Civil Affairs Wastewater Treatment Certificate Online

Civil Affairs – Wastewater Treatment Certificate Online 374 Hours - $2,499 Wastewater Treatment I Contact Hours: 64 Textbook(s): Operation of Wastewater Treatment Plants, Volume I, 5 Ed, CSUS Foundation, ISBN: 1884701-00-0 Course Description: Using the Internet students will explore the rudiments of wastewater treatment. This introductory course includes instruction in water pollution control, preliminary and primary treatment, fixed film processes, and suspended growth systems. Along with reading assignments from the text, the course is enhanced with up-to-date photographs, audio, interactive exercises, and online links. Assessments: This course contains self-tests, lesson quizzes, unit finals and a proctored comprehensive final as well as a series of assignments that are emailed to the instructor. th UNIT 1: Pollution Control Lesson1             Describe "pollution." List impurities water might contain. Identify two major types of waste contamination and two additional types of waste contamination. Describe physical/chemical effects of waste discharge. Describe human health effects of waste discharge. List and define five separate types of solids. List the problems waste discharge causes receiving streams. Describe the nutrient cycle. List limitations imposed by the discharge permit. Apply math rules for solving equations and calculate percentages. Describe how wastewater is collected. List the difference between sanitary sewers, storm sewers, and combined sewers. Lesson 2       List treatment processes and follow flow diagram. List three types of preliminary treatment and the purpose of each one. Describe two methods of flow measurement and why measure flow. Describe the purpose of primary treatment. List the types of basins in which primary treatment occurs. List three types of biological treatment. Page 1 of 77      Describe how microorganisms are separated from treatment. Describe the purpose of solids disposal. List components of solids disposal. Describe the waste treatment pond process. List methods of controlling pathogenic organisms. Lesson 3    Calculate area and volume of basic shapes. Work with the metric system of measurement. Convert temperature between Fahrenheit and Celsius. UNIT 2: Preliminary Treatment Lesson 1   List general safety measures for preliminary treatment systems. Define screening, grit removal, and pre-aeration. Lesson 2        List safety measures for bar racks and screens. Identify manually cleaned bar screens. Describe three important concerns in operation. Describe mechanically cleaned bar screens. List maintenance requirements. Describe startup and shutdown procedures. Describe how to properly dispose of collected debris. Lesson 3         Describe the comminutor unit. Explain the basic operation of comminutors. List comminutor parts and their purpose. Describe the barminutor unit. Explain the basic operation of barminutors. List barminutor parts and their purpose. List safety procedures concerning comminutors and barminutors. Outline operational procedures common to both comminutors and barminutors. Page 2 of 77 Lesson 4               Define the purpose of a grit channel. List the parts of a grit channel. Calculate velocity and settling rate. Define the purpose of an aerated grit chamber. List and describe the parts of an aerated grit chamber. Define the purpose of cyclone separators. List the parts of cyclone separators. Outline primary operations including startup, shutdown, & maintenance. Define the purpose of grit washers and list the parts. Describe what determines quantity of grit disposal. Describe how grit is disposed of. Describe the purpose of pre-aeration. Describe operational strategies for screening and grit removal. List design requirements for grit removal, racks/screens, and wet wells. UNIT 3: Primary Treatment Lesson 1             Describe sedimentation and flotation. List parts and purpose of rectangular and circular clarifiers. List startup procedures, daily maintenance, and shutdown procedures for clarifiers. Describe key requirements for clarifier operations. Recognize abnormal conditions of clarifiers. List sampling requirements. Use analysis results to calculate efficiency. List problems and responses concerning poor clarifier performance. Describe purpose and operation of sludge and scum removal units/pumps. List factors that determine frequency of removal. List five areas for safety requirements. List six maintenance requirements for sedimentation and flotation units. Lesson 2        List types of clarifiers. Describe the purpose of each type of clarifier and list design parameters of each. List six factors which impact performance. Calculate detention time, surface loading, and weir overflow rates. List operation and maintenance requirements. Describe flotation solids removal process. List and describe types of flotation solids removal processes. Page 3 of 77 Lesson 3           Describe a combination unit and the process. Describe list sampling and analysis requirements. List steps required