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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE & HUMANKIND
Tamanna Sehgal 1, Vandana Bajaj 2 ,Gaurav Gupta 3
1
Lect. in Department of Comp. Sc. & Engg, CIET, Rajpura.
tamannapuri@gmail.com
2
Lect, Deptt. Of Computer Sc. & Engg., DAV College, Chandigarh.
3
Sr. Lect, Deptt. Of Computer Sc. & Engg., Rimt-IET, Mandi Gobindgarh.
gaurav_shakti@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT It focuses on designing machines that accumulate
knowledge through experience
In its brief history, computer technology has advanced with Expert Systems
an alarming speed. Now-a-days computers can perform It aims to provide expert advice based on the body of
almost any specific task. The advent of artificial intelligence knowledge.
(AI) has made it possible that any machine can automate the
tasks related with human intelligence i.e. it can see, it can DEVELOPMENTS IN AI
smell, it can hear, it can feel the touch and the most
important that it can think. AI research has also led to many Artificial intelligence had its origins in 1950, when the
advances in programming languages. In addition to these mathematician Alan Turing proposed a test to determine
developments, AI also raises some social and ethical issues whether or not a machine could think or be conscious. The
that may ultimately challenge human existence on earth. test involved having a person face two teleprinter machines,
The potential effects of artificial intelligence on society are only one of which had a human behind it. If the human
reasons to become informed participants in the field's judge could not tell which terminal was controlled by the
development and to help guide the maturing technology to human, the machine could be said to be intelligent.
benefit society. In this paper, I am discussing the main areas In the late 1950’s a field of study emerged that tried to build
of AI and the main developments AI has done so far. These systems that replicated human abilities like speech, hearing,
developments have both positive as well as negative impact manual tasks and reasoning.
on humankind which are discussed in this paper. During the 1960’s and 1970’s, the original artificial
intelligence researchers began designing computer software
programs they called “expert systems,” which were
essentially databases accompanied by a set of logical rules.
INTRODUCTION They were handicapped both by underpowered computers
and by the absence of the wealth of data that today’s
AI is the branch of computer science whose goal is the
researchers have amassed about the actual structure and
design of machines that can automate tasks that require
function of the biological brain.
human intelligence, such as learning, reasoning, vision,
Those shortcomings led to the failure of a first generation of
understanding speech, and, ultimately, consciousness. AI is
artificial intelligence companies in the 1980’s, which
the science which studies the intelligent behaviour of
became known as the A.I. Winter. Recently, however,
systems.
researchers have begun to speak of an A.I. Spring emerging
as scientists develop theories on the workings of the human
MAIN AREAS OF AI
mind. They are being aided by the exponential increase in
processing power, which has created computers with
The main goal of AI was and still is to replicate the
millions of times the power of those available to researchers
functionality of the human mind[3]. Over the years, AI
in the 1960’s — at consumer prices.
covered the following range of topics:
Some of the latest developments made in the field of AI are
Machine Vision
as follows:
It aims at recognizing patterns the same way that human.
Robotics
It focuses on generating motion by computers. A. Walking robot steps up the race(March , 07)
Speech Processing A humanoid robot is teaching itself to walk and eventually
It focuses on recognizing human speech. run around a California research lab. Dexter's designers say
Natural Language Processing their robot differs from commercially available predecessors
It aims to understand natural languages because it can learn from its mistakes. It is the culmination
Theorem Proving of six years' work by Anybots, an independent research
It aims to prove theorems in logic and mathematics group of three engineers. The aim is to design a robot that
Pattern Recognition can adapt to several environments and roles, like a human
It attempts in recognition of different patterns does, rather than requiring specific programming
Machine learning
B. The thinking machine(March, 07)
Jeff Hawkins with his long time business partner Donna
Dubinsky and 12 engineers, has created an artificial
intelligence program i.e. “Numenta” that he believes is the
first software truly based on the principles of the human
brain. Like your brain, the software is born knowing
nothing. And like your brain, it learns from what it senses,
builds a model of the world, and then makes predictions
based on that model. The result, Hawkins says, is a thinking
machine that will solve problems that humans find trivial
but that have long confounded our computers -- including,
say, sight and robot locomotion. Numenta is close to issuing
a ‘Reasearch Release of its platform.
