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6220
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FOREST SERVICE MANUAL
NATIONAL HEADQUARTERS (WO)
WASHINGTON, DC
FSM 6200 – OFFICE MANAGEMENT
CHAPTER 6220 – CORRESPONDENCE
Amendment No.: 6200-2007-1
Effective Date: November 7, 2007
Duration: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
Approved: HANK KASHDAN Date Approved: 10/23/2007
Deputy Chief, OPS
Posting Instructions: Amendments are numbered consecutively by title and calendar year.
Post by document; remove the entire document and replace it with this amendment. Retain this
transmittal as the first page(s) of this document. The last amendment to this title was
6200-2006-1 to FSM 6200 Zero Code.
New Document 6220 16 Pages
Superseded Document(s) by 6220 18 Pages
Issuance Number and (Amendment 6200-2005-1, 09/28/2005)
Effective Date
Digest:
6220 – Throughout chapter, revises unit name from Controlled Correspondence Unit (CCU) to
Correspondence Records Management (CRM).
6220.5 – Changes the required response time for controlled correspondence from 7 days to 14
days.
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FSM 6200 - OFFICE MANAGEMENT
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Table of Contents
6220.1 - Authority....................................................................................................................... 3
6220.2 - Objectives ..................................................................................................................... 3
6220.3 - Policy ............................................................................................................................ 3
6220.4 - Responsibility ............................................................................................................... 4
6220.41 - All Employees ........................................................................................................ 4
6220.41a - Authors .................................................................................................................. 5
6220.41b - Correspondence Managers.................................................................................... 5
6220.42 - Line Officer and Directors ...................................................................................... 6
6220.42a - Chief of the Forest Service ................................................................................... 6
6220.42b - Deputy Chiefs, Area Director, Institute of Tropical Forestry (IITF) Director,
Station Directors, and Washington Office Staff, Regional Foresters and Regional
Staff Directors, and Forest Supervisors and District Rangers .................................... 7
6220.42c - Chief of Staff ........................................................................................................ 8
6220.42d - Chief Information Office (CIO)............................................................................ 8
6220.42e - Director, Office of Regulatory and Management Services (ORMS).................... 9
6220.42f - Assistant Director, Correspondence Records Management (CRM) ..................... 9
6220.5 - Definitions .................................................................................................................. 10
6220.6 - Training ...................................................................................................................... 13
6220.61 - All Employees ...................................................................................................... 13
6220.62 - Correspondence Managers ................................................................................... 14
6220.63 - Electronic Correspondence Database ................................................................... 14
6220.8 - References .................................................................................................................. 14
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FSM 6200 - OFFICE MANAGEMENT
CHAPTER 6220 - CORRESPONDENCE
The Correspondence Manual sets forth direction and standards for preparing Forest Service
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) correspondence. USDA will be referred to
alternately as the Department.
6220.1 - Authority
1. The Records Disposal Act of 1943, as amended by the Federal Records Act of 1950
(44 U.S.C., chapters 21, 29, 32, and 33), sets the policies, procedures, and controls for creating,
maintaining, and disposing of the Federal Government’s records.
2. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Correspondence Management
Regulation, Departmental Regulation (DR) 3060-1 requires agencies to develop policies,
standards, and procedures for correspondence management, and it sets forth style practices,
format, and clearance instructions for correspondence before it arrives for signature in the Office
of the Secretary of Agriculture.
3. The Freedom of Information Act of 1966, 5 U.S.C. 552, substantially amended in
1974, provides individuals with a right to access records in the possession of the Federal
Government. The Government may withhold information pursuant to the nine exemptions and
three exclusions contained in the Act.
6220.2 - Objectives
The correspondence manual and handbook provide direction to:
1. Produce quality, timely Forest Service correspondence.
2. Minimize the time and cost involved in preparing, reviewing, approving, releasing
retrieving, and tracking Forest Service correspondence.
6220.3 - Policy
All employees who create or process correspondence shall follow the procedures in the Forest
Service correspondence manual and handbook.
1. All correspondence must:
a. Conform to principles and standards of effective writing.
b. Conform to Governmentwide and USDA standards.
2. All correspondence, whether initiated or responding, internal or external, should be
processed in a timely, accurate, and cost-effective manner. All Forest Service staffs must:
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a. Practice efficiency in retention and tracking of correspondence.
b. Keep correspondence records up to date.
