relocating houses

Relocation Preferences of Slum Dwellers of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Hisham Mortada Department of Architecture King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia 1 2 Relocation Preferences of Slum Dwellers of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Hisham Mortada Department of Architecture King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Abstract The success of any solution of urban development of slum areas greatly depends on dwellers’ participation. Overwhelmed by various urban, social, economic, and environmental issues of city slums, the relevant authority of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, has been setting up master plans for the improvement of physical conditions of slums without considering dwellers’ viewpoint and/or predilection. This paper presents a survey conducted on al-Jame’a District, one of the largest slums of Jeddah to examine possible solutions favored by dwellers. Using questionnaire technique, the survey intended to find out preferences of the dwellers of this slum if they would be provided with a better living environment. The survey has ultimately found that these dwellers preferred relocation to upgrading. In general, it is hoped that the outcomes of the survey would assist the city authority of Jeddah to provide suitable means to eliminate or reduce the number of slums in the city while addressing dwellers’ preferences for an improved urban and social environment. Keywords: slums, relocation, urban upgrade, Jeddah, al-Jame’a 1. Introduction Slums are a major social, economic, urban and environmental problem that exists mostly in developing countries. It is an indication of deprived urban, social and economic planning. It is also a result of some natural and political disasters. Nonetheless, several countries such as India and Brazil have succeeded in improving the physical environment and life of slum dwellers (Mukhija, 2001). The solutions implemented in these and other countries come in two forms. The first is upgrading the physical conditions of the slum. This approach attempts to keep dwellers in the same location by building infrastructure and seek regularize property titles. This means that both dwellers and authority share responsibility of the implementation of this approach. While the dwellers improve or upgrade/repair their deteriorated houses and may obtain free-interest loans for such work, the authority provides the slum with necessary services such as sewage, electricity, pavement, etc. (The World Bank, 2001). Sometime NGOs or international agencies such as those affiliated with the UN financially and technically assist in these authoritarian activities (Garau, 2005). The other form of intervention in a slum is eradicating the site and relocating its residents to a housing project usually on the outskirts of the city. This is still the approach applied in many areas around the world. Unlike upgrading, however, this approach has proved ineffective overtime as relocated residents often left their new homes and moved back to new slums. As a result, slum areas have grown considerably; so generalized solution of relocation is no longer feasible in certain contexts (Ullah, 2004). Regardless of the success or failure of any of these two approaches, the key issue or instrument in improving slum urban, social, economic, and environmental conditions is securing tenure rights of dwellers. Slum dwellers always live in fear that they might be removed from their dwellings (Mukhija, 2002). Accordingly, investigating, understanding and considering dwellers’ points of view on any solution of urban improvement of their slum is extremely essential. Psychological aspects of relocation are much more complex and fundamental than housing per 3 se, for relocation is usually intended to have therapeutic influence on social and psychological problems (Clairmont , 1971 and Back, 1964). The city of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, consists of various slums that are scattered throughout the city. Local authorities have been setting up plans to develop or at least improve deteriorated physical and social conditions of these slums (Al-Zaiani, 2008). Despite such efforts and studies that have been made on Jeddah slums, none of them has targeted dwellers’ opinion on any approach of urban development of their slums. They concentrated on issues such as water supply conditions as well as sanitation, road, and building qualities. This paper introduces a survey the author made in 2007 focusing on al-Jame’a