost iz engleske kulture.
Iščitavajući tekstove na engleskom jeziku, vi proširujete vlastiti rječnik i uspješno se prilagođavate
jeziku koji danas otvara sva vrata svijeta.
Jelena Vujčić, prof.
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PREGLED GRAMATIKE ENGLESKOG JEZIKA ZA 4. RAZRED
PAST SIMPLE:
Use:
We use the past simple for something in the past which is finished.
Emma passed her exam last year. tj. Ema je prošla ispit prošle godine.
Elvis died in 1977. tj. Elvis je umro 1977. godine.
Jasno je iz gore priloženih rečenica kako past simple izražava radnju koja je počela i završila u
prošlosti. U određivanju vremena u kojem se radnja odvija svakako nam pomažu i priložne oznake
vremena kao što su gore u rečenicama podebljane last year(prošle godine) i in 1977 (1977. godine).
Form:
a) positive form:
-In English regular past form has –ed or –d suffix. Thus regular verbs in English have these
suffixes in the past form:
It happened very quickly. - > regular verb happen + ed = happened
The car crashed into the van. - > regular verb crash + ed = crashed
They arrived at 6 o’ clock. - > regular verb arrive + d = arrived
- on the other hand, irregular past form is characteristic of the irregular verbs. Irregular verbs
have to be memorised because without past simple form of these verb you are not able to
make past simple sentences.
Vicky won the game. - > irregular verb win has past form won
I had breakfast at six. - > irregular verb have has past form had
Some important irregular verbs:
Base form Past simple
Be was/were
Become became
do did
Eat ate
Feel felt
Have had
Thus:
I drove a car. We drove a car.
You drove a car. You drove a car.
He/ She /It drove a car. They drove a car.
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PREGLED GRAMATIKE ENGLESKOG JEZIKA ZA 4. RAZRED
Vidljivo je, dakle, kako se jesna rečenica (positive sentence) u past simpleu tvori na sljedeći način:
Subjektu se dodaje glagol u prošlom vremenu čija prošla forma zavisi o tome da li je glagol
pravilan ili nepravilan. Stoga pravilni glagoli dobivaju nastavak –ed ili –d, dok nepravilni glagoli
imaju uvijek isti izraz/formu koja mora biti naučena iz tablice nepravilnih glagola engleskoga
jezika. Tako je gore navedeno nekoliko glagola koji su među najčešćima u uporabi. Ispod tablice
nalazi se konjugacija nepravilnog glagola drive (drove), iz koje je vidljivo da glagol u rečenicama
koje su u past simpleu ne mijenja oblik kroz lica nego uvijek ostaje isti. Ovo pravilo vrijedi i za
sve pravilne glagole, npr. I arrived at 6 o’ clock. She arrived at 6 o’clock.
b) negative form and question:
- in negatives and questions we use did
1. negative sentences:
Negative form is did not or didn’t:
The car didn’t stop at the crossing. – >this is a negative sentence, while positive one is:
The car stopped at the crossing.
Thus, it is obvious that in a negative sentence the full verb has to go back to the infinitive.
...didn’t + stop... is correct
...didn’t + stop... is incorrect
For example:
I posted the letter yesterday. // I didn’t post the letter yesterday.
I ate pizza last night. // I didn’t eat pizza last night.
Dakle, jasno je iz gore navedenog kako niječne rečenice (negative sentences) u engleskom
jeziku tvorimo uz pomoć glagola did koji u niječnim rečenicama poprima oblik did not ili
didn’t. Ovdje je važno napomenuti kako u niječnim rečenicama nakon upotrebe glagola
didn’t moramo glavni glagol vratiti natrag u infinitiv.
2. questions:
When forming questions we also use did, but now, in questions, subject and verb did are
changing places.
James unlocked the doors. ------- Did James unlock the doors?
Jenny wrote a letter yesterday. ------Did Jenny write a letter yesterday?
So, once again when we make a question and when we use did our full verb has to go
back to infinitive.
BUT: Marta rang me yesterday. ----- Who rang you yesterday?
When we have WHO question word than we do not use the verb did, and the full verb
stays in the past simple form.
Valja zapamtiti da pri tvorbi upitnih rečenica u past simpleu koristimo glagol did koji
pritom zamijeni mjesto sa subjektom, tj. ide na prvo mjesto u rečenici. Nakon što smo
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PREGLED GRAMATIKE ENGLESKOG JEZIKA ZA 4. RAZRED
upotrijebili glagol did, glavni glagol u rečenici vraća se natrag u infinitiv. Iznimka je
pitanje koje počinje zamjenicom WHO kada ne upotrebljavamo glagol did nego samo
koristimo glavni glagol u past simpleu.
PAST CONTINUOUS
Use:
It was raining at three o’ clock.
This sentence means that at three o’ clock we were in the middle of a period of rain. The rain began
before three o’clock and stopped some time after three. So, we are stressing the length of time.
Soft music was playing.
This sentence means that we heard the music at that particular moment, but it was playing before we
heard it and it stopped some time after we heard it.