3. Time and consideration should be given to employees who provide support and
information to correspondence managers who prepare, review, approve, clear, sign, and release,
official Forest Service correspondence.
4. Correspondence must be located in a unified system so that employees have easy
access to issue, store, retrieve or track correspondence related to Forest Service programs and
activities.
a. Administrative units must use the official electronic document correspondence
management system and comply with Chief Information Office (CIO) and Office of
Regulatory and Management Services (ORMS) direction in usage.
b. Copies of noncontrolled (general) correspondence must be kept in the official
record file maintained by the correspondence manager of the issuing staff or field unit
using the electronic document management system.
c. Copies of Washington Office controlled correspondence and tracking records must
be kept in the official record file maintained by the correspondence manager of the
originating staff.
d. The Correspondence Records Management (CRM) staff should maintain an
unofficial tracking reference file of controlled correspondence processed by the
Department and the Washington Office Forest Service.
e. Copies of field office controlled correspondence must be kept in the official record
file maintained by the correspondence manager of the issuing staff at the regional
offices, stations, Area, International Institute of Tropical Forestry (IITF), national
forests or ranger districts.
6220.4 - Responsibility
6220.41 - All Employees
All employees shall comply with Forest Service policy for Forest Service correspondence.
All employees have the responsibility to:
1. Consult the correspondence manual and handbook (FSH 6209.12) in carrying out
correspondence assignments. Adhere to correspondence policy; use appropriate file codes,
procedures, style, grammar, and content standards in the preparation and revision of
correspondence as described in the correspondence manual and handbooks.
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2. Provide timely support and information to requests from correspondence managers in
preparing and reviewing Forest Service correspondence.
3. Use the official correspondence database in preparing general Forest Service
correspondence.
6220.41a - Authors
In addition to the responsibilities in FSM 6220.41, authors (subject matter specialists) who
prepare responses are responsible to:
1. Facilitate, with the correspondence manager, the preparation, review, revision,
concurrence, and approval of correspondence.
2. Complete assignments no later than 2 days before the due date to allow time for final
approvals, signatures, and mailing.
6220.41b - Correspondence Managers
In addition to the responsibilities in FSM 6220.41, correspondence managers are responsible to:
1. Serve as the primary contact within respective staffs to facilitate the processing of all
correspondence.
2. Serve as the primary contact for all correspondence managers and the Washington
Office Correspondence Records Management (CRM) staff.
3. Inspect the electronic correspondence database inbox and hard copy correspondence
inbox each day.
4. Identify the content of the incoming correspondence and assign it to the appropriate
subject matter specialist (author) for preparation of a response.
a. Coordinate assignments with the supervisor of the staff.
b. Assign correspondence concerning law enforcement to the Law Enforcement and
Investigations correspondence manager.
c. If the letter is with the wrong staff, immediately place the letter with the
appropriate staff’s correspondence manager.
5. Record the date of the incoming correspondence and assign the due date, when a
signed response must be mailed, unless the correspondence is controlled by the Washington
Office, and the Washington Office has already assigned a due date.
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a. Meet the mailing date for responding to noncontrolled (general) correspondence,
which is within 30 days from the day the incoming correspondence is stamped
received.
b. Meet the mailing due dates for controlled correspondence set by the regional
offices, stations, Area, Institute of Tropical Forestry (IITF), or Washington Office.
Usually controlled correspondence has 3 to 7 working days before responses must be
mailed. Unless otherwise instructed, meet due dates set by the Washington Office
Forest Service and/or Department policy as described in chapter 20 of the
Correspondence Handbook (FSH 6209.12).
6. Advise subject matter specialist(s) (author) of new, incoming correspondence
immediately so that critical deadlines are not delayed or interrupted.
7. Develop and maintain a tracking system to identify the whereabouts and status of the
correspondence at all times.
8. Maintain an accessible collection of responses that were previously prepared by
subject matter specialists and approved for use. Use these previous responses to answer
correspondence of a repetitive nature or correspondence with similar requests, questions, issues,
or concerns.
9. Use the official electronic document correspondence management system to maintain
the official file record for correspondence.
10. Prepare correspondence so it is well balanced on the page, neat, and clearly readable.
See chapters 10 and 40 of FSH 6209.12 for additional instructions pertaining to noncontrolled
(general) correspondence and chapter 20 of FSH 6209.12 for special correspondence.