District, one of the largest slum areas of Jeddah. It concentrates on dwellers’ points of view on alternatives of slum urban development such as relocation. It also illustrates that contrary to the conventional focus only on private property rights; upgrading or relocation policy must be based on a differential view of property rights. The evidence in this paper suggests that focusing only on secure property rights is inadequate. Formal property rights cannot only impact the security of tenure of the beneficiaries but they can also define and constrain the beneficiaries’ ability to develop and capitalize on their land parcels. The study aims will assist in planning and examine strategic concepts for interventions in slum areas by compiling basic information regarding the socio-economic status and housing preferences of slum dwellers. The paper is divided into three sections. The first gives some insight on the physical and social characteristics of al-Jame’a District. This is followed by an analysis of the conducted survey in terms of objectives, methodology and results. Based on this analysis, the last section lists several recommendations the author believes and experience has proven that should be considered in any strategy for urban development or/and relocation of al-Jame’a dwellers. 2. Urban and Demographic Characteristics of al-Jame’a District Located south of Jeddah, al-Jame’a District is considered one of the most populated informal settlements of the city. Its area is around 4 million m2 and inhabited by 122,000 individuals (Fayez, 2006). The urban fabric varies from compact traditional to semi-grid formal pattern. In the irregular parts, streets are narrow, zigzagged, unpaved and lack lighting. The formal roads are also narrow, a few of them are paved with some lighting posts. The majority of al-Jame’a buildings are for residential uses. They differ in construction materials, quality, area and height. Most of them are in poor physical conditions and built from cement bricks. 88% of the dwellings are 1-2 floors. However, there are a few residential buildings, specially in the grid area that are up to 4 floors high (Fig. 1). The inhabitants are mostly Saudi while the rest come from countries such as Sudan, Yemen, Somalia and Bangladesh. Some of the dwellings are inhabited by owners or those who thought to be owners although they do not have property ownership titles, while other are rented. Therefore, almost 90-95% of the lots or buildings of alJame’a District are illegally acquired because of the absence of property ownership documents. Due to its central and significant location next to King Abdul Aziz University and city highway as well as the large number of inhabitants, al-Jame’a District is regarded as a major district in Jeddah. It consists of several sub-districts provided with water, electricity and telephone networks. However, the sewage network only covers 30% of the district. Likewise, public facilities such as schools are limited because of the high density of population. This density is also exhibited in the large volume of traffic circulation in the district (Municipality of Jeddah, 2005). 4 Fig. 1. Views of urban conditions of al-Jame’a District featuring narrow unpaved streets and buildings of different construction qualities, sizes, and heights (Source: pictures taken by the author) 3. The Survey In order to investigate the preferences of dwellers of al-Jame’a District for their relocation or physical upgrade of the district a survey has been conducted over a period of four months. Below is a discussion of he objectives, scope, methodology as well as results of the survey. 3.1. Objectives and Methodology The ultimate aim of the survey was to obtain the viewpoint of dwellers on solutions might be provided for their relocation or development of their slum. This objective could be detailed as following: - Specifying the cultural background of dwellers, which is necessary to consider in any future alternatives of urban development of the district. These alternatives could be cleaning, upgrading, compensation, or relocation. - Identifying the socio-economic conditions of dwellers such as the nature of their work and its location as well as source of income. - Reaching a general conclusion of the possibility and feasibility of implementing an urban development project that consists of site cleaning, upgrading, or relocation of dwellers on the light of the dwellers’ acceptance of any form of such development. - Specifying the spots where more dwellers favor urban development to concentrate on in any future project