Prva rečenica It was raining at three o’ clock. (Kišilo je u tri sata), označava trenutak u prošlosti kada
smo mi svjedočili kiši, ali uporaba glagola was raining označava da je počelo kišiti prije nego smo
mi vidjeli da kiši i da je ta kiša prestala u nekom trenutku nakon što smo mi vidjeli da kiši. Dakle,
uporabom past continuous naglašavamo trajanje radnje u prošlosti. Isto vrijedi i za drugu rečenicu gdje
smo mi u jednom trenutku čuli kako svira nježna glazba, ali glagoli was playing naglašavaju kako je
glazba svirala i prije nego smo je mi čuli i kako je svirala i nakon što smo je mi čuli.
Form:
The past continuous is formed of the past tense of be (was/were) and an –ing form.
1. positive sentences:
Mary was playing the piano.
Mary is the third person singular noun, so we use was form of the verb be, and verb play is
accompanied with the - ing form.
They were skiing in Switzerland.
They is the third person plural pronoun, so we use were form of the verb be, and the verb ski is
accompanied with the –ing form.
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PREGLED GRAMATIKE ENGLESKOG JEZIKA ZA 4. RAZRED
I was running. We were running.
You were running. You were running.
He/ She / It was running. They were running.
To sum up, the first and the third person singular use the form was, while all the other use the form
were.
Dakle pri tvorbi jesnih rečenica u past continuousu koristimo was/were (tj. prošli oblik glagola be,
vidi tablicu 1.) i glavni glagol kojem se dodaje nastavak –ing. Jasno je iz prethodne konjugacije kako
u prvom i trećem licu jednine koristimo WAS, dok sva ostala lica koriste oblik WERE.
2. negative sentences:
- to form a negative sentence we use was/were + not
so we have: was not or wasn’t and were not or weren’t
Mary wasn’t playing the piano.
They weren’t skiing in Switzerland.
Jednostavno se da zaključiti kao pri tvorbi niječnih rečenica u past continuous pomoćnom glagolu
was/were dodajemo not dok sve ostalo ostaje isto. Ipak, važno je paziti na to u kojem se licu nalazi
subjekt kako bismo upotrijebili pravilan oblik pomoćnog glagola.
3. question:
- to form a question in the past continuous, our verb was/were changes place with the subject:
Was Mary playing the piano?
Dakle, u upitnoj rečenici kod past continuousa pomoćni glagol was/were i subjekt zamjene mjesta.
PAST SIMPLE OR PAST CONTINUOUS:
- we often use the past simple and past continuous together when one (shorter) action comes in
the middle of another (longer) one.
He broke his leg when he was skiing.
In this sentence the shorter action (broke) is expressed in the past simple tense, while the longer
action (was skiing) is expressed in the past continuous tense. To conclude, the shorter action
interrupts the longer action. So, to express shorter actions we always use past simple, and to express
longer actions we use past continuous.
Dakle, iz rečenice He broke his leg when he was skiing jasno je da u engleskom jeziku možemo u
jednoj rečenici koristiti i past simple i past continuous. I to na sljedeći način, past simple izražava
radnju koja je kraće trajala te je prekinula dužu radnju koju izražavamo past contionuousom.
Jednostavnije rečeno ako imamo situaciju u kojoj jedna radnja prekida trajanje druge radnje u
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PREGLED GRAMATIKE ENGLESKOG JEZIKA ZA 4. RAZRED
prošlosti, onda onu radnju koja prekida označavamo past simplom, a onu koja je prekinuta past
continuousom.
Na primjer, ako nam je zadatak ponudio sljedeću rečenicu:
When/he/carry/ a suitcase/ he /drop/it/ on his foot.
Prije nego pokušamo riješiti zadatak trebamo shvatiti tj. procijeniti koja je radnja trajala duže a koja
kraće. Dakle, on je nosio torbu te ju je ispustio na svoju nogu. Jasno je iz konteksta da je nošenje
torbe radnja koja je trajala duže, dok je ispuštanje torbe radnja koja je trajala kraće. Stoga ćemo
nošenje torbe izraziti past continuousom, a ispuštanje torbe past simplom.
Naposljetku, nakon što smo sve pravilno i logički razmotrili pišemo rečenicu ovako:
When he was carrying a suitcase, he dropped it on his foot.
PAST PERFECT:
Use:
I took the book the back to the library when I had read it.
Past perfect is used to talk about the things before the past time. So, it is clear that the subject had read
the book before he took it back to the library. Thus we use had read to express the activity which
happened in the past but before the past action.
Dakle, past perfect koristimo kako bismo izrazili radnju koja se dogodila prije neke radnje u prošlosti.
Tako u rečenici I took the book back to the library when I had read it, sasvim je jasno da je naš subjekt
najprije pročitao knjigu pa ju je tek onda vratio. Tako je vraćanje knjige u knjižnicu izraženo past
simpleom (took), a radnja koja se odvila prije te radnje u prošlosti (tj. vraćanja) izražena je past
perfectom (had read).
Form:
1. positive sentences:
The past perfect is formed of had + a past participle.
I had written a letter. We had written a letter.
You had written a letter. You had written a letter.
He/She/It had written a letter. They had written a letter.
Thus, we can conclude that the form is always the same. However, we have to memorize the past
participle of the irregular verbs, while regular verbs have the suffixes –d or –ed.