11. Assemble, review, make minor changes, and clear the letter. Ensure the appropriate
signatures(s) before mailing. Mail correspondence in conformance with the Correspondence
Handbook (FSH 6209.12).
6220.42 - Line Officer and Directors
6220.42a - Chief of the Forest Service
1. The Office of the Executive Secretariat of USDA delegates to the Chief of the Forest
Service the following correspondence authorities:
a. Assign, review, approve, and sign noncontrolled (general) correspondence and
Forest Service controlled correspondence.
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b. Assign, review, and approve controlled correspondence designated for signature
by the Secretary of Agriculture, the Deputy Secretary of Agriculture, or the Under
Secretary for Natural Resources and Environment.
2. The Chief of the Forest Service reserves the authority to:
a. Make decisions and sign documents related to important, controversial, sensitive,
or broad policy matters for the agency as a whole, for the Department, or for the
President (FSM 1235.1).
b. Revoke, modify, or issue delegations of general and signatory authority, (as they
relate to correspondence (FSM 1231)), to Chief of Staff, deputy chiefs, regional
foresters, and stations, Area, International Institute of Tropical Forestry (IITF), and
Washington Office staff directors.
6220.42b - Deputy Chiefs, Area Director, Institute of Tropical Forestry (IITF)
Director, Station Directors, and Washington Office Staff, Regional Foresters and
Regional Staff Directors, and Forest Supervisors and District Rangers
Deputy chiefs, Area Director, Institute of Tropical Forestry (IITF) Director, station directors, and
Washington Office staff, regional foresters and regional staff directors; and forest supervisors
and district rangers are responsible to:
1. Designate a correspondence manager for each unit to:
a. Facilitate management of controlled and noncontrolled (general) correspondence.
b. Correctly apply, track, and record correspondence using the official Forest Service
electronic document correspondence management system and correspondence manual
and handbook.
c. Coordinate with correspondence managers in the Washington Office and in other
units.
2. Ensure that the correspondence manager:
a. Adheres to correspondence policy, procedures, style, grammar, and content
standards.
b. Uses controlled correspondence codes in the preparation and revision of
correspondence.
c. Receives training in:
(1) Writing, editing, composition, and other pertinent courses.
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(2) Tracking correspondence and using the official electronic document management
correspondence tracking system used by the Department and the Forest Service.
(3) Maintaining records of the unit’s correspondence and tracking logs.
3. Ensure those employees who prepare and manage correspondence use the official
electronic document correspondence management system and the correspondence manual and
handbook in the preparation of correspondence.
4. Ensure timely review and concurrence on major correspondence, especially when it is
restrictive or controlled.
a. Meet the mailing due date for the noncontrolled (general) correspondence
response: 30 days from the receipt date stamped on the incoming correspondence.
b. Meet the due dates for controlled correspondence (usually 3 to 7 working days) set
by Washington Office Forest Service and/or the Department described in chapter 20
of FSH 6209.12.
6220.42c - Chief of Staff
In addition to responsibilities stated in FSM 6220.42b, the Chief of Staff has the responsibility
to:
1. Provide information and review and approve internal and external correspondence in a
timely manner for the Chief’s Office.
2. Review, revise, and approve internal and external controlled correspondence intended
for the Chief’s review and/or signature.
3. Review and approve outgoing controlled correspondence in a timely manner for Law
Enforcement and Investigations (LEI) and International Programs (IP).
6220.42d - Chief Information Office (CIO)
In addition to the responsibilities listed in FSM 6220.42b, the Chief Information Office (CIO) is
delegated the overall responsibility for management of the official Forest Service electronic
correspondence database (FSM 6230.4). The CIO has the responsibility to:
1. Maintain, update, or renovate the official electronic correspondence database on a
continuous basis.
2. Provide electronic correspondence database information and training for all employees
who handle correspondence. Provide a training segment for new employee orientation.
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3. Ensure user-friendly electronic correspondence processing and tracking procedures
that can be accessed by every employee.
4. Provide leadership in the creation, maintenance, use, and disposition of records as it
relates to the electronic correspondence database.
6220.42e - Director, Office of Regulatory and Management Services (ORMS)
In addition to the responsibilities in 6220.42b, the Director, Office of Regulatory and
Management Services (ORMS) has the responsibility to:
1. Provide servicewide advice and direction on correspondence procedures, authorities,
and responsibilities.