of the improvement of the district. As far as methodology, the survey comprised the following phases: First. Collecting and analyzing studies previously made on the district. This initial step was necessary to receive enough information of the physical, planning, social, economic and environmental conditions of the district. The sources were mainly plans and reports carried out by the Municipality of Jeddah. The data collected in this stage assisted in the planning of the next step of this study. Second. Dividing the district into 24 local clusters. The 12000 lots of the district have been divided into clusters. Out of these lots, 1200 (10%) were selected as a sample for this investigation. In other words, 50 lots have been selected in each of the 24 clusters to survey by questionnaires distributed to the dwellers of each of these lots. All the selected lots were illegally built on and inhabited or used for residential purposes. They represented all parts of the district as they were of different sizes, various locations on major and minor roads and exhibited both the compact urban pattern as well as the iron-grid network that characterized some parts of the district (Figs. 2-4). 5 Fig. 2. Location of al-Jame’a District in Jeddah (Source: adapted from Frasi, 2005, p. 13) Fig. 3. Site plan of al-Jame’a District where 24 clusters have been selected for the survey. The uninspected areas are either empty lands or for non-residential uses (Source: adapted from Fayez, 2006) Fig. 4. Cluster No. 4, an example of the surveyed clusters, with around 50 lots where questionnaires were distributed. Third. Designing and preparing the questioner to obtain information of the social and economic conditions as well as points of view of dwellers on an urban development of the district. In details, the questionnaire has been designed to gather data of the following variables: - Cultural background of dwellers that is a vital guide for setting up any strategy of urban development of the district. - Socio-economic conditions of dwellers. - Percentage of tenants who claim ownership of and reside in the dwellings. This is in addition to the percentage of renting tenants. 6 - Spots or clusters where more dwellers are willing to accept any urban development project in the district. - Points of view of tenants regarding relocation, cleaning, compensation, etc. Fourth. Distribution of the questionnaire. Studies of slums are not only important but demand time also. Indeed, investigating slum dwellers of illegal property conditions by requesting them to answer questions is uneasy not only in Saudi Arabia but also almost in different parts of the world (Un-Habitat, 2006). Dwellers know that they are illegally living in a property that they do not own. Therefore, the 24 surveyors of this investigation were trained to being considerate with dwellers and requested to show gratitude by explaining to them the advantages behind this survey and the urban development of the slum and/or their relocation. They were divided into four groups, each comprised six surveyors. Prior to the survey, the surveyors were also trained for three days on the specific work site setting and variables. To ensure quality data, a supervisor was assigned for each group to help solve any difficulties arising during the fieldwork. Consequently, each surveyor covered 50 lots in one of the 24 clusters of the district by distributing a copy of the questionnaire to a householder. Each lot has been given a code in the questionnaire for easy referencing. If a dweller refused to participate in the survey, the surveyor will select the adjacent dwelling for the survey. This was applied to all types of dwellings (traditional, apartment, and villa). Moreover, if the surveyor, for any reason, could not cover all the 50 dwellings in his cluster, he checked dwellings that were around the relevant cluster and so on. Photographing architecture and urban features of each cluster was also conducted. Fifth. Analyzing the data of the completed questioners using a statistic program (i.e. SPSS) in order to reach an outlook of the dwellers’ points of view on their possible relocation or willingness to participate in the urban development of the district. Descriptive and inferential statistics were analyzed. Regression analysis has also been employed to determine the potential variables affecting dwellers’ residency, ownership and tendency toward site development. Sixth. Specifying the clusters where more dwellers favor various approaches (e.g., cleaning or upgrading) of the urban development of the district. This was based on the analysis of the information provided by the dwellers on the distributed questionnaires in each of the 24 clusters. Based on the above intention and in addition to a guidance section that specified the location of the lot where the questionnaire was distributed as well as a code number of the relevant building surveyed, the questionnaire consisted of the following major sections. 