to startup and shutdown a combination unit. Recognize normal and abnormal operating conditions. Describe operation strategy. List safety and maintenance requirements. Describe the Imhoff process. List common design parameters. List suggested operating requirements. Describe purpose and process of septic tanks. Lesson 4   Convert English units of measurement to metric units. Calculate flows and volumes when converted to metric units. UNIT 4: Fixed Film Process Lesson 1        Describe the trickling filter treatment process. List primary components of a trickling filter and their purpose. List filter classifications. Describe hydraulic and organic loading rates for each. List requirements for starting up and shutting down filters. List tests, frequency, and location for analysis to be performed to evaluate filter process performance. Describe what determines process performance. Lesson 2       Describe operational procedures. List common abnormal conditions. Describe effects and source of abnormal flow conditions. Describe how to operate process during abnormal flows and conditions. List maintenance requirements for trickling filter components. Describe requirements for working safely around trickling filters. Page 4 of 77 Lesson 3     List typical loading rates. Calculate hydraulic and organic loading. Describe solids contact modification. List accepted design requirements. Lesson 4    Convert English units of measurement to metric units. Apply metric units to formulas to determine process efficiency and classification. Calculate process efficiency and loading rates with metric values. Lesson 5           List reasons for covering RBCs. List parts and purpose of RBCs. List and describe drive mechanisms. List loading rates. List conditions affecting treatment efficiency and abnormal conditions. List startup/shutdown procedures. List RBC unit maintenance requirements. List causes of RBC problems and drive problems. List requirements for working around RBCs safely. Calculate hydraulic and organic loadings. UNIT 5: Suspended Growth Systems Lesson 1    Describe the activated sludge process. Identify the steps for contaminate removal. List inter-related factors which depend on the operator's ability to interpret data and make adjustments. Page 5 of 77 Lesson 2         Describe a package plant system. List the different types of package plant systems. List steps taken to start up and operate a package plant. Describe sludge wasting. List abnormal operating conditions of sludge wasting. List laboratory analysis required for proper operation. Apply analysis results to operating adjustments. List requirements for safely operating and maintaining the package plant. Lesson 3     Describe an oxidation ditch treatment system. List the parts of the oxidation ditch plant and operational parameters. List steps required to start up process and to list control methods used to increase performance. List requirements for effective maintenance of oxidation ditches. Lesson 4    Calculate the volume of an oxidation ditch. Calculate BOD loadings and sludge ages for oxidation ditches and package plants in English units. List design specifications of package plants and oxidation ditches. UNIT 6: Disinfection and Chlorination Lesson 1           Describe the difference between disinfection and sterilization. Explain what disinfection protects. List three categories of pathogenic organisms and list the diseases they cause. Describe chlorine. List different forms of chlorine and describe how each reacts. Describe reactions with impurities. Describe and define breakpoint and hypochlorination. List factors that influence chlorination. Determine chlorine requirements. Calculate chlorine dosages, demand and residual in lb/day and mg/L. Page 6 of 77 Lesson 2            List and describe points of chlorine application and process control requirements. Describe and determine feed rate. Describe discharge lines, diffusers, and mining. Calculate chlorine dosages using hypochlorites (HTH and bleach). Describe gas and liquid chlorinators. List startup requirements. List and describe container storage requirements. Describe operation and maintenance requirements and list when each should take place. Describe system shutdown procedures. Describe potential shutdown problems and how they should be dealt with. List common failures and problems. Lesson 3          List and describe requirements of a safety program. List hazards and handling requirements. Describe first aid measures. List and describe three types of chlorine containers. Describe cylinder valves and components. Describe what is required for chlorine removal from containers. List what is required for determining chlorine leaks. List and describe methods for leak repair. List procedures for responding to leaks. Lesson 4     List common components and describe how chlorinators function. Describe evaporators, hypochlorinators, and chlorine dioxide. Describe installation and maintenance requirements for piping, valves, and manifolds. Describe how chlorine is used for odor control and aiding