Dakle, past perfect se tvori od glagola had i past participa. Jasno je iz primjera da je oblik
glagola iti u svim licima. Ipak, valja napamet naučiti past particip nepravilnih glagola, dok pravilni
glagoli na sebe primaju nastavke –ed ili –d.
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PREGLED GRAMATIKE ENGLESKOG JEZIKA ZA 4. RAZRED
2. negative sentences:
Negative sentences are formed of had + not + a past participle.
The shorter form of had + not is hadn’t.
So, it would be:
I hadn’t written a letter.
She hadn’t written a letter.
Niječne rečenice se tvore tako da se glagolu HAD pridruži niječna riječ NOT, a kraćeni oblik
glasi HADN’T.
3. questions:
Questions are formed by inversions. Thus, the verb changes place with subject.
Had he written a letter?
Had they written a letter?
Had we written a letter?
Pitanja kod past perfect tvore se inverzijom tj. tako da pomoćni glagol had i subjekt zamijene
mjesto.
EXERCISES:
1. Use past simple or past continuous of the verbs in brackets. / Nadopuni rečenice koristeći
past simple ili past continuous glagola u zagradama.
It (1)_____(be) a fine day when I(2)________ (start) out on the last part of my walk around the
coast of Britain. The sun (3)__________(shine), and a light wind(4)______(blow) from the
south- west. I was pleased that it(5)________ (not rain). I (6)______(know) by now that I did not
like the rain. In fact, I(7)_________(hate) it. I(8)________ (walk) along the cliff top and then
down into the lovely little fishing village of Welburn, past a cafe where people(9)_________
(have) morning coffee.
2. Complete the text with one of the following verbs in the Past Simple form./ Nadopuni
rečenice koristeći Past simple dolje ponuđenih glagola.
fall laugh lose celebrate can't find spend need save break leave take
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PREGLED GRAMATIKE ENGLESKOG JEZIKA ZA 4. RAZRED
Gary Smith yesterday celebrated his twentieth birthday, but he is so lucky to be alive. In
March this year he was climbing Ben Nevis, Britain’s highest mountain, when he (1)_______
his way and (2) ________sixteen hours in sub-zero temperatures. ‘My friends (3)
__________ at me for having so much survival equipment but it (4) __________my life.’ On
the first night, the weather was so bad that it tore his new mountain tent to pieces, so he moved
into a Youth Hostel. He (5)_________the hostel at 10. 000 the next morning, but that
afternoon he was in trouble. ‘I (6)__________off a rock and __________my left leg.
I(8)_________move.’ Mountain rescue teams went out to look for Gary, and (9) _______ him
at 9.00 the next morning. A helicopter (10) __________him to hospital, where he
(11)_________ several operations. ‘Next time I’ll go with my friends, not on my own!’ he
joked.
3. Choose the correct for of the verbs. Past Simple or Past Continuous./ Izaberi točno vrijeme.
Past simple ili Past continuous.
a) I met/was meeting a friend while I did/was doing the shopping.
b) I paid/was paying for my things when I heard/ was hearing someone call my name.
c) I turned/was turning round and saw/was seeing Paula.
d) She wore/was wearing a bright red coat.
e) We decided/ were deciding to have a cup of coffee.
f) While we had/were having a drink, a waiter dropped/was dropping a pile of plates.
g) We all got /were getting a terrible shock.
h) While the waiter picked/was picking up the broken plates, he cut/was cutting his finger.
4. Make a sentence by using past simple and past continuous./ Načini rečenice koristeći past
simple and past continuous
a) when /he/carry/a suitcase/ he/drop/it/ on his foot.______________________________
b) he/ sit down/ on a chair/ while/ I/ paint/ it. ____________________________________
c) as/ he/run/ for a bus/ he/ collide/ with a lamppost._______________________________
d) he/sit/ in the garden/ when/ a wasp/ sting/ him/ on the nose________________________
e) when /we/drive/ home last night/ we/see/ a strange object.__________________________
f) as /we/watch/ the plane/it/suddenly/fly.________________________________________
g) David/make/lunch/ when/the phone/ring._______________________________________
h) when/he hold/ a vase/ he/suddenly/ drop/it.______________________________________
5. Underline the correct answer./Podcrtaj točan odgovor.
a) Mark put all the dishes away when he had dried/ dried them.
b) The golfers went into the clubhouse after they had played/played the last hole.
c) The man quickly snatched all the money from the bag and had run/ran away.
d) Staff found that the thief had taken/took only €10.
e) He filled the basket and had gone/went to the checkout.
f) She opened the door and he had come/came in.
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PREGLED GRAMATIKE ENGLESKOG JEZIKA ZA 4. RAZRED
ANSWERS:
1. 1) was, 2) started, 3) was shining, 4) was blowing, 5) wasn’t raining, 6) knew, 7) hated, 8)
walked, 9) were having
2. 1) lost, 2) spent, 3) laughed, 4) saved, 5) left, 6) fell, 7) broke, 8) couldn’t, 9) found, 10) took,
11) needed
3. a) met, was doing, b) was paying, heard, c) turned, saw, d) was wearing, e) decided, f) were
having, dropped, g) got, h) was picking, cut.