1. Personal information: This section contained questions regarding the householder’s age, level of education, and citizenship background (Saudi or non-Saudi). 2. Family status: In this section, the householder was supposed to provide information of his marriage status, number of family members, relation with dwellers of the same house (i.e. family, co-worker, friend, etc.) and number of dwellers of the house. 3. Economic aspects: This section included questions regarding the type of employment (e. g., public, private, etc.), nature and location of work, job journey, means of transportation, salary and other sources of income, spouse’s/wife’s work, number of family working members, total income of family, and location of children’s schools. 4. Dwelling status: The questions of this section aimed to find out the size of the dwelling, type of tenancy (owned or rented), duration of residency in the dwelling or district as well as reasons for choosing the district for residency. 5. Satisfaction with dwelling and district: This section was divided into two subsections. The first concerned with the satisfaction of dwellers with their residence while the second attempted 7 to identify satisfaction with the district in terms of facilitates, utilities as well as other related issues. Such information was important for the next section, which tested the dwellers’ opinion on urban development alternatives such as site cleaning, upgrading, or relocation. In other words, the expected negative impression of dwellers on the various physical conditions of their dwelling and district/slum made it easier for the surveyor to obtain a positive or real reaction on the ideas of relocation, cleaning, etc. This also made residents sense that any alternatives of urban development of their slum were for their advantage and not a step to force them to vacate their property. 6. Urban development and relocation: The objective of this section was to find out the preference of dwellers regarding suggestions of improving their living and social conditions. These suggestions varied from upgrading and relocating dwellers in new houses to financially compensating them for their existing dwellings, which for instance a private developer would demolish as part of a large investment project in the entire area (Table 1, placed at the end of the paper). 3.2. Results As it appears in Table 1, the variables of the questionnaire are more than 190, most of which are important to discuss. Nonetheless, the discussion here will be limited to those variables that are extremely vital to consider in any urban development project. Toward the end, dwellers’ preferences on upgrading or/and relocation are analyzed in depth. 1. Householder’s personal information: The survey has found that 88.3% of the dwellers have some form of education. The location of the district next to the university might have some impact on this high rate. Also, unlike the case of most slums of Jeddah, the majority (73.8%) of al-Jame’a dwellers were Saudi. 2. Householder’s family status: Table 1 shows that more than 76% of the householders were married. And the size of the family was mostly (61.5%) 5 members or more. 3. Householder’s economic status: The survey has found that 64.2% of dwellers were public or private employees. The rate of unemployment was as low as 15.4%. It is understandable that 2.3% of householders were students since the district was adjacent to the university. As far as job location, more than half of the dwellers worked far from the district. Yet, only 8.8% revealed that they worked in the district and 20.2% worked near the district. More than 55% of those who worked used their private vehicle for the job journey. A percentage of around 38% of dwellers received 1000-3000 Saudi Riyals ($266-811) as a monthly salary. This amount is regarded low according to Saudi living standard, which considers any family of 5 members or more living and renting a house in a major city such as Jeddah with a salary of less than SR5000 ($1333) is living under poverty line. The surveyor also found that 11.4% of the dwellers received a monthly salary of less than SR1000 ($266). According to 38% of the responded dwellers, children’s schools were close to their houses. 