treatment. Lesson 5          Describe dechlorination. List processes used to achieve dechlorination. Describe sulfur dioxide dechlorination process and where applied. List and describe SO2 hazards and safe handling procedures. List and describe emergency equipment. List and describe components of SO2 supply systems and contents. Describe system startup procedures and requirements. Describe system maintenance requirements. Calculate dosage requirements and feed rates. Page 7 of 77   List types of UV systems and describe how they work. List and describe maintenance and cleaning requirements for UV systems. UNIT 7: Pond Systems Lesson 1       Describe methods of pond treatment. List the parts and purpose of the parts of a stabilization pond. List advantages and limitations of pond treatment. List three basic pond classifications and describe each according to oxygen content. Describe the basic components of the pond treatment process. List physical, chemical, and biological factors that affect a pond treatment process. Lesson 2       Describe basic factors that are involved in pond treatment startup. List controls required to maintain ponds in proper working condition. List requirements for an effective operation strategy. List methods of supplementing oxygen to enhance treatment and describe equipment that does this. Describe laboratory analysis required for pond operation. List sampling points and frequency of sampling. Lesson 3     Describe basic design requirements for a pond treatment system and locate them while investigating ponds. Calculate treatment and design loadings for a pond treatment system. Convert English units to metric units and calculate loading parameters in metric units. Calculate pond loadings in order to increase competency. Page 8 of 77 Wastewater Treatment II Contact Hours: 64 Textbook(s): Operation of Wastewater Treatment Plants, Volume II, 5 Ed, SUS Foundation, ISBN: 1nd 884701-00-00 and Advanced Waste Treatment, 2 Ed, ISBN 1-884701-40-X Course Description: Using the Internet, students will focus on issues of concern to wastewater treatment facilities. The topics of this course include activated sludge process control, sludge digestion and solids handling, nitrogen and phosphorous removal, and odor control. Along with reading assignments from the text, the course is augmented with audio, photographs, interactive exercises, and online links. Assessments: This course contains self-tests, lesson quizzes, unit finals and a proctored comprehensive final as well as a series of assignments that are emailed to the instructor. Objectives: th UNIT 1: Activated Sludge Lesson1      Explain the purpose of the activated sludge process in treating wastewater. Explain why air is added to the aeration tank in the activated sludge process. List factors that could cause an unsuitable environment for the activated sludge process in an aeration tank. Describe two main variables that can affect the way an activated sludge plant is operated. Calculate sludge age. Lesson 2       Give the purposes of aeration. Explain why diffusers are located near the bottom of the aeration tank. Describe the difference between positive displacement blowers and centrifugal blowers. List safety precautions that should be taken before working on a surface aerator. List information that should be on a lockout tag. List safety precautions that should be taken when working with blowers. Page 9 of 77 Lesson 3              Explain the importance of doing a complete equipment and structure check before start-up. Explain why lines and channels should be cleaned before start-up. Explain why an effluent weir needs to be level. Describe what can happen if a foam spray nozzle sprays on a rail or walk. Explain the importance of air filters. Explain the importance of the manufacturer's manual for blowers/compressors. State the most important safety policy when working on the center "Y" wall. State the "rule of thumb" for installing threaded diffusers. Describe basic start-up procedures for the activated sludge process. Explain when and why chlorination equipment should be put into service. Explain the importance of checking DO. Determine the pounds of solids in an aeration tank with a given volume and MLSS concentration. Estimate the return sludge pumping rate if you know the plant inflow and return sludge flow rate. Lesson 4     Explain why some activated sludge is wasted. State where the best place is for wasting excess activated sludge. Calculate the sludge age for an activated sludge process if you know the aerator volume, MLSS concentration, influent flow, and primary effluent suspended solids concentration. Calculate how many pounds of MLVSS should be wasted to keep the plant working efficiently. Lesson 5    Explain the importance of keeping good records of the activated sludge operation. Explain what happens if the MLSS is allowed to increase beyond the best range in an activated sludge process. State the first action that should be done if the plant becomes upset and what questions should be answered before making any