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Drying
Wood drying should be used seasoning for decreasing
moisture content in wood lesser than 30 % for 1 month,
then drying with kiln drying for 1 month.
Lumber should be control drying at surface, not rapidity
dried.
If moisture content in wood and surface of wood are
difference more than 5 %, wood stress due to wood
failure, e.g. bow, case hardening, and honeycombing.
Drying
• But some wood failure occurred from natural
property of wood, e.g. grain and age,
• that fast growing species such as Eucalyptus and
SaDuaTium, due to stress in wood, emphasize high
growth stress of young tree.
• That is easily the end split.
• Therefore, the end of lumber should be printcoat
for decreased evaporate moisture from wood.
• In addition to, piling should be used stick at the
end of lumber and pressed on the top by weight.
III. Processing and Utilization
• 1. Primary processing
• 1.1 Sawing
• 1.2 Wood preservation
• 2. Secondary processing
• 2.1 Furniture manufacturing
• 2.2 Wood-based panels manufacturing
• 2.3 Pulp and paper manufacturing
• 2.4 Charcoal production
Furniture
•1) Stable furniture or Furnished furniture
•2) Knock down furniture
•1) Usage skilled labor more than unskilled labor
•2) Manufacturing by machine
•3) Manufacturing by machine more than skilled labor
Wood-based panels
• - Veneer and plywood
• - Composite board
• - Fiberboard
• - Particleboard
• - Wood cement board
Veneer and plywood
• The shortage of large log, due to some
factory changed peeling machine from 8 ft.
to 4 ft. length and slicing machine for the
thinnest veneer, 0.1 mm. thickness.
• Some factory imported log for veneer
production and re-export or overlay on
wood products of factory.
Composite board
• Flooring (parquet and mosaic parquet) and
block board are common technology.
• by finger joint technique.
• Raw materials are Teak and Eucalyptus from
plantation, rejected wood in flooring production
20-25 % and 50-60 %, respectively.
• Colour coating need to production because of
still sapwood (cream colour), that difference
from heartwood (dark colour).
Fiberboard
• Hardboard and Medium Density Fiberboard (MDF).
• All of Hardboard in Thailand produce with wet
process.
• Raw materials of Hardboard are Eucalyptus and wood
from plantation e.g. KraTinTaPa (Acacia sp.) and also
Bagasse.
• Raw materials of MDF are Rubberwood, Eucalyptus,
KraTinTaPa, and Bagasse (MDF, which Bagasse used
the first factory of the world).
Particleboard
• *Particleboard used as raw material for construction
and furniture production because of decreasing of solid
wood and logging ban in 1989. Due to particleboard
used increasing in wood working.
• Extruded pressed processing used only one factory.
Another factory used platen pressed processing.
• Raw materials are Rubberwood, Eucalyptus and
Bagasse. 3 layers sheet, 12 and 16 mm. thickness, is
characteristically of particleboard in Thailand.
Wood cement board
• Raw material of Wood Wool Cement
Board is SomPhong (Tetrameles nudiflora
R.Br.), import from Myanmar, today.
Wood Cement Particleboard produced from
Eucalyptus.
Wood Cement Fiberboard, plank for wall house,
produced from cement approximately 90 % and
recovered paper approximately 10 % with mixed a
little asbestos.
Pulp and paper
• Raw materials ; non-wood (e.g. Straw,
Bamboo, Kenaf and Bagasse) and wood
(Eucalyptus).
• That is short fiber, so Thailand must imported
long fiber and also recovered paper.
• All pulp factories produce with chemical process
except one factory produced pulp with
semichemical process yield approximately 45 %.
• The products are kraft paper 50 % and other
papers : printing-writing paper, paperboard,
newsprint paper, household and sanitary paper
etc.
Charcoal
• It’s produced with soil or Now, lapwood of
rice husk mound and Eucalyptus from
mud beehive. plantation widespread
• Commercial charcoal produced charcoal and
produced usually with briquett for export. In
brick beehive. addition to, activated
carbon produced from
charcoal for industry.
• Each year, Thailand has consumption charcoal
3 million kg. Demand of charcoal for export is
large scale.
• Recovery rate of charcoal production is 30-35 %
of wood at oven dry weight.
• Pile of Eucalyptus 1 cu.m. can be produced
charcoal 120 kg. Heat value of Eucalyptus
charcoal is 7.35 kg.cal/g.
• The highest heat value is charcoal from
KongKang (Rhizophora sp.), 7.50 kg.cal./g.
IV. Markets and Socio-Economics
• Wood consumption in Thailand is about 3-4 million cu.m./year.