32.7% of dwellers claimed that these schools were in the district and 26.7% were in a neighboring district. 4. Dwelling status: The survey has found that the majority (56.3%) of dwellers were living in traditional houses. This type of houses is usually a single building inhabited by a family or group of residences that share the building and its utilities. 38.8% of al-Jame'a dwellings were apartments and 3.7% were modern villas. The number of rooms of each dwelling was between 2-3 (38.2%), 4-5 (42.8%) and more than 5 rooms (12.6%). The area of each dwelling was less than 100 m2 (24.3%), 101-200m2 (52.5%) 8 and more than 200m2 (23.3%). Most of these dwellings had more than one bathroom and a kitchen. In terms of tenancy type, 51.5% of the responded dwellers said that they were renting. 48.5% claimed that they owned their dwelling though did not have proper legal documents or proof of this ownership. Most (67.7%) of those who claimed this ownership stated that they purchased their property, and 19.5% inherited it. 2.9% of dwellers disclosed that someone else granted them the property while 9.9% admitted that they simply acquired the lot and built on it. The survey has also found that a large percentage of 32.5% of dwellers were living in their current residences for more than 9 years. The duration of residency for 20.8% of dwellers was 79, and 4-6 years for 19.6%. Around 49% of the dwellers said that their previous residence was in the district, 17.5% was in an adjacent district, and 28.5% was outside Jeddah. As far as the reason for living in al-Jame’a District, 29.0% of the responded residents thought it was the low rent, 28.1% the presence of relatives, and 14.9% the utilities available in the district. 5. Satisfaction with the residence: 64.25% of dwellers were satisfied with their dwelling. Nonetheless, around 52% of dwellers complained about the small area of the dwelling. This difficulty was followed by the high rent which was a source of disappointment to 9.16% of residents. In contrast, work journey was acceptable to more than half of residents although 47.23% believed that the journey was tiring. 6. Satisfaction with the district: According to the survey, a large rate of 46.5% of tenants were dissatisfied with the cleanness level of the district while 37.75% thought that the district was fairly clean. Public facilities such as schools, clinics, mosques, etc., were thought by 43.17% of residents to be adequate. 34.67% claimed that these facilities were good while 22.16% thought otherwise. Almost 40% of dwellers gave a fair impression on the utilities (water, electricity, telephone, etc.) provided in the district. Around 20% thought that these utilities were good and 40.25% believed differently. 26.58% of dwellers were concerned with the crimes (i.e. theft) in the district. The presence of illegal immigrants in the district was regarded as a major source of concern to 22.06% of dwellers. More than 51% were worried about other crimes such as adultery and drug abuse or dealing as well as lack of security in the district. 7. Urban development and relocation: The survey has found that most dwellers wanted to be relocated or move to a new dwelling. A significant rate of 73.75% of dwellers preferred to move to a new house while 26.25% favored upgrading or repairing their existing dwellings (Fig. 5). 37.83% preferred to move to apartments, 34.5% to villas and 10.17% to traditional houses (Fig. 6). It is interesting to notice that the preferred site of relocation by 56.95% was in any district in Jeddah. While 28.09% of dwellers preferred to be relocated in an adjacent district, 14.97% favored relocation in the current district (Fig. 7). The dwellers were asked if they were ready to pay any rent for their new dwellings as part of a relocation package. 44.91% accepted to pay $134-267/month. 27.21% went higher by favoring to pay $268-400, but only 20.83% indicated their willingness to pay less than $134/month. Some dwellers agreed to financially contribute to purchasing a new dwelling as another alternative of a relocation scheme. A high rate of 44.57% of dwellers was willing to pay $26,668-80,000 for a new dwelling. Less than this amount was favored by 33.72%. Nevertheless, 14.86% of dwellers were ready to pay $80,001-133,333 (half a million Saudi Riyals) while 6.85% expressed willingness to pay more than this range. 