C. Robot Chopper- The Navy’s smartest
UAV(March, 07) Fig 1: Stanford Racing Team’s Autonomous Robotic Car
By Erik Sofge. Popular Mechanics. "The Fire Scout is E. Deaf to sign via video handsets(Feb, 07)
arguably the smartest unmanned aerial vehicle ever built. Video compression tools made by US researchers make it
Unlike remote-operated drones such as the Predator, this possible to send live pictures of people signing across low
helicopter is a true robot, with enough computing power to bandwidth mobile networks. The system cuts down on the
take off, fly and land on its own. Last year a pair of test bandwidth needed by only sending data about which parts of
Scouts made history, landing on the deck of a moving ship each frame have changed. The system developed by Prof
without help from human pilots." Ladner and his co-workers only looks for hand, arm and
face movements. In addition it ensures that the face of a
D. Cars which park themselves(Feb, 07) signer, where movements during signing are quite subtle, is
The creation of usable driverless cars has taken a huge leap presented in more detail.
forward as researchers and manufacturers around the world F. Novel Salamander Robot (Mar, 07)
take advantage of satellite positioning, electronics and
robotics technologies[2]. In the U.S., the military is
sponsoring a race which requires driverless vehicles to
travel 60 miles in six hours, Volkswagen in Germany has
demonstrated a computer-controlled Golf GTI which can
navigate its way round a course marked with cones, while
Toyota in Japan already has a car that parks itself, working
out whether it will fit into a gap it detects then performing a
perfect reverse park without the driver touching the steering
wheel. While many of the latest satellite positioning and
advanced artificial intelligence technologies are being
developed, electronics giant Hella has a parking system
ready to be added to production vehicles. Researchers from
Stanford University in California in 2005 created a vehicle
that used sensors, lasers, cameras and on-board computers
to navigate a 132-mile course through the Nevada desert
(see Fig 1). Fig 2: Novel Salamander Robot Crawls its way
upto the revolutionary ladder
A group of European researchers has developed a spinal
cord model of the salamander and implemented it in a novel
amphibious salamander-like robot [4]. The robot changes its
speed and gait in response to simple electrical signals,
suggesting that the distributed neural system in the spinal
cord holds the key to vertebrates' complex locomotors
capabilities. The researchers used a numerical model of the
salamander's spinal cord to explore three fundamental issues
related to this vertebrate's movement: what were the
changes in the spinal cord that made it possible to evolve Microelectronics of Montpellier [4] (LIRMM -- CNRS --
from aquatic to terrestrial locomotion? How are the limb University of Montpellier 2). This platform supplements the
and axial movements coordinated? And how is a simple one that was installed at the LAAS in Toulouse last June.
electrical signal from the brain stem translated by the spinal They were both made in Japan and represent a strong
cord into a change in gait? Once they thought they had robotics research potential for France. Research activities in
answers to these questions, the team implemented the model the field of human robotics are expanding rapidly. The
-- a system of coupled oscillators representing the neural establishment of the JRL (Joint Japanese-French Robotics
networks in the spinal cord -- on a primitive salamander-like Laboratory) based in both Japan (Tsukuba) and France
robot. Simple electrical signals, like the signals sent from (Toulouse-LAAS and Montpellier-LIRMM) contributed
the upper brain to the spinal cord, were sent wirelessly from strongly to the realization, reinforcement and dynamization
a laptop to the robot. These signals were enough to cause of the robotics research community in this field. The two
the robot to change its speed and direction and change from humanoid robots are at the core of JRL's research.
walking to swimming. The model therefore provides a
potential explanation -- relevant for all four-legged The acquisition of HOAP3 by LIRMM, 50% co-financed by
organisms -- of how agile locomotion is controlled by the CNRS, is part of this process. Within the framework of
distributed neural mechanisms located in the spinal cord. JRL-France, the LIRMM will thus offer the national
community an open experimental platform for the validation
of models or control methods contributing to ambulation
G. Snake like robot for surgeons (Dec,06)
and the handling of objects while maintaining balance.
