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Energy Savings Impacts of the
Advanced Energy Design Guide:
Small Office Buildings
Bing Liu, P.E.
Research Engineer
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Tel: (509) 375-3710
Bing.liu@pnl.gov
Energy Use Simulation Approach
Scoping Study:
Baseline building – Standard 90.1-1999
Advanced building – Off-the-Shelf technology
Two Models: 5,000 sf and 20,000 sf office
buildings
Use eQuest to test run in four climate locations:
Miami, Phoenix, Seattle and Duluth
Full Study:
15 representative locations in 8 DOE Climate
Zones
Use DOE-2.2 directly to make 60 parametric
runs for full study
February 7, 2005 ASHRAE Winter 2
Meeting, Orlando, Fla.
5,000 ft² Office Prototype
Square floor plan
Single story
Frame construction
20% window-to-wall ratio
Single tenant
February 7, 2005 ASHRAE Winter 3
Meeting, Orlando, Fla.
20,000 ft² Office Prototype
Square floor
plan
2-story
Masonry
construction
30% window-
to-wall ratio
3 tenants
February 7, 2005 ASHRAE Winter 4
Meeting, Orlando, Fla.
What is in the Baseline Building?
Comply with Standard 90.1-1999
Insulation requirements for roofs, walls,
floors and slabs
U-Value and SHGC for window glazing
U-Value for doors
Interior lighting power density
Mechanical equipment efficiency
Economizer requirement
And more…
February 7, 2005 ASHRAE Winter Meeting, Orlando, 5
Fla.
What is in the Baseline Building?
When not specified by 90.1-1999…
Room Thermostat:
Setpoint: 75°F cooling & 70°F heating
Setback/Setup: 80°F cooling & 65°F heating
Office Equipment Plug Load
Schedules
Energy Policy Act Standard analysis
Recent research study and peer review
comments
Fan Static Pressure
February 7, 2005 ASHRAE Winter Meeting, Orlando, 6
Fla.
Plug Load Schedule - Weekday
20,000 sf Office Building
Fraction of Defined Peak Load
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Hour of Day
Before After
ASHRAE SP102 Advanced Energy Design Guide
Modeling Assumptions & Energy Usage - 20,000 sf Office Building
Table 5 Baseline Modeling Assumptions (Round 2) – Seattle, WA
Characteristic Baseline Model Data Source
Architectural Features
Configuration/Shape
Aspect Ratio 1
Zoning 5 zones per floor (one core + four perimeter
zones)
Number of Floors 2
Window to Wall Ratio 30% ribbon windows uniformly distributed by SP 102 Recommendation
orientation
Floor-to-Ceiling Height: 9 ft General practice
Floor-to-Floor Height: 12 ft General practice
Infiltration Rate - 0.038 cfm/sf of the gross exterior wall - ASHRAE 90.1-1989 §13.7.3.2
- 0.122 air change per hour for entire building - 12 feet high Exterior Wall
Infiltration Schedule OFF_M-F_INFIL Off when the HVAC fan is on
Roof
Structure Steel deck with rigid insulation SP 102 Recommendation
Exterior Finish Single-ply roof membrane
Insulation R-15 ci ASHRAE 90.1-1999 Table B-14
Overall U-factor 0.063 ASHRAE 90.1-1999 Table B-14
Emissivity 0.87 Grey single-ply membranes from PG&E
Solar Reflectance 0.23 (grey EPDM) High Albedo (Cool) Roofs CASE Study
Report at
http://www.newbuildings.org/downloads/co
des/CoolRoof.pdf
What is in the Advanced Building?
Envelope
Cool roofs
Better insulations
High performance windows and doors
Overhangs for windows except facing north
Interior Lighting
Reduced installed lighting power density
Daylighting harvest for WWR 25% or higher
Daylighting dimming control on south and north
perimeter zones
Occupancy Sensor
February 7, 2005 ASHRAE Winter Meeting, Orlando, 9
Fla.
What is in the Advanced Building?
Mechanical System
Higher efficiency unitary equipment in some
climate zones
Motorized outside air damper control
Demand Control Ventilation (DCV)
Lower duct friction rate: 0.08 in/100 ft vs. 0.10
in/100 ft of standard practice
Service Water Heater
Higher thermal efficiency for gas-fired storage
water heater or
Gas-fired instantaneous water heater
February 7, 2005 ASHRAE Winter Meeting, Orlando, 10
Fla.