changes. Page 10 of 77              Explain what you would do to correct for an upset created by high flows from storm water infiltration. Explain how you would correct an upset caused by seasonal temperature changes. Determine how long you would allow an activated sludge process to react and stabilize after a change. Explain what causes septic sludge and how you would control it. Explain how you differentiate between bulking and rising sludge. Explain how you would control foaming. Explain why both surface aerators and blowers need to be shut down before any work is done on them. Explain the importance of shutting down the air distribution system before repairing even the smallest leaks. List what can clog fine-bubble diffusers. Describe what causes motor windings to deteriorate. Describe how air filters are cleaned. Explain what causes equipment to "seize up" and become inoperable. Explain why an operator might want to use step-feed aeration. Lesson 6          Explain why contact stabilization requires two aeration tanks. Explain the difference between step-feed and conventional activated sludge aeration. List the sequence of treatment process stages for the SBR. Describe the difference in the mixed liquor between the SBR and a conventional activated sludge process. List three reasons why SBR systems are becoming more practical for smaller municipal flows. List the preliminary treatment processes used at an SBR treatment plant. Explain how the sequencing of reactor cycles in an SBR are controlled. Explain what happens in the reactor during the aeration cycle. Explain the purpose of sludge wasting. Page 11 of 77     Explain what is meant by plug flow. List basic items and procedures to check before starting a new SBR. List the three sampling requirements for an SBR reactor. Explain why SBRs usually survive a slug toxic waste dump. Lesson 7             Explain what is meant by a mixed culture. Explain why it is important to know microbiology. Describe what precautions must be exercised when collecting micro samples. Explain what happens when a micro sample is not analyzed promptly. Describe the difference between preparing wet mount and stained dried slides. Explain the purpose of the mechanical stage on a microscope. List the four growth phases in the typical growth pattern of bacteria. List and describe factors that can cause filamentous growths in activated sludge. List the expected desirable and undesirable microorganisms in the activated sludge process. List the physical process controls for making process changes in the conventional mode. Determine how frequently microscopic observations should be made. Explain what is meant by trends. UNIT 2: Sludge Digestion Lesson 1     Explain why raw sludge must be digested. Explain how anaerobic digestion works. Explain the purpose of mixing. List the main bacteria types and describe the effects of temperature changes in an anaerobic digester. Page 12 of 77 Lesson 2               Explain the importance of using plug type valves in sludge lines. Explain why a positive displacement pump should never be started against a closed valve. Explain what may cause an explosive mixture in a fixed cover digester. Explain the advantages of a floating cover in comparison with a fixed cover digester. Explain the importance of mixing recirculated digester sludge with raw sludge. Name the two main gaseous components of digester gas after gas production has become established. List uses of digester gas. Explain the purpose of the vacuum relief valve. Explain the purpose of flame arresters and thermal valves. Explain why drip or condensate traps should be installed in gas lines. Explain the purpose of a digester sampling well. Explain why a digester should be kept completely mixed. Explain what maintenance is needed for a gas-type mixing system. Explain the purpose of floating covers on anaerobic sludge digesters Lesson 3           Define raw sludge, scum, waste activated sludge. Explain what happens when wastewater solids are added to a new digester. Describe what happens if too much raw sludge is added to the digester. Explain what causes a digester to foam and froth. Calculate seed volume based on tank capacity. Calculate seed volume based on raw sludge to be added. Explain why sludge should be pumped periodically throughout the day rather than as one slug each day. List reasons why pumping thin sludge should be avoided. Explain why lime is added to a digester. Calculate the amount of lime needed to neutralize a digester. Page 13 of 77             Describe the function of enzymes in digestion. Describe the best method for foam control. Explain the purpose of the primary and secondary digesters. Determine the rate of sludge withdrawal. Explain why the volatile acid/alkalinity relationship is important in digester control. Describe what should be done when the volatile acid/alkalinity relationship begins to increase. Explain why pH is a poor indicator of approaching trouble in the digester. Explain the reason for running a solids test on digester sludge. Calculate the volume of sludge