4. a) When he was carrying a suitcase, he dropped it.
b)_He sat down on the chair while I was painting it.
c) As he was running for a bus, he collided with a lamppost.
d) He was sitting in a garden when wasp stung him on the nose.
e) When we were driving home last night, we saw a strange object.
f) As we were watching the plane it suddenly flew.
g) David was making lunch when the phone rang.
h) When he was holding a vase, he suddenly dropped it.
5.
a) Mark put all the dishes away when he had dried/ dried them.
b) The golfers went into the clubhouse after they had played/played the last hole.
c) The man quickly snatched all the money from the bag and had run/ran away.
d) Staff found that the thief had taken/took only €10.
e) He filled the basket and had gone/went to the checkout.
f) She opened the door and he had come/came in.
SHORT STORY:
The Black Cat
by Edgar A. Poe
FOR the most wild, yet most homely narrative which I am about to pen, I neither expect nor solicit
belief. Mad indeed would I be to expect it, in a case where my very senses reject their own evidence.
Yet, mad am I not - and very surely do I not dream. But to-morrow I die, and to-day I would
unburthen my soul. My immediate purpose is to place before the world, plainly, succinctly, and
without comment, a series of mere household events. In their consequences, these events have terrified
- have tortured - have destroyed me. Yet I will not attempt to expound them. To me, they have
presented little but Horror - to many they will seem less terrible than barroques. Hereafter, perhaps,
some intellect may be found which will reduce my phantasm to the common-place - some intellect
more calm, more logical, and far less excitable than my own, which will perceive, in the circumstances
I detail with awe, nothing more than an ordinary succession of very natural causes and effects.
From my infancy I was noted for the docility and humanity of my disposition. My tenderness of heart
was even so conspicuous as to make me the jest of my companions. I was especially fond of animals,
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PREGLED GRAMATIKE ENGLESKOG JEZIKA ZA 4. RAZRED
and was indulged by my parents with a great variety of pets. With these I spent most of my time, and
never was so happy as when feeding and caressing them. This peculiarity of character grew with my
growth, and in my manhood, I derived from it one of my principal sources of pleasure. To those who
have cherished an affection for a faithful and sagacious dog, I need hardly be at the trouble of
explaining the nature or the intensity of the gratification thus derivable. There is something in the
unselfish and self-sacrificing love of a brute, which goes directly to the heart of him who has had
frequent occasion to test the paltry friendship and gossamer fidelity of mere Man .
I married early, and was happy to find in my wife a disposition not uncongenial with my own.
Observing my partiality for domestic pets, she lost no opportunity of procuring those of the most
agreeable kind. We had birds, gold-fish, a fine dog, rabbits, a small monkey, and a cat .
This latter was a remarkably large and beautiful animal, entirely black, and sagacious to an astonishing
degree. In speaking of his intelligence, my wife, who at heart was not a little tinctured with
superstition, made frequent allusion to the ancient popular notion, which regarded all black cats as
witches in disguise. Not that she was ever serious upon this point - and I mention the matter at all for
no better reason than that it happens, just now, to be remembered.
Pluto - this was the cat's name - was my favorite pet and playmate. I alone fed him, and he attended
me wherever I went about the house. It was even with difficulty that I could prevent him from
following me through the streets.
Our friendship lasted, in this manner, for several years, during which my general temperament and
character - through the instrumentality of the Fiend Intemperance - had (I blush to confess it)
experienced a radical alteration for the worse. I grew, day by day, more moody, more irritable, more
regardless of the feelings of others. I suffered myself to use intemperate language to my wife. At
length, I even offered her personal violence. My pets, of course, were made to feel the change in my
disposition. I not only neglected, but ill-used them. For Pluto, however, I still retained sufficient regard
to restrain me from maltreating him, as I made no scruple of maltreating the rabbits, the monkey, or
even the dog, when by accident, or through affection, they came in my way. But my disease grew
upon me - for what disease is like Alcohol! - and at length even Pluto, who was now becoming old,
and consequently somewhat peevish - even Pluto began to experience the effects of my ill temper.
One night, returning home, much intoxicated, from one of my haunts about town, I fancied that the cat
avoided my presence. I seized him; when, in his fright at my violence, he inflicted a slight wound
upon my hand with his teeth. The fury of a demon instantly possessed me. I knew myself no longer.
My original soul seemed, at once, to take its flight from my body and a more than fiendish
malevolence, gin-nurtured, thrilled every fibre of my frame. I took from my waistcoat-pocket a pen-
knife, opened it, grasped the poor beast by the throat, and deliberately cut one of its eyes from the
socket! I blush, I burn, I shudder, while I pen the damnable atrocity.
When reason returned with the morning - when I had slept off the fumes of the night's debauch - I
experienced a sentiment half of horror, half of remorse, for the crime of which I had been guilty; but it
was, at best, a feeble and equivocal feeling, and the soul remained untouched. I again plunged into
excess, and soon drowned in wine all memory of the deed.