2. Communicate with deputy chiefs and staffs about correspondence requiring their
review, input, and concurrence.
3. Serve as the primary liaison between the Washington Office Forest Service and the
Department on nonroutine Forest Service controlled correspondence requiring Department
signatures.
4. Provide weekly reports to the Chief and deputies identifying overdue controlled
correspondence.
5. Provide monthly reports to the Chief and deputies on controlled correspondence
quality and timeliness for each deputy area.
6. Coordinate with the CIO to ensure computer training and access by Forest Service
employees.
7. Provide leadership in the systematic creation, maintenance, use, retention, transfer,
and disposition (inventorying, appraising, scheduling, and retiring) of Forest Service
correspondence records for all organizational levels.
8. Coordinate with the Assistant Director, Correspondence Records Management (CRM)
to ensure training of correspondence managers in the use of the electronic tracking system used
by USDA and the Forest Service.
6220.42f - Assistant Director, Correspondence Records Management (CRM)
The Assistant Director, CRM, is the controlled correspondence manager for the Washington
Office and a liaison between the Washington Office Forest Service and the USDA on routine
controlled correspondence to be signed by the Secretary or Deputy Secretary of Agriculture or by
the Under Secretary of Natural Resources and Environment (NRE). The Assistant Director of
CRM has the responsibility to:
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1. Maintain a Washington Office controlled correspondence tracking reference file for as
long as needed for the convenience of the unit.
2. Review Washington Office incoming controlled correspondence, identify the subject,
and assign correspondence to the appropriate staff for preparation of a response.
3. Manage the Washington Office controlled correspondence process through adherence
to the controlled correspondence architecture and coding system used by the Forest Service and
CRM as determined by the Department, and discussed at length in chapter 20 of FSH 6209.12.
4. Provide leadership, guidance, and training to all correspondence managers in the field
and in the Washington Office in the production and processing of controlled correspondence.
5. Provide guidance and training for Washington Office correspondence managers in the
use of the official correspondence database used by the Department and the Washington Office
Forest Service.
6. Ensure that CRM writer-editors are trained and skilled in writing, editing, creating,
processing, and tracking controlled correspondence.
7. Serve as a liaison between correspondence managers in the Washington Office and
field offices on the production of controlled correspondence.
8. Maintain and provide weekly and monthly accountability reports to the Director,
ORMS.
9. Provide direction on the content, format, appearance, distribution, assembly,
clearance, mailing, and filing of Washington Office controlled correspondence.
10. Develop and maintain a file of standard responses that are accessible to
correspondence managers when writing responses to repetitive questions, issues, or concerns.
Update the file on a regular basis.
6220.5 - Definitions
See the Records Management Handbook (FSH 6209.11, sec. 05) for additional definitions.
Author. The individual(s) who compose(s) the correspondence.
Congressional Correspondence. Controlled correspondence from members of the
Congress and their staffs.
Controlled Correspondence. Priority executive correspondence designated for special
handling, tracking, and response. Correspondence may be designated “controlled” by the White
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House, the Office of the Secretary of Agriculture, or by any administrative unit of the Forest
Service. See FSH 6209.12, chapter 20.
Correspondence Records Management (CRM). An office located in the Washington
Office Forest Service headquarters that serves as the liaison between the Forest Service and the
Department on matters related to the management of executive correspondence.
Correspondence Database or Electronic System. The official electronic document
correspondence management system designed by the CIO staff and used by the Forest Service to
produce and manage correspondence. It is used to prepare the correspondence, forward it for
review and clearance, and file it for retrieval and future reference.
Correspondence Manager. Person(s) assigned to a staff to manage (receive, date stamp,
assign, track, finalize, forward, mail, or any other correspondence management activity)
controlled, restrictive, or noncontrolled (general) correspondence for that staff.
Due Date. The deadline for mailing a response. The due date is determined by the day
the incoming correspondence is received and stamped with a receipt date and by the type of
correspondence (controlled or noncontrolled). Noncontrolled (general) correspondence allows
30 days for a response; controlled correspondence allows 3 to 7 days.
Executive Correspondence. Correspondence prepared for signature by senior
government officials to communicate with the public, members of the Congress, Government
officials, leaders of interest groups, and others.