Snake-like Robot and Steady-hand System Could Assist
Surgeons. Drawing on advances in robotics and computer
This 8.8 kg, 60 cm tall robot has 28 motorized articulations.
technology, Johns Hopkins University researchers are
It has a large number of sensors including accelerometers,
designing new high-tech medical tools to equip the
rate gyros, an infra-red range finder, pressure sensors and
operating room of the future [4]. These systems and
two cameras [4]. This unit is based around a completely
instruments could someday help doctors treat patients more
open software platform (RTLinux) allowing all of the
safely and effectively and allow them to perform surgical
researchers interested to freely evaluate and test their new
tasks that are nearly impossible today.
theoretical developments concerning the modelling, control,
vision or learning of these.
Johns Hopkins medical robotics researchers are testing this
steady-hand system that may someday enable surgeons to
inject vision-saving drugs into tiny blood vessels in the eye.
The tools include a snakelike robot that could enable
surgeons, operating in the narrow throat region, to make This platform supplements the one already installed at
incisions and tie sutures with greater dexterity and precision. LAAS in Toulouse, the HRP2 robot, which is more realistic
Another robot, the steady-hand, may curb a surgeon's because it is on a "human scale," but also more complex.
natural tremor and allow the doctor to inject drugs into tiny HOAP3 will allow for very rapid progress because its use is
blood vessels in the eye, dissolving clots that can damage simple and does not require prior validations on a simulator.
vision. Furthermore, the software platform used to control the robot
will facilitate the integration and the harnessing of work
H. Second Humanoid Robot In France (Feb, 07)
already developed with Linux.
The HOAP3 humanoid robot has just arrived at the
Laboratory for Computer Science, Robotics and
On the other hand, the fact that HOAP3 is small means that hope the human labour force will mike a gradual transition
it cannot perform all of the tasks that a humanoid robot to more challenging tasks, especially as new job categories
might do in a life-size environment. For these tests, the emerge. Nevertheless, the danger of social fragmentation
platform installed at LAAS will thus be complementary. remains, whereby knowledge creates class barriers perhaps
Lastly, HOAP3 has a wireless communication link that even sharper than the blue-collar/white-collar divisions of
allows it to handle tele-operation work or collaboration of today.
mobile robots. One of LIRMM's hopes is to soon have A second concern is "mental atrophy". Just as
several humanoids so that it can study robot cooperation. humans lost many skills to machines during the industrial
revolution, humans are beginning to lose certain intellectual
skills to machines in the intelligence age. For example,
I. Underwater Vision System
fewer and fewer children can perform simple arithmetic
A French company, Poseidon Technologies, sells
much less recall logarithmic tables as a result of the
underwater vision systems for swimming pools that function
ubiquitous calculator. Some skills may simply be replaced
as lifeguard assistants, issuing alerts when people are
with those required of a more advanced society-a kind of
drowning, and the system has saved lives in Europe.
"mental Darwinism" as in the progression in transportation
from knowing how to handle a horse to knowing how to
J. Voice Recognition Service drive an automobile, or in domestic life from knowing how
Tell me Networks, a company in Mountain View, Calif., to make a fire to knowing how to use a gas stove. While
that provides voice recognition services for both customer many old skills may be obsolete in future eras, the loss of
service and telephone directory applications, is a good others may be sorely missed, indeed could be life
indicator of the progress that is being made in relatively threatening (e.g., being unable to survive in the wilderness if
constrained situations, like looking up a phone number or lost in a forest). Society needs to carefully identify those
transferring a call [5]. Tell me supplies the system that "essential" skills and ensure they are passed on to future
automates directory information for toll-free business generations. Retaining essential cognitive skills will become
listings. When the service was first introduced in 2001, it increasingly difficult as flexible automation and rapid
could correctly answer fewer than 37 percent of phone calls technological change demand frequent worker retraining.
without a human operator’s help. As the system has been The very fact that methods change so fast may actually
constantly refined, the figure has now risen to 74 percent. increase the need for generalist (i.e., liberal arts) education.
Innovative education systems have and will continue to be
essential.