pumped. Calculate the percent reduction of volatile matter. Calculate digester loadings. Calculate gas production. Lesson 4       List the activities involved in the normal operation of a digester. Explain the importance of stopping mixing for 6 to 12 hours before withdrawing sludge. List methods to control toxic materials. Name kinds of materials that accumulate in digesters and reduce the active volume for digesting sludge. List situations that may affect how fast the digester volume may decrease and determine when to clean the tank. List basic safety precautions for cleaning a digester. Lesson 5      List some of the advantages of aerobic digestion over anaerobic digestion. Give the optimum detention time for aerobic digestion. Explain what is meant by endogenous respiration. Explain how to prepare a drying bed prior to applying sludge. Explain the necessity for drawing sludge slowly from the digester. Page 14 of 77 Lesson 6     Identify the goal of all regulations governing the disposal of sludge or reuse of biosolids. List and describe the main disposal practices of sludge produced in the treatment of domestic wastewater. List the five steps for general sludge management procedures. Explain the importance for operator involvement in the design, contract plans and specifications of sludge digestion systems. UNIT 3: Solids Handling Lesson 1     List the two types and general characteristics of sludges that are produced at a typical wastewater treatment facility. Explain what is meant by biosolids. List the variables that govern the quantity of primary sludge production. List the variables that govern the quantity of secondary sludge production. Lesson 2        Explain the main function of sludge thickening. Calculate the amount of dry sludge in lbs/day if you know the amount of gal/day of secondary sludge and the solids concentration. List the main components of gravity thickeners. Explain how the age of sludge may affect gravity concentration of primary activated sludge and waste activated sludge. Explain how sludge temperature affects the efficiency of gravity thickeners. Explain why the operator should make routine visual checks on gravity thickeners and other equipment. Explain what is meant by "hole" in the sludge blanket. Page 15 of 77               List the main components of DAF units. Explain the purpose of a sight glass for the retention tank. List the factors that affect the performance of DAF thickeners. Explain the effect that sludge age has on the performance of DAF thickeners. Calculate hydraulic loading for a DAF unit. List the three types of centrifuges and identify which are continuous and which operate in batch mode. Explain why centrifuges are not commonly used to thicken primary sludges. Calculate hydraulic loading for various types of centrifuges. Explain how the concentration of thickened sludge can be increased from a disc centrifuge and how the changes would affect centrate quality. List the factors affecting gravity belt filter performance. Explain what is meant by "washing out." Describe the problem that may develop if belt porosity is too low. List the steps to take if washing out of the belt develops. Explain how blinding of the belt can be corrected. Lesson 3           List the goals of stabilization. List the unit processes commonly used for sludge stabilization. List the factors affecting anaerobic digestion. Explain the influence of inorganic and organic materials that can be found in industrial wastes on the performance of anaerobic digestion processes. Explain the aerobic digestion process. List the factors affecting aerobic digestion. Explain how an operator can control digestion time. Calculate digestion time. Explain how temperature affects aerobic digester performance. Explain how the DO level is determined in aerobic digesters. Page 16 of 77    List the potential causes of foaming and how to correct it. List two chemicals used to stabilize sludges. Identify the two major limitations of using chemicals to stabilize sludges. Lesson 4               Explain why solid particles in sludge require conditioning. List the various types of sludge conditioning methods. Explain why chemical types and dosage requirements vary from plant to plant. Calculate solution strength of a mixture. Explain why dry chemicals should be kept in a dry place. Explain the purpose for wetting dry polymers. Explain the importance of curing time. Explain why chemical tanks should be covered. Explain how thermal conditioning improves the dewaterability of sludge. List the factors that affect thermal conditioning. Calculate reactor detention time. Explain why continuous operation of a heat treatment unit is desirable. List the factors affecting wet oxidation. Explain how elutriation improves the dewaterability of sludge and the problems associated with the process. Lesson 5       Describe the primary objective of sludge dewatering. Describe the unit processes most commonly used for sludge dewatering. List the factors that affect pressure filtration performance. Explain why increasing the operating