In the meantime the cat slowly recovered. The socket of the lost eye presented, it is true, a frightful
appearance, but he no longer appeared to suffer any pain. He went about the house as usual, but, as
might be expected, fled in extreme terror at my approach. I had so much of my old heart left, as to be
at first grieved by this evident dislike on the part of a creature which had once so loved me. But this
feeling soon gave place to irritation. And then came, as if to my final and irrevocable overthrow, the
spirit of PERVERSENESS. Of this spirit philosophy takes no account. Yet I am not more sure that my
soul lives, than I am that perverseness is one of the primitive impulses of the human heart - one of the
indivisible primary faculties, or sentiments, which give direction to the character of Man. Who has
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PREGLED GRAMATIKE ENGLESKOG JEZIKA ZA 4. RAZRED
not, a hundred times, found himself committing a vile or a silly action, for no other reason than
because he knows he should not? Have we not a perpetual inclination, in the teeth of our best
judgment, to violate that which is Law , merely because we understand it to be such? This spirit of
perverseness, I say, came to my final overthrow. It was this unfathomable longing of the soul to vex
itself - to offer violence to its own nature - to do wrong for the wrong's sake only - that urged me to
continue and finally to consummate the injury I had inflicted upon the unoffending brute. One
morning, in cool blood, I slipped a noose about its neck and hung it to the limb of a tree; - hung it with
the tears streaming from my eyes, and with the bitterest remorse at my heart; - hung it because I knew
that it had loved me, and because I felt it had given me no reason of offence; - hung it because I knew
that in so doing I was committing a sin - a deadly sin that would so jeopardize my immortal soul as to
place it - if such a thing wore possible - even beyond the reach of the infinite mercy of the Most
Merciful and Most Terrible God.
On the night of the day on which this cruel deed was done, I was aroused from sleep by the cry of fire.
The curtains of my bed were in flames. The whole house was blazing. It was with great difficulty that
my wife, a servant, and myself, made our escape from the conflagration. The destruction was
complete. My entire worldly wealth was swallowed up, and I resigned myself thenceforward to
despair.
I am above the weakness of seeking to establish a sequence of cause and effect, between the disaster
and the atrocity. But I am detailing a chain of facts - and wish not to leave even a possible link
imperfect. On the day succeeding the fire, I visited the ruins. The walls, with one exception, had fallen
in. This exception was found in a compartment wall, not very thick, which stood about the middle of
the house, and against which had rested the head of my bed. The plastering had here, in great measure,
resisted the action of the fire - a fact which I attributed to its having been recently spread. About this
wall a dense crowd were collected, and many persons seemed to be examining a particular portion of it
with very minute and eager attention. The words "strange!" "singular!" and other similar expressions,
excited my curiosity. I approached and saw, as if graven in bas relief upon the white surface, the figure
of a gigantic cat. The impression was given with an accuracy truly marvellous. There was a rope about
the animal's neck.
When I first beheld this apparition - for I could scarcely regard it as less - my wonder and my terror
were extreme. But at length reflection came to my aid. The cat, I remembered, had been hung in a
garden adjacent to the house. Upon the alarm of fire, this garden had been immediately filled by the
crowd - by some one of whom the animal must have been cut from the tree and thrown, through an
open window, into my chamber. This had probably been done with the view of arousing me from
sleep. The falling of other walls had compressed the victim of my cruelty into the substance of the
freshly-spread plaster; the lime of which, with the flames, and the ammonia from the carcass, had then
accomplished the portraiture as I saw it.
Although I thus readily accounted to my reason, if not altogether to my conscience, for the startling
fact just detailed, it did not the less fail to make a deep impression upon my fancy. For months I could
not rid myself of the phantasm of the cat; and, during this period, there came back into my spirit a
half-sentiment that seemed, but was not, remorse. I went so far as to regret the loss of the animal, and
to look about me, among the vile haunts which I now habitually frequented, for another pet of the
same species, and of somewhat similar appearance, with which to supply its place.
One night as I sat, half stupified, in a den of more than infamy, my attention was suddenly drawn to
some black object, reposing upon the head of one of the immense hogsheads of Gin, or of Rum, which
constituted the chief furniture of the apartment. I had been looking steadily at the top of this hogshead
for some minutes, and what now caused me surprise was the fact that I had not sooner perceived the
object thereupon. I approached it, and touched it with my hand. It was a black cat - a very large one -
fully as large as Pluto, and closely resembling him in every respect but one. Pluto had not a white hair
upon any portion of his body; but this cat had a large, although indefinite splotch of white, covering
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nearly the whole region of the breast. Upon my touching him, he immediately arose, purred loudly,
rubbed against my hand, and appeared delighted with my notice. This, then, was the very creature of
which I was in search. I at once offered to purchase it of the landlord; but this person made no claim to
it - knew nothing of it - had never seen it before.
I continued my caresses, and, when I prepared to go home, the animal evinced a disposition to
accompany me. I permitted it to do so; occasionally stooping and patting it as I proceeded. When it
reached the house it domesticated itself at once, and became immediately a great favorite with my
wife.
For my own part, I soon found a dislike to it arising within me. This was just the reverse of what I had
anticipated; but - I know not how or why it was - its evident fondness for myself rather disgusted and
annoyed. By slow degrees, these feelings of disgust and annoyance rose into the bitterness of hatred. I
avoided the creature; a certain sense of shame, and the remembrance of my former deed of cruelty,
preventing me from physically abusing it. I did not, for some weeks, strike, or otherwise violently ill
use it; but gradually - very gradually - I came to look upon it with unutterable loathing, and to flee
silently from its odious presence, as from the breath of a pestilence.