Foreign Correspondence. Official correspondence with individuals, firms, and
institutions in foreign countries. Although there are no special restrictions within USDA, the
Forest Service requires managers responding to foreign correspondence to meet the direction in
the correspondence manual and handbooks where applicable.
Forest Service-Initiated Controlled Correspondence. Correspondence initiated by the
Forest Service that is designated for signature by the Secretary of the Department of Agriculture.
It is often referred to by its USDA correspondence code “29” and includes reports to the
Congress, budget reprogramming requests, letters of appointment or condolence, statements of
policy, and routine correspondence appropriate for the Secretary’s or Under Secretary’s
signature. See FSH 6209.12, chapter 20 for more information.
General Correspondence. (See the definition for noncontrolled correspondence.)
Information Memorandum. Memorandum from the Forest Service to the Secretary that
accompanies prepared, initiated correspondence explaining the need for the initiated
correspondence.
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National Security Classified Correspondence. Correspondence that is subject to special
restrictions and limitations prescribed by the national security laws and regulations of the United
States. Procedures for marking and safeguarding national security information are included in
FSM 6230 and Departmental Manual (DM) 3440-1. Questions about applicability and
procedures are sent to the Forest Service, Director, ORMS, at the Washington Office.
Natural Resources and Environment (NRE). (See the definition for the Office of the
Under Secretary for Natural Resources and Environment.)
Noncontrolled Correspondence. Correspondence that is received with no controlling
priority number and is not classified as special. Noncontrolled (general) correspondence is
referred to alternately as general correspondence. This type of correspondence may be
forwarded by USDA without a control number, or it may arrive directly in the Forest Service
mailroom addressed to individuals or staffs in the Forest Service.
Office of the Executive Secretariat (OES). The Office within the Department of
Agriculture that manages and controls executive records and documents, including all
correspondence of the Secretary, the Deputy Secretary, and the Assistant Secretary for
Congressional Relations. OES analyzes, manages, codes, and tracks incoming correspondence
and establishes USDA procedures and policies for handling executive records and documents.
OES assigns National Forest System controlled correspondence to the Forest Service and, when
applicable, ensures that appropriate Department officials are included in the correspondence
drafting for policy making, concurrences, and signature.
Office of the Secretary (OSEC). The Office of the Secretary of the Department of
Agriculture that includes the Secretary, the Deputy Secretary, all subcabinet officers, and
executives and senior staff officers reporting to them.
Office of the Under Secretary for Natural Resources and Environment (NRE). The
subcabinet officer in the Department of Agriculture responsible for the Forest Service and the
Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) who assigns controlled correspondence to the
Forest Service for the preparation of responses.
Records Coordinator. Employees (staff secretaries, office managers, or other
administrative personnel) assigned responsibility for ensuring that official files are established,
maintained, and disposed of according to Forest Service procedures.
Records Management. Is the planning, controlling, directing, organizing, training,
promoting, and other managerial activities involved with respect to records creation, records
maintenance and use, and records disposition in order to achieve adequate and proper
documentation of the policies and transactions of the Federal Government and effective and
economical management of agency operations.
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Restricted Correspondence. Controlled correspondence involving sensitive situations
that require limited handling. It is designated "For Official Use Only," "Personal Attention," or
"National Security Classified." (See FSH 6209.12, chapter 20.)
Review. The careful examination of correspondence to ensure it is factually correct and
unambiguous, represents what the writer intends, answers the queries, and is convincing and
sincere. Review includes an examination of the writing conventions, format, spelling, and
punctuation.
Special Correspondence. Correspondence that includes restricted correspondence,
controlled correspondence, and legally prepared and issued correspondence by Law Enforcement
and Investigations. It may be addressed to the Secretary or Deputy Secretary of Agriculture, or
the Under Secretary of NRE. It may be correspondence received by the White House and
forwarded to USDA for distribution to the appropriate USDA agency for preparation of a
response.
Staff. Any group of people working under the direction of a leader, whether that leader is
the group leader at the ranger district or a deputy chief at the Washington Office.
Style. The manner in which writing is done, rules or conventions of usage and
punctuation, the typeface and type size, or the appearance on the page. Style reflects the choices
writers make when they plan, design, write, and edit documents. Choices include the words
chosen; the structure and length of sentences and paragraphs; how the document is organized;
whether or not it has tables, headings, or white space; and the use of visuals. Style includes tone,
attitude, and perspective.