9 The dwellers were questioned if they preferred to take part in an urban development project of the district and the nature of this participation. In order to evacuate their dwellings, 37.5% preferred to obtain a financial compensation for the amount they paid for purchasing the lot or dwelling or construction. In the other hand, 33.83% preferred becoming shareholders or partners of the developer. 26.5% favored to obtain a new dwelling and partially participate in its cost (Fig. 8). This outcome has been clarified by the residents in their response to the conclusion question if they wanted to partake in a project set up by a private firm to improve the slum. The majority (52.30%) said no while 47.6% stated otherwise. Fig. 7. Dwellers’ preference for relocation site Fig. 8. Dwellers preference/demand for vacating their dwellings for the development of the district by a private company As previously mentioned, the majority (73.75%) of dwellers of al-Jame’a District are Saudi. The study has found that 75.7% of the Saudi dwellers favored relocation while 26.3% preferred upgrading. Studying the 1200 questionnaires distributed in the 24 clusters of the district, the responses on the issue of relocation by Saudis could be divided into three groups. - Group 1: This group consists of 4 clusters where the percentage of relocation preference by Saudi dwellers is the highest. This rate is more than 70% and found in Clusters 15, 19, 21 and 22 of the district. - Group 2: This includes 11 clusters (2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, 13, 17, 23, and 24) where 50-70% of Saudi dwellers preferred relocation to upgrading. 10 - Group 3: This group contains 9 clusters (1, 5, 9, 11, 12, 14, 16, 18 and 20) where less than 50% of Saudi dwellers preferred relocation. 4. Recommendations for Relocation As explained earlier, this study aimed to inspect the points of view of dwellers of al-Jame’a District on approaches of urban development of slum or relocation. Based on the outcomes of the survey conducted on the socio-cultural and economic backgrounds of dwellers and their preference of the approaches, the following recommendations are to consider in setting up an urban development policy of the district and means of dealing with tenants and their preferences. 1. Social aspects: A relocation policy should take into account that the majority of al-Jame’a District householders are Saudi and their age is between 31-50 years, which is the production and work age. This means availability and easy access to job is necessary. 2. Education level: Unlike most slums, illiteracy almost does not exist in al-Jame’a District. Accordingly, any relocation or development project targeting the dwellers of this district should be up to the level of their education. 3. Family integration: The presence of a high rate of families with 5-7 members each indicates that there is a family environment in the district. This family or social integration should be considered in the spatial planning and design of any housing project set for relocating the dwellers. 4. Economic conditions: The low level of income of most families of al-Jame’a District should be considered in any financial planning of a new housing project. The main source of these families is their monthly salary. Hence, any form of offering loans to enable dwellers to be relocated in a new housing environment should take into account this vital factor. This should also be considered in any rental scheme. 5. Housing environment: The architectural design of any housing alternative provided for relocating al-Jame’a dwellers should consider apartment housing type with 3-5 rooms within an area of 200 m2. Such a housing project is not necessary to be in the same district. It could be anywhere in Jeddah as the survey revealed. Meanwhile, children’s schools should be close to the proposed dwellings. 6. Criteria of selecting relocation beneficiaries: As formally stated, 90-95% of al-Jame’a dwellers are considered by governmental agencies such as the Municipality of Jeddah, illegal residences. They acquired or bought a dwelling built on a lot that is owned by someone else. Dealing with such a situation by relocating these dwellers by for example a development company, which would invest in the evacuated site, requires establishing criteria for selecting those who might be eligible to benefit from a new housing project. The benefit could be in the form of a free-interest loan of easy installments or reduced rental. Meanwhile, the selection criteria could be based on the following aspects or requirements: - Saudi nationality: In order to be eligible to be relocated in a new house, the nationality of a beneficiary should be Saudi, which is the dominant citizenship in the