What added, no doubt, to my hatred of the beast, was the discovery, on the morning after I brought it
home, that, like Pluto, it also had been deprived of one of its eyes. This circumstance, however, only
endeared it to my wife, who, as I have already said, possessed, in a high degree, that humanity of
feeling which had once been my distinguishing trait, and the source of many of my simplest and purest
pleasures.
With my aversion to this cat, however, its partiality for myself seemed to increase. It followed my
footsteps with a pertinacity which it would be difficult to make the reader comprehend. Whenever I
sat, it would crouch beneath my chair, or spring upon my knees, covering me with its loathsome
caresses. If I arose to walk it would get between my feet and thus nearly throw me down, or, fastening
its long and sharp claws in my dress, clamber, in this manner, to my breast. At such times, although I
longed to destroy it with a blow, I was yet withheld from so doing, partly by a memory of my former
crime, but chiefly - let me confess it at once - by absolute dread of the beast.
This dread was not exactly a dread of physical evil - and yet I should be at a loss how otherwise to
define it. I am almost ashamed to own - yes, even in this felon's cell, I am almost ashamed to own -
that the terror and horror with which the animal inspired me, had been heightened by one of the merest
chimaeras it would be possible to conceive. My wife had called my attention, more than once, to the
character of the mark of white hair, of which I have spoken, and which constituted the sole visible
difference between the strange beast and the one I had destroyed. The reader will remember that this
mark, although large, had been originally very indefinite; but, by slow degrees - degrees nearly
imperceptible, and which for a long time my Reason struggled to reject as fanciful - it had, at length,
assumed a rigorous distinctness of outline. It was now the representation of an object that I shudder to
name - and for this, above all, I loathed, and dreaded, and would have rid myself of the monster had I
dared - it was now, I say, the image of a hideous - of a ghastly thing - of the GALLOWS ! - oh,
mournful and terrible engine of Horror and of Crime - of Agony and of Death !
And now was I indeed wretched beyond the wretchedness of mere Humanity. And a brute beast -
whose fellow I had contemptuously destroyed - a brute beast to work out for me - for me a man,
fashioned in the image of the High God - so much of insufferable wo! Alas! neither by day nor by
night knew I the blessing of Rest any more! During the former the creature left me no moment alone;
and, in the latter, I started, hourly, from dreams of unutterable fear, to find the hot breath of the thing
upon my face, and its vast weight - an incarnate Night-Mare that I had no power to shake off -
incumbent eternally upon my heart!
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Beneath the pressure of torments such as these, the feeble remnant of the good within me succumbed.
Evil thoughts became my sole intimates - the darkest and most evil of thoughts. The moodiness of my
usual temper increased to hatred of all things and of all mankind; while, from the sudden, frequent,
and ungovernable outbursts of a fury to which I now blindly abandoned myself, my uncomplaining
wife, alas! was the most usual and the most patient of sufferers.
One day she accompanied me, upon some household errand, into the cellar of the old building which
our poverty compelled us to inhabit. The cat followed me down the steep stairs, and, nearly throwing
me headlong, exasperated me to madness. Uplifting an axe, and forgetting, in my wrath, the childish
dread which had hitherto stayed my hand, I aimed a blow at the animal which, of course, would have
proved instantly fatal had it descended as I wished. But this blow was arrested by the hand of my wife.
Goaded, by the interference, into a rage more than demoniacal, I withdrew my arm from her grasp and
buried the axe in her brain. She fell dead upon the spot, without a groan.
This hideous murder accomplished, I set myself forthwith, and with entire deliberation, to the task of
concealing the body. I knew that I could not remove it from the house, either by day or by night,
without the risk of being observed by the neighbors. Many projects entered my mind. At one period I
thought of cutting the corpse into minute fragments, and destroying them by fire. At another, I
resolved to dig a grave for it in the floor of the cellar. Again, I deliberated about casting it in the well
in the yard - about packing it in a box, as if merchandize, with the usual arrangements, and so getting a
porter to take it from the house. Finally I hit upon what I considered a far better expedient than either
of these. I determined to wall it up in the cellar - as the monks of the middle ages are recorded to have
walled up their victims.
For a purpose such as this the cellar was well adapted. Its walls were loosely constructed, and had
lately been plastered throughout with a rough plaster, which the dampness of the atmosphere had
prevented from hardening. Moreover, in one of the walls was a projection, caused by a false chimney,
or fireplace, that had been filled up, and made to resemble the red of the cellar. I made no doubt that I
could readily displace the bricks at this point, insert the corpse, and wall the whole up as before, so
that no eye could detect any thing suspicious. And in this calculation I was not deceived. By means of
a crow-bar I easily dislodged the bricks, and, having carefully deposited the body against the inner
wall, I propped it in that position, while, with little trouble, I re-laid the whole structure as it originally
stood. Having procured mortar, sand, and hair, with every possible precaution, I prepared a plaster
which could not be distinguished from the old, and with this I very carefully went over the new
brickwork. When I had finished, I felt satisfied that all was right. The wall did not present the slightest
appearance of having been disturbed. The rubbish on the floor was picked up with the minutest care. I
looked around triumphantly, and said to myself - "Here at least, then, my labor has not been in vain."