• Imported wood and wood products : (1999)
$ million.
400
Log
350
300
Sawtimber
250
200 Wood
150 products
100 Pulp
50
Paper
0
Value
• 1. Log 0.47 million cu.m. cost $ 80.8 million and sawntimber 1.25 million cu.m. cost $ 169.9 million.
• 2. Wood productions : plywood, particleboard, fiberboard, parquet, fuelwood, charcoal, furniture, door,
window, etc total cost $ 28.9 million.
• 3. Pulp 438,525 tons of total cost $ 177.5 million.
• 4. Paper 365,208 tons of total cost $ 362.8 million.
IV. Markets and Socio-Economics
• The averaged increasing of Thailand’s
population is 1.2 % per year. In 1985, Thailand
has 53 million populations and increased to 61
million in 1999,
• therefore, the demand in wood and wood
products consumption increased every year.
• The country’s capacity to produce and reforest
cannot meet the demand so the price of wood
and wood products still high.
Sawmills and Wood working factories
LOCATION
Northeastern region 10 %
Southern region 10 % Bangkok 38 %
Bangkok
Total 6,911 factories,
Northern region 8 % Central region
6,342 of furniture
Northern region
factories
Notheastern region
Southern region
Central region 33 %
SIZE OF FACTORY
89 % of these factories are
Small factory
Medium factory
the small factory, 10 % of
Large factory
medium factories and only
1 % of the large factories.
Investment and Labors
• The capital investment cost $ 1,085
million, which 176,000 labors were
employed.
• 262 of 2,692 furniture factories are the
factories which used Rubberwood for
furniture production and employ 68,992
labors.
Eucalyptus wood marketing
Table 10 Expense in plantation per rai of Eucalyptus for 5 years of Thailand, 1999
Item Cost (baht)
1. Seeding (270 units) 270
2. Post planting care (5 years) 2,500
3. Fertilizer 375
4. Felling (16.65 tons x 75 baht) 1,249
5. transportation (16.65 tons x 225 baht) 3,746
Total 8,140
Note : 45 baht = $ 1
Source : Forest Products R&D Division, 1999
• Eucalyptus aged 5 years gave wood 16.65 tons/rai.
• The total capital were 8,140 baht/rai.
• The selling price of log was 850 baht/ton, thus, the income was
14,152 baht and the net profit was 6,012 baht,
• that the averaged income per year total 1,200 baht/rai.
The price of the thinning teak wood
• from the FIO (Forest Industry Organizaion)
• at girth 30-140 cm. and 2-6 m. length will cost
2,100-18,400 baht/cu.m.
Import and export Thailand’s wood
products for the wood industry
• 1. Lumber Industry
• 2. Furniture Industry
• 3. Wood products industry for household
• 4. Pulp and paper industry
Lumber Industry
In 1999, the imported value cost $ 51.11
million.
% The important to import lumber
80 80 are ASEAN (80 %), U.S.A. (12 %),
European Union (2 %), and other
60 60 43
22 countries (6 %).
80 14 JAPAN
40 40 23 2
3011 1
6 3611 8 52 16
0 OTHERS (6 %)
11 E.U. (2 %)
44 18 E.U.
20 20 12 2 27 3
15 4
U.S.A. (12 %) 6
0 0 ASEAN (80 %)2 1 ASEAN
ASEAN U.S.A E.U. OTHERS JAPAN
Lumber Industry
The exported value was $ 103.23
million, the important country
% to export were Japan (22 %),
ASEAN (15 %), European
80 80
Union (11 %) and U.S.A. (4 %).
60 60 43
22 14
40 40 80 23 2
Japan (22 %) 1 JAPAN
3011
6
11 0 3611 8 52 16 44 18 E.U.
20 20 E.U. (11 %)
12 2 6 27 3
15 4
U.S.A. (4 %)
0 0 ASEAN (15 %) 1
2 ASEAN
ASEAN U.S.A E.U. OTHERS JAPAN
Furniture Industry
In 1998, the total exported furniture
value was $ 434.92 million,
60 % of Rubberwood furniture, 30 %
% of particleboard and MDF furniture
80 80 and 10 % of hardwood furniture.
60 60 43
22 JAPAN14 %)(43
40 40 80 23 2 JAPAN
OTHERS (8 %) 1
3011
6
11 0 3611 8 52 16
44
E.U. (11 %) 18 E.U.