district. It is worth mentioning here that current Saudi regulations do not permit non-Saudis to own property in Jeddah. - Ownership of existing dwelling: The eligible beneficiaries should be living in the property they purchased or constructed in the district. This means, those who claim ownership of houses that they do not live in are not entitled for new houses. - Low or limited income: The income of the beneficiaries from a new housing project should be low or limited. Those who earn more than SR5000 ($1333) a month are not considered poor by the Saudi living standard. They are not eligible for a new house as they can afford to 11 rent or purchase a house outside the district. Nonetheless, they can still take an advantage of a relocation project but without benefiting from any loan or rental scheme associated with it. 5. Summary and Conclusions This paper has presented a survey conducted on al-Jame’a District, one of the largest and most populated slums of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The aim was to investigate the dwellers’ opinion on any setting intended to physically improve the slum or relocate them. The outcome of the survey revealed that most dwellers preferred relocation to upgrading. This means constructing a housing project outside the district to relocate them (the dwellers). On the other hand, some dwellers preferred to be compensated for the amount the paid for the lot or building they were living in. Based on these and other findings, the paper outlined conditions for selecting dwellers entitled to benefit form any relocation or urban development scheme. Regardless of the survey results, more studies are still needed at least to investigate the urban, social, economic and environmental impacts of relocating slum dwellers. Furthermore, other studies are necessary to find out means of funding the construction of a new housing environment for the relocated slum dwellers whose income is either low or does not exist. Establishing certain urban, economic and social parameters to prevent the new housing environment of the relocated dwellers from becoming another slum is extremely crucial and requires deep examination. 6. References Al-Zaiani, Mosaed and Emad Al-Anzy. “Saudi Arabia: Governmental Approaches to Upgrading Old and Slum Districts,” Asharq Alawsat, No. 10686, 1 March, 2008, p. 2. Back, Kurt W. Slums, Projects, and People, Social Psychological Problems of Relocation in Puerto Rico. The Hispanic American Historical Review. Vo. 44, No. 1, Feb. 1964, pp. 7981. Clairmont, Donald H. “Africville Relocation Report,” unpublished report, Halifax, Nova Scotia: Dalhousie University, 1971. Farsi, Zaki. Farsi Maps: Jeddah. Jeddah: Medina Co. for Publishing, 2005. Fayez, Zuhair. Proposed Master Plan for al-Jame’a District. Jeddah: Zuhair Fayez Partnership Consultants, 2006. Garau, Pietro, Elliot Sclar, and Gabriella Carolin. A Home in the City. London: Earthscan, 2005. Mukhija, Vinit. “An Analytical Framework for Urban Upgrading: Property Rights, Property Values, and Physical Attributes,” Habitat International, Vo. 26, No. 4. 2002, pp. 553-570. Mukhija, Vinit. “Upgrading Housing Settlements in Developing Countries: The Impact of Existing Physical Conditions,” Cities, Vol. 18, No. 4, Aug. 2001, pp. 213-222. Municipality of Jeddah. Building Regulations of Jeddah Informal Settlements. Report. Jeddah, Municipality of Jeddah, 2005. The World Bank Group. “What is urban upgrading?” Report. New York: the World Bank, 2001. Ullah, Akm Ahsan. “Bright City Lights and Slums of Dhaka City: Determinants of Rural-Urban Migration in Bangladesh,” Migration Letters. Vol. 1, No. 1, October, 2004, pp. 26-41. Un-Habitat. Financing Urban Shelter: Global Report on Human Settlements 2005. Nairobi: UN-Habitat, 2006. 12 Table 1. Contents and results of the questionnaire Section 1. Householder’s personal information Variable Age Choice 20-30 years 30-40 years 40-50 years Above 50 years No answer Illiterate Below elementary Elementary Middle High school College Saudi Non-Saudi Single Married Divorced Widow 2-4 5-7 8-10 More than 10 No answer Result % Section 2. Householder’s family status (cont.) Variable Relation with dwellers of the same house Choice Family (relatives) Co-workers Friends Other 2-4 5-7 8-10 More than 10 Government employee Private employee Free lancer Unemployed Student Site/physical Office Commercial Other No answer In the district Near the district Far from the district No answer Result % 21.8 26.2 24.8 23.8 3.5 11.7 12.4 15.5 20.3 23.4 16.7 73.8 26.3 20.7 76.3 1.3 1.8 28.3 34.1 18.8 8.6 8.6 84.1 7.8 5.6 2.3 33.8 