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acid-rain-reduction pdf
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Smart Light for Ubiquitous
Communications
Thomas Little
Associate Director
NSF Smart Lighting Engineering Research
Center
05-21-2009
The Smart Lighting ERC
Fundamental advancements in solid-state devices – LEDs – that
enable a wide range of new applications in
Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here
Bio-imaging
Indoor communications
Outdoor communications / transportation
Display technologies
The plan: exploit the strength of the team
Novel materials
Devices
Downstream systems
Strong commitment to education, supporting underrepresented
groups, facilitating technology transfer
10 years > $18M from National Science Foundation
> $50M via supplementary university, state, industry
Boston University role - applications in communications
and networking “Visual Light Communications”
2
Why did we get funded #1?
To develop ‘controllable’ light and its down-stream
Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here
applications
Controllability is an enabler
Downstream apps define the ‘systems pull’
3
Controllability is important for
Dynamic and adaptive lighting
Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here
For architectural use
For improving visibility
For imaging
For health benefits
Modulation – for communications
Power control
For energy management
Why relevant
Control over the end consumer: lighting
Lights that are individually addressable and controllable
Environments that are adaptive to occupants
And networked enabled
4
So why did we get funded? #2
Huge potential savings by the adoption of LED lighting
Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here
5
Comparison
Incandescent
Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here
$0.65/bulb
15 years of electricity: $72.55
1000-2000 hours of life
LED
$120/bulb
15 years of electricity: $9.67
20,000-50,000 hours of life
CFL
$4/bulb
15 years of electricity: $18.14
6,000-12,000 hours of life
Clearly we need to reduce the device cost of LED lighting
Nat Geo March 2009 6
Quantification of solid-state lighting benefits
Energy benefits
22% of electricity used for lighting
Boston University Slideshow and 5× more
LED lighting can be 20×Title Goes Here efficient than incandescent and
fluorescent lighting, respectively
Reduction in energy consumption > 1020J (*)
Barrels of crude oil not needed: 0.96 ×109 (*)
Power plants not needed: 280 (*)
Environmental benefits
Global warming: Reduction of CO2 emissions > 10 Gt (*)
Acid rain: Reduction of SO2 emissions
Mercury, Hg: Reduction of toxic Hg emissions / Hg in homes
Financial and economic benefits
Reduction in electrical energy cost > 1012 $ (*)
(*) over 10 years, worldwide, see Schubert et al. Reports on Progress in Physics 69, 3069 (2006)
Cause: CO2 Cause: SO2 CO2 ,SO2, NOx, Hg, U Cause: Waste heat
and acid rain
Antarctica Czech Republic Switzerland United States
7
The Story…
We plan to replace all lighting with LED lighting
Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here
LED lighting is driven by on-off cycling on the input
We will modulate data in addition to controlling
intensity levels (we’ll improve color and add color
control)
We expect data rates competitive with wifi for indoor
use, and better for some applications (video
streaming)
We’ll make the lighting load controllable, adaptable,
and far more efficient
We’ll enable other devices in the “container” to exploit
network access and controllability
8
VLC: what it is
Synopsis
Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here
Modulated light
Visible spectrum (you can see it)
A la ship to ship Morse code
Point to point in simplest form
Illumination + communication in the dominant scenarios
Source
Intensity
Observer
Time
9
Office Scenario
Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here
10
Three Control Loops
GPS Epidemiology
WPAN Resource Allocation
Privacy
Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here Physician Analysis
RFID Zigbee Aggregation
Localization Computational
Sensor Modalities
Performance
BAN Loop
Local
control Internet
Scope: Organ Person Group Population
Time scale: < 100ms <10s <100s
Home Scenario Internet access
Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here
Wireless thermostat
Auto replenishment
with tagged items
ble/DSL/Fiber
Networked boiler/HVAC 12
Home Gateway Opportunity
How:
Utility side
Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here
Customer side •Optical
•RF
•PL
•CAT5
Interface for •Future
•Monitoring Home
•Control Home network
Gateway
Access for
Gaps? •Appliances
•Multiple providers (utilities, •Smart Lighting
telecoms) •HVAC
•Design for robustness •Computers
•Privacy Load •Entertainment
•Personal Health care
Home Gateway is key component to accessing status and control of
network-enabled devices
13
Prototypes
Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here
14
Summary Points
Smart Lighting: An opportunity to embed networking
Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here
Low energy use
Networking where there is illumination
Ubiquitous communication is an enabler
Mobile wireless devices, embedded networked sensors, RFID, WiFi
hotspots, transportation
Better data and control from/to the physical world
LED-based communication and networking has
important advantages:
Bandwidth, bandwidth density
Privacy--security, bypassing RF
Ubiquity if piggybacked on lighting
Unregulated spectrum
Control
15
Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here
ADDITIONAL SLIDES
16
VLC: Where it Matters
Deliver HD video to individual seats From Airbus (www.airbus.com)
Airbus Slideshow Title Goes Here
Boston Universityholds > 500 people; HD requires 13 Mb/s; short range
personal lighting/communication for channel isolation; copper is
heavy. High bandwidth density (>10 Mb/m3)
Localized communication between vehicles
Emerging safety-oriented technology: active braking, traffic
monitoring; warning message propagation.