20 20 12 2 U.S.A. (36 %) 27
15 4 6 3
0 0 2 ASEAN (21 %) ASEAN
ASEAN U.S.A E.U. OTHERS JAPAN
Wood products industry for household
The import value in
1989 were $ 34.88
% million by import
80 80 plywood, veneer and
other products
60 60 43
22 14
40 40 80 23 2 JAPAN (2 %) JAPAN
1
3011
6
11 0 3611 8 52 16
44 OTHERS (23 %)
18 E.U.
20 20 E.U. (16 %)
12 2 6 U.S.A. 27 3%)
(6
15 4 ASEAN (52 %) ASEAN
0 0 2 1
ASEAN U.S.A E.U. OTHERS JAPAN
Wood products industry for household
The export, in
1989, were $
% 293.21 million ;
80 80
60 60 43
22 14 JAPAN (14 %)
40 40 80 23 2 1 JAPAN
6 3611 8 443011 OTHERS (11 %)
11 0 52 16 18 E.U. (30 %)
E.U.
20 20 12 2 27 3 U.S.A. (44 %)
15 4 6
0 0 2 1 ASEANASEAN (1 %)
The handicraft such as the plates produced from Rubberwood,
ASEAN U.S.A E.U. OTHERS JAPAN
the decoration : frame, carved wood, which always produced from Mango wood and Teak.
The exported were 80 % and used in domestic only 20 %.
Pulp and paper industry
%
80 80
60 60 43
22 14
40 40 80 23 2 1 JAPAN
JAPAN (1 %)
6 3611 8 443011
11 0 52 16 18 E.U. (18 %)
E.U.
20 20 12 2 27 3
15 4 6 U.S.A. (3 %)
0 0 2 1 ASEAN
ASEAN (27 %)
The value of thailand’s export pulp, paper, and paper products such as
ASEAN U.S.A E.U. OTHERS JAPAN
household and sanitary paper were $ 463.58 million,
Pulp and paper industry
• Thailand have of import pulp especially long
fiber from U.S.A., Canada, and Africa total
value cost $ 168.95 million
• and also import paperboard, box, kraft paper,
printing-writing paper, newsprint paper, and
sanitary paper etc.
• In 1988, the total value were $ 35.92 million.
V. Policy and Legislation
• 1. Forestry Act
• 2. National Forest Policy
• 3. Thai Forestry Sector Master Plan
• 4. Funding support
• 5. The composed cooperatives
• 6. Reformation in the Industrial Structure
• 7. Tariff measurement
1. Forestry Act
• The Forestry Act 1941 for protect the
selection cutting and illegal logging. The
mentioned law did not support to the
present wood industry development.
• The act improvement is quite difficult
and more complex, thus the promulgated
the new act is the success way, for
example The Forest Plantation Act 1992
2. National Forest Policy
• Created in 1983 for the long term in forest
resources management and development were
concerned about this issue :
• - government organization, private and
community sector
• - wood industry
• - reforestation, plantation
• - etc
3. Thai Forestry Sector Master Plan
• formulated during 1990-1993 by the
technical assistant of the Finland
government.
• for solving the problem of the short of
wood and strengthen the confidence on
the raw materials by the management of
forest plantation, community forest and
private forest. (within 2010)
4. Funding support
• from the Agriculture and Cooperatives
Bank and the Japan Oversea Economic
Cooperative Funding (OECF)
• but the rules and conditions is complex
• In conclusion, the funding which the
farmer received was only 3,000 baht/rai
from the Farmer Extension for Forest
Plantation Project.
5. The composed cooperatives
• For the forest plantation farmer to
compose and set the cooperatives in each
province.
• The targets of the cooperatives are for log
selling and wood industries for producing
to support domestic demand and export.
• There are 30 cooperatives, at present
(Thailand has 76 provinces).
6. Reformation in the Industrial Structure
• The Ministry of Industry hold a meeting
to discuss for the new structure of
Thailand industry :
• For the problems and create the
strategies on Thailand’s wood products
and furniture industry
7. Tariff measurement
• The tariff measurement appointed the tax of
exported log and lumber 40 %, and 10 % for
the unsuitable wood for wood production.
• The imported wood products can be locally
produced is 20 % and 10 % of them which
cannot locally produced.
VI. Institutional Capacity
• 1. Planning sector
– 1.1 The National Research Council of Thailand
– 1.2 The Forestry Research Office
• 2. Operating sector
– 2.1 Forest Products R&D Division (FPRD)
– 2.2 Kasetsart University (KU)
• 2.2.1 Forest Products Division, Faculty of Forestry
• 2.2.2 Pulp/paper and Wood Composites Research Unit
National Research Council of
Thailand
• For the National Research in 4 directions :
• 1) self dependence country
• 2) improvement in productivity and value
added
• 3) improvement in quality of life, social, and
environment
• 4) information reception in country ability
Forestry Research Office
• 3 policy of planning in R&D as follows :
• 1) forest conservation and protection plan
• 2) forest resource processing and utilization plan
• 3) sustainable forestry management plan
• Wood utilization program is appointed for the
purpose of developing new efficient technology for
local wood sp. instead of imported wood.