K. Electronic butler A third area concerns new legal problems which
Another well-known researcher is Robert Hecht-Nielsen, [5] will arise as machines begin to perform tasks that require
who is seeking to build an electronic butler called inference or judgement. It is unwise to attribute
Chancellor that would be able to listen, speak and provide responsibility and liability for poor performance to
in-home concierge services. intelligent programs. For example, doctors who use expert
advisory systems must be sensitive to the weaknesses of the
IMPACT ON SOCIETY technology they utilize to ensure proper application just as
they know the benefits and risks of modern drugs. This
Knowledge is power. Its application can be beneficial or raises yet another concern which is the blind acceptance of
detrimental. For example, nuclear physics has, on one hand, computer analyses. Just like humans, computers have flaws,
produced weapons which can terminate humankind but on both in hardware and software. Moreover, they cannot
the other hand, has recently shown promise of nuclear execute instructions other than those their architects have
fusion, a potentially limitless source of energy [1]. Just like programmed (unless they have some learning or automatic
other Technologies, artificial intelligence has both negative optimization component). This is
and positive ramifications which are further explained. distinct from their ability to outperform their architects in
the particular task for which they are programmed (e.g.,
L. A. Negative impact on Society
advanced chess games can beat their programmers just as
There are some indeed dangers associated with intelligent
matrix manipulation routines are faster and more accurate
machines.
than their programmers). Hence computer professionals,
One serious concern is the displacement of human
users, and the public have a responsibility to know the
labor as a consequence of factory, office, and service
limitations of artificial intelligence so they can make ethical
automation. Just as blue collar jobs have been replaced by
choices concerning its application. Ultimately, however,
robots, many white collar positions will be relinquished to
some organization or human must bear the responsibility for
intelligent programs (e.g., automated teller machines).
system malfunction. Finally, the automation of intelligence
However, as with the industrial revolution, if this
does not safeguard against the unethical application of
replacement is spread out over several generations, we can
expert knowledge. A knowledge base containing the process
for the construction of nuclear devices is not in itself described and new tasks could reasonably be attempted.
unethical. Similarly , intelligent machines that provide These include perception (vision and speech) natural
access to extensive information about workers are not language understanding, and problem solving in specialised
themselves unethical. However, these possibilities will domains such as medical diagnosis and chemical analysis.
introduce new ethical dilemmas.
M. B. Positive impact on Society REFERENCES
Despite these potential ills, automated intelligence can make [1] Mark T. Maybury, “The mind matters: Artificial
significant contributions to society. First, increased intelligence and its societal implications”, IEEE
automation together with "smarter" processing will lead to Technology and Society Magazine, June/July 1990
productivity gains, a crucial factor in standard of living [2] Bruce G. Buchanan, “A (very) brief history of
increases and economic growth. A familiar example is the artificial Intelligence”, AI Magazine, 25th
optical character reader and similar laser scanning devices Anniversary Issue.
which enhance service and also provide automated [3] Bizhan Nasseh, “Artificial intelligence & internet”,
inventory updates at checkout counters. Second, artificial www.bsu.edu.
intelligence can liberate human minds from uninteresting, [4] www.sciencedaily.com/news/computers_math/artifi
mundane, and repetitive tasks, not to mention the dangerous cial_intelligence
or unhealthy ones (e.g., diffusing unexploded bombs). In [5] www.nytimes.com/pages/technology/index.html
addition, by providing artificial eyes, ears, and limbs, this .
technology will help those incapacitated by illness or injury
to become more productive and integrated into society. In a
third area, intelligent machines can help distribute
knowledge to poor regions of the world that otherwise
cannot afford expensive and scarce human expertise in
fields such as medicine, agriculture, and civil engineering.
This will be aided by the eventual capability to
communicate in multiple languages' which, by destroying
linguistic barriers, will decrease cultural isolation and
enhance global communication. Indeed, programs with
linguistic expertise will allow not only language translation
and natural communication with expert systems, but also
retrieval and filtering of information, acting thus as personal
knowledge butlers. Perhaps the most pervasive effect,
however, is that artificial intelligence, as with automation in
general, will result in a rapid change in life styles. Since the
factors of production will rely less on human labour, there
will be an increased emphasis on service labour. And
similar to the effects of the industrial revolution, leisure
time may increase as a result of shorter working hours.
CONCLUSION
AI is the study of how to make computers do things which,
at the moment, people do better. AI is the technology which
can do wonders for humankind. With the help of AI we can
automate machines to do all the tasks human minds can do.
So these machines can be beneficial for the humankind as
well as these machines can create dangers for humankind. It
can be beneficial if we make machines that can perform
complex tasks that are quite useful and important for
humankind. But if machine developed using AI techniques
completely replace the human labour and human
intelligence, then one day will come when machines will be
ruling humankind. As AI research progressed and
techniques for handling larger amounts of world knowledge
were developed, some progress was made on the tasks just
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