My next step was to look for the beast which had been the cause of so much wretchedness; for I had,
at length, firmly resolved to put it to death. Had I been able to meet with it, at the moment, there could
have been no doubt of its fate; but it appeared that the crafty animal had been alarmed at the violence
of my previous anger, and forebore to present itself in my present mood. It is impossible to describe,
or to imagine, the deep, the blissful sense of relief which the absence of the detested creature
occasioned in my bosom. It did not make its appearance during the night - and thus for one night at
least, since its introduction into the house, I soundly and tranquilly slept; aye, slept even with the
burden of murder upon my soul!
The second and the third day passed, and still my tormentor came not. Once again I breathed as a
freeman. The monster, in terror, had fled the premises forever! I should behold it no more! My
happiness was supreme! The guilt of my dark deed disturbed me but little. Some few inquiries had
been made, but these had been readily answered. Even a search had been instituted - but of course
nothing was to be discovered. I looked upon my future felicity as secured.
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Upon the fourth day of the assassination, a party of the police came, very unexpectedly, into the house,
and proceeded again to make rigorous investigation of the premises. Secure, however, in the
inscrutability of my place of concealment, I felt no embarrassment whatever. The officers bade me
accompany them in their search. They left no nook or corner unexplored. At length, for the third or
fourth time, they descended into the cellar. I quivered not in a muscle. My heart beat calmly as that of
one who slumbers in innocence. I walked the cellar from end to end. I folded my arms upon my
bosom, and roamed easily to and fro. The police were thoroughly satisfied and prepared to depart. The
glee at my heart was too strong to be restrained. I burned to say if but one word, by way of triumph,
and to render doubly sure their assurance of my guiltlessness.
"Gentlemen," I said at last, as the party ascended the steps, "I delight to have allayed your suspicions. I
wish you all health, and a little more courtesy. By the bye, gentlemen, this - this is a very well
constructed house." [In the rabid desire to say something easily, I scarcely knew what I uttered at all.]
- "I may say an excellently well constructed house. These walls are you going, gentlemen? - these
walls are solidly put together;" and here, through the mere phrenzy of bravado, I rapped heavily, with
a cane which I held in my hand, upon that very portion of the brick-work behind which stood the
corpse of the wife of my bosom.
But may God shield and deliver me from the fangs of the Arch-Fiend ! No sooner had the
reverberation of my blows sunk into silence, than I was answered by a voice from within the tomb! -
by a cry, at first muffled and broken, like the sobbing of a child, and then quickly swelling into one
long, loud, and continuous scream, utterly anomalous and inhuman - a howl - a wailing shriek, half of
horror and half of triumph, such as might have arisen only out of hell, conjointly from the throats of
the dammed in their agony and of the demons that exult in the damnation.
Of my own thoughts it is folly to speak. Swooning, I staggered to the opposite wall. For one instant the
party upon the stairs remained motionless, through extremity of terror and of awe. In the next, a dozen
stout arms were toiling at the wall. It fell bodily. The corpse, already greatly decayed and clotted with
gore, stood erect before the eyes of the spectators. Upon its head, with red extended mouth and solitary
eye of fire, sat the hideous beast whose craft had seduced me into murder, and whose informing voice
had consigned me to the hangman. I had walled the monster up within the tomb!
SOMETHING ABOUT THE ENGLISH CULTURE:
Why do the British drive on the left?
There are few theories. Some of them are quite logical; however, there are some which are
closer to the farce than to the real story. Here are some of them:
Theory no. 1
In Roman times the shield was carried with the left hand and the sword with the right. The
soldiers marched on the left, so they could protect their body with their shield and they were
able to fight with their right hand.
Theory no. 2
A horse is mounted from the left. You swing the right leg over the horse's back. To make it
easier for smaller people to mount the horse, special stones (mounting stones) were provided.
They were put on the left side of the roads.
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Theory no. 3
I must point out that in days of old logic dictated that when people passed each other on the
road they should be in the best possible position to use their sword to protect themselves. As
most people are right handed they therefore keep to their left. This practice was formalised in
a Papal Edict by Pope Benedict around 1300AD who told all his pilgrims to keep to the left.
Nothing much changed until 1773 when an increase in horse traffic forced the UK
Government to introduce the General Highways Act of 1773 which contained a keep left
recommendation. This became a law as part of the Highways Bill in 1835.
Theory no. 4
I must point out that Napoleon was left-handed, and so he used to draw his sword from right
to left. He imposed his soldiers to parade marching on the right. Therefore, all Napoleon's
conquests were changing the way carts and horses used to go. From left to right. The US after
the War of Independence changed too, and so did Canada due to the French influence.
Commonwealth countries and other ones such as Japan, didn't change the left-side obligatory
driving.
Buckingham Palace
Buckingham Palace has been the official residence of seven generations of British monarchs
from the House of Hanover to the present reigning House of Windsor. The palace is now open
to the public on a regular basis.