Directional transmission, PRF < 1%, < 100ms latency
Indoor localization
Finding roaming patients and doctors in a hospital; RF techniques
can be problematic; lights can be uniquely modulated with ID;
tagging bats; security in downlink channel. Data trickle. Courtesy of Thomas Kunz
Providing opportunistic mobile access
Hotspots wherever there is illumination. Ubiquity.
Moving vehicles. Internet access
Mesh networks
17
Do We Need This?
There is little demand for VLC today
Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here
VLC is a technology looking for a problem
VLC has potential primarily as an opportunistic medium
Energy Neutral
Challenge: can we provide a useful communications physical
layer
That does not add significantly to cost of lighting?
That is energy efficient?
That supports a broad enough range of applications (low and high data
rates)?
18
Bridging to LAN Access Point
Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here
Modified Linksys
Router
19
National Science Foundation Engineering Research
Centers Program
Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here
The ERC Challenge:
Create and sustain an integrated, cross-disciplinary research
environment to advance fundamental engineering knowledge and
engineered systems
Educate a globally competitive and diverse engineering workforce
from K-12, and higher education
Join academia and industry in partnership to achieve these goals
20 year history of success
New in ’08: strong emphasis on the initiation and development of
new technology-related small businesses -- startups
Initiated proposal development in the spring of 2006…
36 direct participants
22 committed member companies
20+ indirect academic participants
20
VLC transformational Impact
Human created
lighting sources will
Boston use for
be dualUniversity Slideshow Title Goes Here
illumination and…
• communication
• control
• automation
• safety
• information access
enabled by ubiquitous smart
lighting systems
Energy and Intensity Today
Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here
Light Sources Typical Power Luminous Luminous
Efficiency3 Output
Incandescent 60W1 15lm/W 900lm
Fluorescent 32W1 80lm/W 2560lm
High-intensity 400W1 100lm/W 40000lm
discharge
LED 10W2 150lm/W4 1500lm
1. US Department of Energy (DOE) 2006 Solid-State Lighting Research and Development Portfolio; Multi-year program plan
(http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/publications/pdfs/ssl/ssl_multiyear_plan.pdf)
2. Let There Be Light (http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=1030972&isnumber=22144)
3. Solid-state lighting—a benevolent technology (Fred doc)
4. Assume 50% of theoretical maximum is achievable
22
ERC Organization Chart
Deans Council:
Deans of Engineering (RPI, BU, UNM) + VP
Research (RPI)
ADMINISTRATION
Director: Diane Veros Executive Leadership Group
Financial Officer All Directors + ILO
Admin. Specialist
Technical Leadership Team Systems Integration
Scientific Testbed Leaders Committee
Advisory Board
Thrust Leader Academic Co-Chair: TBD
Industry Co-Chair: TBD
EDUCATION, INDUSTRY LIAISON &
OUTREACH CORE RESEARCH SYSTEMS TESTBEDS INNOVATION
& DIVERSITY ILO: TBD
Outdoor Transportation
Director: Ken Connor
Richard Cole, John Wen
Carruthers,Tom Little
Outreach Coordinator Systems Thrust:
Bio-Imaging Testbed:
Pre-College Liaison Michael Shur Central Lab
Smart Displays &
THRUSTS
Indoor Comm &
Education Advisory Support Staff
Board Device Thrust:
Michael Shur
Testbed: Jeff
Diversity Committee Partha Dutta
Industry Advisory
Lighting
K-12 Partners Board
Materials Thrust: Innovation Partners
Academic Policy Board Steve Hersee
Industry Partners
Student Leadership
Council
FACULTY & STUDENT INVESTIGATORS AT CORE PARTNERS INSTITUTIONS,
OUTREACH PARTNER INSTITUTIONS, INTERNATIONAL PARTNER INSTITUTIONS
Use Cases Drive the “Systems Pull”
Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here
1. Increasing safety in
transportation with active
braking
1. Reducing total cost of
ownership in indoor
illumination and industrial
automation by wire
elimination
24
Use Cases Cont.
Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here
3. Enabling densely-packed
indoor wireless video
streaming (e.g., in airplane)
4. Providing ubiquitous
network access where there
is human-created light
(light=smarts
[network/control/communicat
ions])
25
Why did we get funded #3?
Strength of the team – integration of materials, devices,
Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here
systems as a whole.
26
The Opportunity: Lighting Replacement
Estimate based on 2000 Census (USA)
Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here
106M housholds/128M housing units
60 bulbs in my house
Assume 50 on average
640M bulbs out there
7.6M private nonfarm establishments
Assume 1000 bulbs each
7,600M bulbs
20.8M Nonemployer establishments
Assume 50 each (small businesses)
104M bulbs
Back of the envelope: 10 billion ‘bulbs’ in residential and
commercial dwellings/establishments suitable for upgrade
Depending on type, 500M to 5B replaced each year due to failure
27
The Opportunity: New Applications
Vehicles: > 72M vehicles produced in 2007 worldwide
Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here
40% of 2008 models use LED in center brake lights (CHMSL)
10% for side brake lights
LED headlamps in some models (Lexus LS 600h)
Expected to be approx 200 (Ultra-bright) LEDs per automobile by
2020
Benefits: faster rise and fall times (reaction times)
Reduced power budget during braking, aesthetics…
www.lexus.com
28
High Brightness LED Market Forecast
Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here
Revenue and Forecast
OIDA Global Optoelectronics Industry Market Report and Forecast: High Brightness LEDs, Jan 2009
29
Many Scenarios
Lighting
Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here
Uni
Diffuse
Uni
LOS Bi Hybrid
LOS
Symmetric—
Asymmetric
Mobile units
30
But What about RF?
Attribute RF@2.4GHz LED Optical Advantage
Security/Privacy Penetrates walls Does not penetrate walls, prevents LED optical
Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here snooping
Available Bandwidth Capacity Signals sent at same frequency Light can be directed – smart light LED optical
FSO communication can have
can interfere with one another
and thus, limited by
sources can be tuned to adapt to
different environments and narrow
significant benefits over RF
contention; signals degrade
from peak BW.
footprints
Cost of Additional Bandwidth Very high when available None (yet) LED optical
Spectrum
Interference Self, other users on same Visible natural (sun) and man made Varies
frequency light
slows transmission speed, ISM (non-LED lamps) slow transmission
sources speeds
Multipath fading Destructive interference: RF Interference appears as noise. No signal LED optical
waves bounce off conductive cancelling.
surfaces and arrive at different
times and/or are out of phase
Path Redundancy Achieved with multiple access Achieved with multiple LEDs LED optical
points
Transmission Speed 100 megabits per second Comparable, but with reuse of volume LED optical
deployed for higher aggregate speed.
Estimated Comparative Cost <$20 <$2 LED optical
(Based on IrDA)
31
LED Lighting Characteristics
Illumination – need ‘White’ light
Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here
1. Combine RGB LEDs
Combine three peaks, need to control
More electronics but control 3 ways
Green LED not bright nor efficient
Need to balance intensities
From Dutta, 2009 32
LED Lighting Characteristics
1. UV LED plus RGB phosphors: UV stimulates RGB
Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here
peaks
Slower response times
2. Blue LED plus yellow phosphor: blue and phosphor
spectrum
Types
High current (350mA)
50—140 lm/W
Low current (20mA)
Excess of 150lm/W
From Dutta 2009 33
White Light for from LEDs
Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here
The blue peak of the
spectrum can be used for free
space optical communication,
making the white LED serve
dual purposes, illumination
and communication.