Forest Products R&D Division
(FPRD)
• FPRD is directly responsible to study to
products:
• - properties of wood,
• - wood products,
• - wood and non-wood industry,
• - non-wood utilization,
• - other materials instead of wood,
• - energy from wood or residual agriculture.
Kasetsart University (KU)
• 2.2.1 Forest Products Division, Faculty of
Forestry
• the majority to produce graduate in wood
industry for government office and
emphasize wood industrial company.
• graduated of wood science and technology.
And start up in this year for graduated of
pulp and paper technology
Pulp/paper and Wood Composites
Research Unit
• supported by Japan International
Cooperation Agency (JICA).
• Study to wood and residual
agriculture, developing new technology
for pulp and paper, and wood
composite board.
Company of wood industry
• has R&D unit, only large factory.
• The main target of study for received
product standard and decrease
production cost.
• Some issue they study with FPRD and
KU.
VII. Overview and Conclusion
• THAILAND
• area 51,311,502 hectares
• population 61.7 million.
• Forest area 12,972,200
hectares (25.28 %)
• to increase forest lands
to 40 %
• wood consumption is 0.2
cu.m./year/person or
12.34 million cu.m./year.
• logging ban in 1989,
• imported wood and
wood products over than
$ 800 million.
VII. Overview and Conclusion
• Wood shortage is still a major problem for
related industries.
• At present, there is an attempt to develop
• Rubberwood species for timber,
• high yield of fiber from Eucalyptus, including
to add more value for wood from plantation to
furniture and flooring industries.
• Teak from thinning period is found to be too
small and low recovery rate
VII. Overview and Conclusion
• Thailand has a privilege for
plantation due to its location.
• Only 4-6 years for fast growing
species and 30-40 years for normal
trees, harvesting can be done
Model of Wood Utilization
• The best way to use a tree is to consider how to efficiently use every part
of the tree such as root, stump, log and branches, which manufacturing
process has to be employed. Wood may be dried and preserved to make it
strong and last longer time.
• Lapwood can be used for tools, wood products, parquet, woodfuel,
charcoal and chipwood. Stumps and branches can be used as woodfuel
and chipwood, as well, for large scale of industries of wood chemical
products, pulp and paper, fiberboard, which made from chipwood
through defibration process. Chipwood, also can be dissolved into
particle, without defibrator, mixed with resin and cement for
particleboard and wood cement board, respectively.
• Timber can be added for highest value by using as veneer or plywood.
Core and lapwood from the veneer process can be used as chipwood.
Moreover some parts of wood from the process can be raw material for
carving as well. Small log can be used as poles for construction.
• As mentioned above, the uses of wood will be efficient and intelligent if
there are industries to support or so called “Integrated Wood Industries”.
Model of Wood Utilization
Preservation
Drying Constructed lumber
Branches
Lumber Furniture
Household utensils
Sawmill
Lapwood Flooring/Parquet Wood Chemical
Log Defibrator Pulp & Paper
Fuelwood
Chipper Fiberboard
Chipwood Particleboard
Stump/Root Cement-bonded Particleboard
Carved wood
Wood-wool Cementboard
Pole/Post
Veneer
Peeling/Slicing Plywood
Core/Veneer residue
VII. Overview and Conclusion
• Due to economic crisis in Thailand, last 5
years there was decreasing of wood and
wood products.
• On the other hand export of such was
increasing.
• This may be results from industrial and
economic reform.
VII. Overview and Conclusion
• At present,
• there is a concept to encourage local people to
live on their feet.
• The attitudes of using local products or their
household products are arising.
• The government has also launched a campaign
namely “One village, one product” to promote
indigenous knowledge to create their own
specific product.
VII. Overview and Conclusion
• For International Role on wood industry,
• Thailand has joined the Commission on Sustainable
Development (CSD) to pursue sustainable wood
industries and make an agreement done on February
1997 in New York,
• following the proposal of Open-ended adhoc
Intergovernmental Panel on Forests (IPF) to conduct
sustainable forest management for wood industry in all
aspect;
• business, environment, products and services from the
forest.
THANK YOU
FROM
THAILAND
