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Therapeutic role of herbs in
treatment of parasitic
diseases
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Acknowledgement
I would like to express my sincere indebtedness and profound gratitude for Prof. Dr. Mohamed
Ahmad Abdel Rahman Sarwat, professor of parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams
University, for his continuous guidance, and valuable suggestions.
I would like to express my deep thanks to Prof. Dr. Nashwa Ibrahim Ibrahim Ramadan,
Professor of parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, for her continuous support,
her valuable remarks and supervision.
Also I would like to thank Dr. Hala Kamal Hassan El Deeb , Lecturer of parasitology,
Faculty of Medicine , Ain Shams University , for her meticulous supervision , generous guidance,
keen interest and precious time she offered me throughout this study.
Special thanks to Professor Dr. Laila Mohammed El-Okby, Professor and Head of
Parasitology department Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, for her continuous
encouragement.
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Introduction
The limited availability and affordability of
pharmaceutical medicines urge the majority of
the world's population to use traditional
remedies.
Phytomedicines combined with the preventive
model of medical practice can shift the focus
of modern health care from disease treatment
to prevention.
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Aim of literature
Thisliterature declares the therapeutic
role of herbs in treatment of parasitic
diseases and their natural role in
comparison to medical treatment for
the health of population.
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Key points
I. Role of herbs in treatment of helminthic
infections
A. Trematode infections
B. Cestode infections
C. Nematode infections
I. Role of herbs in treatment of protozoal
infections
II. Role of herbs in treatment of arthropodal
infections
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I.Helminthic infections
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A.Trematode infections
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Human fascioliasis is becoming a serious
public health problem with a number of
endemic areas identified in different
countries. An estimated 2 million cases of
fascioliasis exist worldwide.
After malaria, schistosomiasis is the 2nd
most prevalent tropical disease in the world.
It is estimated that 500-600 million people in
74 tropical and subtropical countries are at
risk of schistosomiasis. Over 200million
people in these countries are infected.
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Myrrh (Mirazid)
Myrrh (Mirazid) is an oleo
gum resin obtained from the
stem of Commiphora molmol
tree. Myrrh is safe, well
tolerated, and proved
effective for treating
fascioliasis and
schistosomiasis at a dose of
12 and 10 mg/kg/d, resp for 6
days.
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Light microscopic study showing the effect of
myrrh on the liver of mice infected with
schistosomiasis
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Artemisia annua
Artemether a methyl ether
derivative of A. annua proved
great antischistosomal properties.
Administration of oral artemether
at a dose of 6mg/kg once every 2
weeks for up to 11 doses was
effective in treating S. japonicum
and preventing S. haematobium
infections while six doses spaced
by 3 weeks interval showed an
incidence reduction of 50% in
S. mansoni.
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Ferula assafoetida
Ferula exerted a high
reduction in worm burden
and egg count of S. mansoni
of infected mice at a
concentration of 100mg/kg
oil and 64mg/kg powder
forms.
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Effect of Ferula assafoetida on experimental
murine Schistosoma mansoni infection
(histopathology)
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Effect of Ferula
assafoetida on
experimental murine
Schistosoma mansoni
infection (E.M.)
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Nigella sativa
The black seed oil exhibited
hepatoprotective effect. Besides,
the essential oil was shown to have
antihelminthic activity. Results
indicated its strong biocidal effects
against all stages of Schistosoma
species and also showed an
inhibitory effect on egg-laying of
adult female worms.
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Areca nut Pumpkin seeds
•The effect of water extracts of Areca nut (Areca
catechu) and Pumpkin seeds (Curcubita pepo) in
treatment of puppies experimentally infected with
heterophyiasis gave promising results. So a wide
field of expiraments should be applied to humans.
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Treatment of experimental
heterophyiasis with Areca nuts and
pumpkin seeds
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Herbal Molluscicides
Plant molluscicides were applied as a source
of cheap, effective and environmentally
acceptable alternative for synthetic
molluscicides and chemotherapy
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Euphorbia species proved great lethal effect
against Biomphilaria species.
Anagallis arvensis and Calendula micrantha,
were also evaluated against B. alexandrina and
Melanoides tuberculata.
Annona squarnosa, Lawsonia inermis, Cedrus
deodara, Azadirachta indica, Allium sativum
and Zingiber officinale greatly affected the
reproduction of Lymnaea acuminata.