Energy Savings of Advanced vs. Base Building
(Without Plug Load)
50% 30% Goal Over Standard 90.1-1999
Energy Savings, %
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
h
on
on
B a ue
bu sco
ks
Fr his
e
x
a
i
so
tle
e
o
m
ut
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or
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is
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gt
at
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ia
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ca
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oe
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m
ci
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el
ou
em
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Se
D
irb
an
hi
lti
Ph
rli
qu
H
El
H
C
Bu
M
Fa
n
Al
Sa
5000 sf Bldg 20,000 sf Bldg
Energy Savings, %
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
0%
M
ia
m
H
ou i
st
o
Ph n
oe
n
El ix
Pa
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n p
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an
Al c
bu isc
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er
q
Ba ue
lti
m
5000 sf Bldg
or
e
Se
at
tle
Bo
is
(Including Plug Load)
C e
hi
c
Bu ago
rli
ng
to
n
H
el
en
20,000 sf Bldg
a
D
u
Fa luth
irb
an
ks
Energy Savings of Advanced vs. Base Building
EUI, kBtu/sf
100
120
0
20
40
60
80
M
iam
i
Ho
us
to
n
Ph
oe
ni
x
El
Pa
so
M
em
Sa ph
n is
Fr
an
ci s
Al co
bu
qu
er
qu
e
Base Case
Ba
ltim
or
e
Se
at
tl e
Bo
ise
Ch
i ca
go
Bu
5,000 sf Office Building
rlin
Energy Use Index
gt
on
He
le
Advanced Case
na
Du
lu
th
Fa
irb
an
ks
EUI, kBtu/sf
0
20
40
60
80
M
iam
Ho i
us
to
Ph n
oe
ni
El x
Pa
M so
Sa em
n ph
Fr is
an
Al ci
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er
q
Ba u e
Base Case
ltim
or
e
Se
at
tl e
Bo
is
Ch e
i ca
Bu go
rlin
Energy Use Index
gt
20,000 sf Office Building
on
He
le
na
Advanced Case
Du
l
Fa uth
irb
an
ks
Comparison of Energy Savings
5,000 sf Office Building
60% Average Savings of All the
Percentage Savings Over 90.1-1999
Climate Zones = 38% 49.1%
50%
40% 35.6% 36.4%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Miami Baltimore Duluth
Lighting Cooling Heating Fans SWH
Comparison of Energy Savings
20,000 sf Office Building
50% Average Savings of All the
Percent Savings Over 90.1-1999
Climate Zones = 38% 43%
38%
40%
35%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Miami Baltimore Duluth
Lighting Cooling Heating Fans SWH
Advanced Simulation Challenges
Real windows vs. DOE-2 window
library
Window Shading Coefficient Method
Window Library Method
Window Layers Method
February 7, 2005 ASHRAE Winter Meeting, Orlando, 17
Fla.
Advanced Simulation Challenges
Occupancy sensor
DOE-2 doesn’t have occupancy sensor
module
Modify the lighting schedule to estimate
the potential energy savings from the
occupancy sensors
February 7, 2005 ASHRAE Winter Meeting, Orlando, 18
Fla.
Lighting & Occupancy Sensor Schedule
1.10
Fraction of Defined Peak
1.00
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Weekday - Hour of Day
Lighting Lighting with Occupancy Sensor
Advanced Simulation Challenges
Demand ventilation control
No CO2 sensor module in DOE-2
Modify the outside air change rate to
reflect the average reduction of the
outside intake using CO2 sensor – 20%
February 7, 2005 ASHRAE Winter 20
Meeting, Orlando, Fla.
Advanced Simulation Challenges
Motorized outside air damper control
Potentially saving cooling and heating
energy during nights by closing the OA
damper when fans cycle on to maintain
space setback temperature
Hourly-based simulation may over-
estimate the energy savings from the
motorized outside air damper in the cold
climates
February 7, 2005 ASHRAE Winter Meeting, Orlando, 21
Fla.
Questions?
Bing Liu, P.E.
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Tel: (509) 375-3710
Bing.liu@pnl.gov
February 7, 2005 ASHRAE Winter Meeting, Orlando, 22
Fla.
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