Subcabinet Officers. Employees reporting directly to the Secretary who hold the rank of
Under Secretary or Assistant Secretary, including the Under Secretary for NRE.
Tracking System. A system that records the status of the response to incoming and
outgoing correspondence. Each tracking system must be compatible with USDA and Forest
Service electronic document tracking systems.
Unit. Administrative unit such as Washington Office, regional office, supervisor's office,
station, Area, or International Institute of Tropical Forestry.
6220.6 - Training
6220.61 - All Employees
1. All employees involved in the preparation of correspondence should receive basic
training in handling, processing, and responding to correspondence. All new employees should
receive a short course in correspondence during orientation.
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2. All line officers and staff directors at the Washington Office, regional offices, stations,
Area, Institute, supervisor offices, and ranger districts should provide training to employees in
the preparation of correspondence.
6220.62 - Correspondence Managers
Besides the training required in FSM 6220.61 for employees, correspondence managers should
receive training in:
a. Writing, editing, and composition.
b. Using the official electronic correspondence database.
c. Tracking records and copy retention of controlled and noncontrolled (general)
correspondence requirements.
6220.63 - Electronic Correspondence Database
Forest Service employees should receive periodic training on the official electronic document
correspondence database so that they can:
a. Create, review, revise, and issue official Forest Service correspondence.
b. Track formal correspondence from receipt, assignment, creation, draft, and review
to electronic or surface mailing to archiving (filing).
c. Correctly use official electronic templates in preparing and mailing
correspondence.
6220.8 - References
Federal Government References
Correspondence Management Regulation. Number 3060-001. 1989. Washington, DC:
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Office of the Executive Secretariat.
U.S. Government Correspondence Manual, 92 pages. 1992. Book. S/N 022-000-212-1.
(Available from: Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington,
DC 20401; GPO Bookstore telephone, 202-512-1800.)
United States Government Printing Office Style Manual, 326 pages. 2000. Washington,
DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. (Available from: Superintendent of Documents, U.S.
Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20401; GPO Bookstore telephone, 202-512-
1800.)
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Word Division, a supplement to Government Printing Office Style Manual, 144 pages.
1987. GP1.23/4:St 9/supp.976. S/N 021-000-00139-2. (Available from: Superintendent of
Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20401; GPO Bookstore
telephone, 202-512-1800.)
Forest Service References
Forest Service Handbook 6209.11, Records Management Handbook. Washington, DC:
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service.
Forest Service Manual 6200, Office Management, Chapter 6230, Records Creation,
Maintenance, and Disposition. 2002. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest
Service.
Technical and Scientific References
American National Standard Guidelines for Format and Production of Scientific and
Technical Reports, 16 pages. American National Standards Institute, Inc. ANSI/NISO Z39.18-
1995. (Prescribes the order and specifications of the elements of a report.)
CBE Style Manual: a Guide for Authors, Editors, and Publishers in the Biological
Sciences. 5th ed. rev. and expanded. Bethesda, MD, USA: Council of Biology Editors, Inc.,
1983.
Franklin Covey Style Guide for Business and Technical Communication. 3rd ed. Salt
Lake City: Franklin Covey Co., 1997.
Shipley Associates Style Guide: Writing in the World of Work. Sidney L., PhD and
Terry R. Bacon, PhD. Bountiful, Utah: Shipley Associates, 1990.
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General References
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. 4th ed. Boston: Houghton
Mifflin Co., 2000.
Bernstein, Theordore. The Careful Writer: A Modern Guide to English Usage. New
York: Atheneum, 1965.
Chapman, Robert L. Roget’s International Thesaurus. 4th ed. New York: Thomas Y.
Crowell Co., 1997.
Cook, Claire Kehrwald. Line by Line: How to Edit Your Own Writing. Boston:
Houghton, 1985.
The Chicago Manual of Style, University of Chicago Press. 14th ed., revised and
expanded. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993.
Strunk, William, Jr. and E.B. White. The Elements of Style. 3rd ed. New York:
McMillan, 1979.
Miller, Casey, and Kate Swift. The Handbook of Nonsexist Writing. New York:
Lippincott, 1980.
Webster’s New Dictionary of Synonyms. Springfield, Massachusetts, USA: Merriam-
Webster, 2000.
Webster’s Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged.
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