Color Spectrum of a phosphor converted White
LED
Figure : Technical Datasheet DS45, Luxeon
34
No. Description Enviro Direction Data Data Rate Distance Intensity Channel Beam Pointing Topology Control
Flow b/s
1 Mobile to mobile In/Out bi ~100 M 1m to 10m Single LED LOS Manual pt-to-pt Dist
2 Information Broadcast In/Out uni Asym 10M—1G 3m to 10m Strong Primarily LOS Manual/ pt-to-pt Dist
Auto
3 RF Prohibited In/Out DL strong pt-multipt
UL weak
4 Point to Multipoint In
5 Mobile to Fixed 802.15 TG7 VLC Participants 1m
In bi Sym 10M--100M LOS Manual pt-to-pt Dist
6 Mobile to In bi/uni Asym UL: 10M 3m to 10m LOS Manual pt-to-pt Dist
Boston
Infrastructure •Boeing Slideshow Title Goes Here
University DL: 10M– 100M
7 •Intel
Fixed to Infrastructure bi/uni 10M 3m LOS Automatic WLAN Dist
8 Vehicle to Out bi Asym 100k 100m? Strong LOS Wide Automatic WPAN Centr
Infrastructure •Samsung Electronics (Korea, San Jose, Texas)
9 Vehicle to Vehicle
10 Mobile Display
Out bi
•Nakagawa Laboratories Inc. (Japan) Strong
In bi
Sym
Asym
100k
100M
100m?
weak
LOS
LOS
Wide Automatic WPAN
pt-to-pt
Dist
11 Sign ITS •ETRI Out (Korea)
bi Asym 10M Sign: strong
Mobile: weak
LOS Sign: wide
Mobile:
Manual pt-to-pt Dist
12 Illumination
•SiemensbiAGAsym
In 10M 10m Lighting: Strong LOS/ NLOS
narrow
Light: Wide Centr
•Bosch (CA) Mobile: weak Moible:
narrow
13 Navigation •DTC (UK)
In/Out bi/uni Uni: 10k
Bi:
pt-to-pt
DL: 10k—10M
UL: 10M --100M
14 Short Range High VLCC members vlcc.net
In bi Sym 10M 3m Weak LOS Wide Manual pt-to-pt Dist
Speed
15 Long Range Low
•SonyOut bi Sym 1M 100m Strong LOS Wide Automatic WPAN ?
16
Speed
Aircraft Intra-Cabin
•Mitsubushi Sym
In bi 100m Strong LOS Wide pt-to-pt Centr
Communications •NEC
17 Underwater Out
Communications •NTT DoCoMo
18 Image Sensor with In/Out uni
LED Tags •Toshiba
19 CE Device Control In bi/uni 10k 5m LOS Manual pt-to-pt Centr
20 E-content vending In bi Asym UL: 10k 0.5m Manual pt-to-pt Centr
DL: 1G
21 E-commerce In bi Sym 10k 1m Manual pt-to-pt Centr
Summary of 802.15 WPAN TG 7 Use Cases 35
Existing VLC Performance
2002 2004 2005 2007 2008 Assumptions
Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here
Hong 128kbps Traffic light with 441 LEDs,
Kong 20m indoor lab experiment, audio
application
NTT 100kbps Desk lamp with 200 LEDs,
0.4m solar board as receivers at
desk level
Keio 4.8kbps From ceiling lamp to cell in
2m hand, low rate based on
Visible-Light Tag, location
related application
Nagoya 2.78k Traffic light with 192 LEDs,
bps indoor lab experiment, high
4m speed camera as receiver
Siemens 100Mbps From ceiling lamp to desktop
1.65m level, simulation results
Samsung 100Mbps Mobile to mobile, narrow
1m FOV, lack of more
information
Oxford 32 Mbps 60*60 LEDs, from ceiling
2.15m lamp to desk level, wide FOV
Oxford 40 Mbps 4*4 LEDs, 45 degree wide
2m angle, coverage radius 0.5m
36
VLC: what it isn’t
What it isn’t
Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here
IR communication (it could be, but IR is additive)
Laser-based communication (e.g., rooftop FSO networks)
Fiber optic communications
Considerations
Can be done with conventional lights, but LEDs are better – more
controllable – smart lighting!
Building A Building B
Rooftop FSO
37
VLC and the LED Reference Model
1
Polarization
10
2
3
12
11
15
9
Beam forming, MIMO,
Boston University Slideshow Title Goes safety, range
16
4 8
Here
14
External
13
5 7
6
Replication Efficiency
Arrays, Efficiency,
directionality SNR, SINR, range,
spatial reuse modulation,
Emission safety
Pattern
Beam width,
diffusion
properties,
range
LED
Spectral
Internal Modulation Control
Efficiency Speed Multichannel design,
Energy consumption,
Luminosity/duty bandwidth,
noise equivalent power
cycle, bandwidth, CDMA schemes
throughput 38 38
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