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B.Cestode Infections
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Wild asparagus Zanthoxylum species Acacia auriculiformis
•Zan species are medicinal vermifuges against Taenia
solium
•Wild asparagus (long hollow yellow tubers) proved
great efficacy in treating cycticercosis and D. caninum,
while
•Acacia proved lethal to H. diminuta. 22
C.Nematode infections
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Carica papaya
Ascariasis is the most common
human helminthic infection with
one billion infected persons
worldwide. Swallowing crushed
sun dried Carica papaya seeds
proved great efficacy in treating
ascariasis. The adult dosage is 1
tablespoon and the pediatric dose is
1 teaspoon of the seed powder in a
glass of sugar water once a week
for 2 weeks.
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Chenopodium ambrosioides
C. ambrosioides causes
spontaneous or peristalsis
induced passage of worms
immediately following a
therapeutic episode. Decoctions
containing 300mg of dry plant
material were widely used in
treatment of ascariasis.
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Fructus mume Embelia ribes
F. mume caused a E. ribes was also
reduction of movement
effective in
in roundworms when
placed in a 30% sol.
treating ascariasis.
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Picraena excelsa
Quassia chips or
raspings was also
used as an enema
to repel ascariasis.
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Juglans nigra Artemisia absinthium
Artemisia absinthium (wormwood) and Juglans
nigra (black walnut) are well known to herbalists
with particular application to treating nematode
infestation, especially enterobiasis.
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Tansy
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Thymus vulgaris
Hookworms infect more
than 1 billion people and
produce morbidity from
anaemia in more than 96
million. Thymus vulgaris
proved greatly effective in
treating hookworm
infection in a dose of 2 to
3ml of the extract 3 times
daily.
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Stachytarpheta jamaicensis
(Gervao)
•Strongyloides stercoralis
(dwarf threadworm) should be
recognized by all emergency
physicians as the one capable
of causing life threatening
infection. Gervao,
Wormwood, Tansy , Quassia,
Garlic and thyme all proved
effective against Strongyloides.
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Elecampane (Inula helenium)
Trichuris trichiura (whip
worm) infections are among
the most common human
parasites with an estimated
750-800 million infections
worldwide.
Elecampane is effective in
treating the infection in a
dose of 2 to 3ml tincture 3
times daily.
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Echinacea purpurea
T. Spiralis is now classified as
an emerging disease.
Echinacea together with
Allium sativum and cocoa
caused antiparasitic immunity
enhancement against
T. spiralis in mice.
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Ginkgo biloba
Lymphatic filariasis affects more
than 90 million people worldwide.
G. biloba complex and unique
chemistry gives it remarkable
resistance to parasites, tolerance
to adversity and a storehouse of
biologically active compounds. It
is used in treatment of filariasis in
a dose of 4.5-9 grams tincture.
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Boerhaavia diffusa
B. diffusa (Erva tostão) is
considered an excellent natural
remedy for guinea worms
(dracunculiasis). The roots of
the plant are normally softened
in boiling water and then
mashed up and applied as a
paste or poultice to the affected
areas to kill the worms and
expel them from the skin.
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II.Protozoal infections
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Uncaria tomentosa
Entamoeba species infect
approximately 10% of the
world's population. The
prevalence of amoebic colitis
and liver abscess is estimated
as 40-50 million cases
worldwide, resulting in
40.000-110.000 deaths yearly.
U. tomentosa in 1-4ml/day
tincture facilitates expulsion of
E.histolytica.
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Wheat germ
Giardiasis is the most common
protozoal infection. Worldwide
incidence is between 20-60%.
In vitro research demonstrated
that pre-exposure of Giardia
cysts to WGA inhibits
excystation by more than 90%.
Specific dietary
recommendations include
consumption of 2 tablets of wheat
germ 3times/day.
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Berberis vulgaris
Berberine salts and extracts have
demonstrated in vitro inhibitory
activity against Giardia
trophozoites. Berberine sulfate has
been shown to induce
morphological damage to
trophozoites, including the
appearance of irregularly shaped
vacuoles, swollen trophozoites, and
the development of glycogen
deposits.
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Origanum vulgare
Also,
Oregano and guava leaves
(psidium guajava) rich in
flavonoids and tannins
demonstrated an antigiardial
effect superior to tinidazole.