34.8 17.4 13.9 37.8 26.4 18.1 15.4 2.3 32.1 31.3 14 3.1 19.5 8.8 20.2 50.9 20.1 Level of Education Number of dwellers of the same house 3. Householder’s economic status Type of employment 2. Householder’s family status Nationalit y Marriage status Job Nature Number of family members Job location 13 Section 3. Householder’s economic status (cont.) Variable Distance between residence and work Transportation to job Choice Less than 1 km 1-3 km 3-5 km More than 5 km No answer Walking Private car Work transport Public No answer Less than $266 $266-811 $812-1333 $1334-1867 $1868-2667 More than $2667 Salary Pension Social security Real estate No source Employed Unemployed No answer Result % Section 3. Householder’s economic status (cont.) Variable Distance between residence and wife’s work Number of working family members Family’s gross monthly income Choice Less than 1 km 1-3 km 3-5 km More than 5 km No answer Less than 3 3-5 6-8 More than 8 No answer Less than $266 $267-800 $801-1333 $1334-1867 $1868-2667 More than $2667 No answer Close Far Very far Inapplicable In the district Neighboring district Somewhere else Inapplicable Result % 5.4 12 14.6 47.5 20.5 9.8 55.8 8.0 7.5 19 11.4 37.9 24 16.8 7.6 2.3 77.8 14.5 2.0 3.0 2.8 10.3 71.2 18.5 2.4 1.8 2.8 3.3 89.7 65.8 8.8 0.5 0.6 24.3 6.1 23.4 19.9 16.5 13.0 8.4 12.7 37.8 22.3 5.6 34.3 32.7 26.7 6.4 34.3 Monthly income Source of income Wife’s employment Proximity of children’s school to residence Location of children’s school Section 14 Variable Choice Result Section Variable Choice Result % % 4. Dwelling Type Number of rooms Utilities Area Type of Tenancy Owner resides in the dwelling Source of dwelling ownership Traditional Apartment Villa Other Less than 2 2-3 4-5 More than 5 One bathroom More than one bathroom Kitchen Less than 100 m2 101-200 m2 More than 200m2 Rented Owned Yes No Purchased Inherited Grant Acquired 56.3 38.8 3.7 1.1 6.4 38.2 42.8 12.6 71.8 89.2 68.7 24.3 52.5 23.3 51.5 48.5 30.9 69.1 67.7 19.5 2.9 9.9 4. Dwelling (cont.) Nature of renting Amount of monthly rent Duration of residency Monthly Every 3 months Semi-annual Annual Less than $133 $134-266 $267-533 $534-1066 Other 1-3 years 69 7.6 10.3 13.1 15.4 57.0 16.7 2.9 8.0 25.9 19.6 20.8 32.5 1.2 48.8 17.5 28.5 5.3 67.3 22.3 3.1 1.7 5.7 4-6 years 7-9 years More than 9 years No answer Location of Same district previous residency Different district Outside Jeddah No answer Type of previous Traditional residency Apartment Villa Other No answer Section 4. Dwelling (cont.) Variable Reason for living in al- Choice Low rent Close to work Result % 29.0 14.4 Section 6. Satisfaction with the Variable Satisfaction with public Choice Good Fair Result % 34.67 43.17 15 Jame’a District Availability of utilities Presence of individuals of the same ethnic origin Presence of relatives Other Satisfied Dissatisfied Dwelling small area High rent Relation with landlord Other Comfortable Tiring Other Good Fair Poor 14.9 6.5 district (cont.) facilities (clinics, schools, etc.) Poor Good 22.16 19.83 5. Satisfaction with residence Satisfaction with the dwelling Difficulties in the dwelling 28.1 7.1 64.25 35.75 51.98 9.16 5.69 Satisfaction with public utilities (water, electricity, sewage, etc.) Level of noise in the district Fair Poor High Fair Low Theft Presence of illegal immigrants Other 39.92 40.25 51.00 34.17 14.33 26.58 22.06 Social issues affecting residency in the district Work journey 6. Satisfaction with the district Satisfaction with district cleaning level 33.17 51.07 47.23 1.70 15.75 37.75 46.50 51.36 Section 7. Urban Development and Relocation 16 Variable Preferred means to improve current Choice Dwelling upgrade or repair Moving to a new dwelling Result % Section 7. Urban Development and Relocation Variable Preference of participation in a project for urban development of Choice Obtaining compensation Becoming a shareholder Result % 26.25 73.75 37.5 33.83 residency Type of new dwelling preferred to move to (cont.) Traditional 10.17 the district Obtaining a new residence and participating in its cost Other Yes No 26.5 Preferred location of new dwelling Preferred monthly rent of the new dwelling Amount willing to pay for purchasing a new dwelling Apartment Villa Other Inside the district Adjacent district Another district in Jeddah Less than $133 $133-267 $268-400 More than 400 Less than $26667 $26668-80000 $80001-133333 More than $133333 37.83 34.50 17.20 14.97 28.09 56.95 20.83 44.91 27.21 7.05 33.72 44.57 14.86 6.85 Preference of participation in a project set up by a private company to improve the district 2.17 47.70 52.30 17