The original Buckingham House, as it was then known, stood on the site of what was
formerly a mulberry tree garden established by King James I, in an ill-advised and failed
attempt to cultivate silk worms. The building was purchased for £21,000 in 1762 from
Charles Herbert Sheffield by King George III as a private home for his wife Queen Charlotte
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of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. It had previously been owned by the Dukes of Buckingham and had
been built in 1702.
The couple's extravagant eldest son, George IV, gave the house an extensive and costly
transformation. He employed the famous John Nash as his architect . George IV's brother and
successor, King William IV, detested the building and was never to live there.
Queen Victoria, who ascended the throne in 1837, was the first British monarch to actually
live in the palace. She embarked upon enlargements to accommodate her growing family. The
East Front was added in 1847 and the famous Marble Arch, which formerly stood over the
entrance to the Palace, was moved to its present position near Hyde Park. Her successor,
Edward VII, introduced electric lighting and other modernisations.
George VI, the present Queen's father, referred to the palace as "the icebox". During the
Second World War, Buckingham Palace was hit by German bombers nine times, leading
Queen Elizabeth to state "Now I can look the East End in the face."
The Palace Interior
Buckingham Palace is entered through the impressive Grand Hall,
which has ivory painted walls with gilded coving and marble columns. Two grand broad
marble staircases lead up to the State Apartments. The ornate staircase balustrade is of bronze
and portaits of members of the of the House of Hanover line the walls, they were arranged
there by Queen Victoria in 1837.
The first of the State Apartments is the large and magnificent Green Drawing Room, which is
entered through mirrored doors. It was redecorated in the 1830's, in the reign of William IV.
Queen Adelaide, his consort, was responsible for choosing the decor, she requested that Irish
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PREGLED GRAMATIKE ENGLESKOG JEZIKA ZA 4. RAZRED
people should be employed in the production of the
green tabinet fabric which lines its walls.The porcelain on display in the room, was purchased
by George IV after the French Revolution.
The Throne Room is decorated in scarlet. The thrones are situated upon a dais at the far end of
the room and were those used by Elizabeth II and the Duke of Edinburgh at the Queen's
coronation in 1953. Flanking the thrones are four magnificent gilt wood trophies, which
originate from Carlton House, the London home of George IV.
The large Ballroom, a Victorian addition, measures over 36 metres long by 18 metres wide
and was opened in 1856. It is now used mainly for State Banquets, but also as a concert hall
and a for investitures.
The Palace Music Room, originally the Bow Drawing Room, has a distinctive high domed
ceiling, arched windows and deep blue columns painted to appear like lapis lazuli. This room
was used for the baptisms of Prince Charles, Princess Anne, Andrew, Duke of York and most
recently, Prince William, all in turn wearing the honiton lace robe that had been made for
Queen Victoria's eldest daughter. Princess Diana, when she first took up residence in the
palace in the early days of her marriage, practiced her dancing steps in the room.
The 150 feet long Picture Gallery was re-roofed by Queen Mary, consort of George V, in
1914. The curved glass ceiling displays the paintings in a good, clear light. The gallery
contains works belonging to the magnificent Royal Collection by Rembrandt, Van Dyck, and
Rubens amongst many other famous artists.
The Blue Drawing Room boasts thirty Corinthian columns painted to resemble onyx. The
room derives its name from its turquoise flock wallpaper and blue satin furnishings. A large
State Portrait of the Queen's grandfather, George V is on displayin the room.
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The White Drawing Room is one of the
most attractive rooms in the palace, decorated in white and gold. The upholstery is in gold. It
has a concealed entrance, a huge mirror with a cabinet fixed to it, through which the royal
family make their dramatic entrance. The room contains a large portrait of the beautiful
Queen Alexandra, by Francois Flameng. Alexandra, the Queen's great-grandmother, known in
the family as Alix, was the wife of Edward VII and daughter of Christian IX of Denmark.
The last room in the series of State Apartments is the magnificent red and gold State Dining
Room. The room was not completed until after the death of William IV, and accordingly
bears the cypher of Queen Victoria on many of the medallions which adorn its walls.
The ceiling has three distinctive domes and its walls are lined with royal portraits depicting
the Queen's ancestors of the Hanoverian dynasty, including George IV and his parents George
III and Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, as well as Frederick, Prince of Wales, the father of
George III, who was detested by his parents.
Security at the palace obtained a much needed update after the intruder Michael Fagan
entered the building through an open ground floor window and actually succeeded in reaching
the Queen's bedroom. The startled and deeply shocked Queen awoke to find Fagan sitting in
her room, the very depressed young man was clutching a broken ashtray with which he
intended to slash his wrists. Highly alarmed, she pressed an emergency button by her bed to
summon the police.
Exhibiting a great deal of her customary self control, the Queen managed to collect herself
and listened to Fagan's problems. Having received no response whatever to her first appeal for
help, the alarmed monarch made a second, and finally used Fagan's desire for a cigarette to
summon a maid. They were joined by a footman, who ushered Fagan into a pantry until the
arrival of the police. There have been further breeches of security at Buckingham Palace since
then, but none quite so serious or potentially alarming.
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19