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Melaleuca alternifolia (Tea Tree )
• Trichomoniasis affects
approximately 180 million
women worldwide.
• Tea Tree (Melaleuca
alternifolia) oil 40% solution
emulsified with isopropyl
alcohol and water in a
tampoon proved to be an
effective germicidal against
T. vaginalis.
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The effect of berberine on T. vaginalis in vitro.
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Chinese licorice plant
It is estimated that
leishmaniasis is responsible for
more than 80.000 deaths
annually.
Licochalcone A an
oxygenated chalcone isolated
from the roots of Chinese
licorice plant, inhibited the
growth of Leishmania species
with intracellular amastigotes
more susceptible than
promastigotes.
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Scoparia dulcis Kigelia pinnata
Scoparia dulcis was involved in modulating the
severity of African trypanosomiasis associated
lesions. Also Kigelia pinnata root and stem bark
proved potent activities in in vitro cultures of T. cruzi
and T. brucei rhodesiense. 44
Malaria remains an enormous
international medical issue, with 300-500
million cases reported annually.
Artemisia annua (annual wormwood) has
been used in traditional Chinese medicine for
the treatment of febrile diseases and malaria
for many centuries. In the last two decades,
artemisinin and its semisynthetic derivates
artemether and artesunate have been
established as safe and effective antimalarials.
45
Kniphofia foliosa Ailanthus altissima
Ailanthus altissima and Kniphofia foliosa
displayed strong in vitro antiplasmodial
activity against the chloroquine sensitive strain
of P. falciparum. 46
Usnea longissimaseu
Usneic acid, from Usnea
longissimaseu was
effective in killing the
tachyzoite stage of
Toxoplasma in 4 hours at
a dose of 50µg which
was better than
spiramicin.
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Pinus maritima (Pine bark)
It is estimated that 3-7% of
reported diarrheal disease in
developing countries is caused by
Cryptosporidium spp.
Pinus maritima significantly
reduced fecal oocyst shedding,
but did not decrease parasite
colonization in intestinal tissue.
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III.Arthropodal infections
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• The majority of arthropods function
indirectly in human disease which
they transmit and not produce.
• Botanical insecticides are relatively
safe and degradable, and are readily
available sources of biopesticides.
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Azadirachta indica (Neem tree)
Neem products exhibit various
modes of action against
arthropods such as growth
regulation, fecundity
suppression and sterilization,
oviposition repellency or
attractancy, changes in
biological fitness, and blocking
development.
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Foeniculum vulgare Pelargonium citrosum
Fennel oil exhibited the best repellency against
Ae. aegypti female. Also Pelargonium citrosum
(citrosa) was marketed as an effective biological
repellent against mosquitoes.
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Lantana camara Eucalyptus globulus
Lantana camara is Eucalyptus globosus is
safely recommended in safe, cheap and
controlling M. domestica recommended to be used
3rd stage larvae. in controlling larvae of
M. domestica. 53
Chamaecyparis nootkatensis
Chamaecyparis nootkatensis
contains nootkatone
eremophilane which was the
most effective against ticks
and nootkatone grapefruit
extract which exhibited the
greatest biocidal activity
against fleas.
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Lippia multiflora Ageratum conyzoides
Lippia multiflora has a Ageratum conyzoides
strong knockdown flower heads was used
properties against lice externally to treat scabies
and mites. without side effects.
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Cnidium monnieri
Cnidium monnieri seeds
are often combined with
other herbs like Stemona
species and Sophora
species for treatment of
scabies. It proved great
efficacy in decreasing the
itch scratch response.
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Summary and
recommendations
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Plants continued as a mainstay of
medicine as it evolved.
Herbal medicines are the staple of
medical treatment in many developing
countries whether for general illness or
for parasitic diseases.
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Globally, herbal remedies have been
researched under rigorous controls and
have been approved by the governments of
technologically advanced nations. Many
phytomedicines have been used by
thousands of physicians in their practices
and are consumed under medical
supervision by tens of millions of people.
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It is recommended that the bias against
plant medicines must be eliminated by
restructuring the requirements for proof
of efficacy and concentrating on safety of
herbal products. The cost, expense, side
effects and tolerance to the conventional
therapy potentiates our urge to the
establishment and settlement of use of
phytomedicine.
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