pressure might result in wetter cakes. Explain what should be done if the discharge cakes from a filter press are wet throughout. Explain the purpose of the drainage zone. Page 17 of 77                 Describe the function of the dewatering zone. List the factors that affect belt filter performance. List problems that may be expected when using a belt press to dewater secondary sludge. Explain how pressure affects belt press operation. Explain what is meant by "washing out." Explain how belt type affects press performance and what happens if belt porosity is too low. Explain why filter media pass through a washing zone. Explain how the porosity of the filter media affect vacuum filter performance. Explain how the operator can increase cake dryness. Explain why higher scroll speeds are required to dewater sludges as compared to sludge thickening. Explain why sand drying beds are not commonly used for wet oxidized sludges. List the factors that affect sand drying bed performance. Explain why sand bed compaction should be avoided. Identify and describe the major problem encountered when operating sand drying beds. Identify a limitation of sand drying beds. Explain how an operator can have a successful sludge dewatering program. Lesson 6           Explain the difference between drying and incineration. Explain the need for a suitable environment in compost piles. List the guidelines that must be met to create a suitable compost environment. List the factors that affect compost operations. Explain why secondary sludges are not as easy to compost as primary sludges. Explain what is meant by "balling." Explain the difference between direct and indirect drying. Explain why sludge is blended with previously dried material prior to rotary drying. Explain why sludge should be dewatered prior to mechanical drying or incineration. Describe the main problems encountered when operating rotary dryers. Page 18 of 77        Explain what is meant by sludge incineration. Explain what is meant by rabble arms and rabble teeth. List the three ingredients necessary for combustion to occur. List the three distinct zones in a furnace. List the three factors essential for combustion and the source of each factor in a furnace. Explain what is meant by "burnout." List three purposes of facultative sludge storage lagoons. Lesson 7          Identify the major concerns regarding the disposal of sludge. Identify the conditions that sludges or biosolids can be safely applied to food crops. Identify the methods available for the disposal of mechanically dewatered digested sludge. Identify how liquid digested sludge can be disposed of. Describe how liquid sludge can be spread over land. Identify how composted material can be disposed of. Explain why the surface layer of liquid on permanent lagoons must be aerobic. Identify how many groundwater monitoring wells are needed for a DLD site and where they should be located. List the important design provisions the operator should look for when reviewing plans and specifications. UNIT 4: Solids Removal Lesson 1     Explain what is meant by coagulation and flocculation. Explain why chemicals might be used in a wastewater treatment. Explain what precautions should be exercised when working with chemicals. Define stabilization and explain its importance. Page 19 of 77          Explain the importance of mixing in the coagulation process. Identify the four most common chemicals that can be added to improve settling. Explain why alum should be kept dry. Explain the importance of cleaning alum from equipment before shutting down. List safety precautions when handling concentrated solutions of ferric chloride. Explain how to clean lime scale from the inside of pipes. Describe how to clean up a polyelectrolyte spill. Describe the jar test procedure. Identify the sampling point location for collecting samples for a jar test. Lesson 2           Explain how chemical solutions are prepared for feeding. List the most common types of chemical feeders or metering equipment. List the items that should be considered when selecting a chemical feeder. List the three common modes of rapid mixing of coagulant chemicals. Explain what is meant by tapered flocculation. List the four factors that are considered in the design of clarifiers. List the possible causes of short-circuiting in a clarifier. Identify what water quality indicators should be monitored when operating a physical-chemical treatment process. List two common problems that could occur when operating a physical-chemical treatment process. List the items that should be checked during the start-up inspection of a chemical feed system. Lesson 3     Explain what is meant by backwashing and its role in the filtering process. Explain what is meant by "downflow" and "static bed" when describing rapid sand filters. Identify the types of materials are used for filter media. Explain what happens if the filter media is not thoroughly cleaned during each backwashing. Page 20 of 77      Describe the purpose of a used backwash water holding tank. Explain how head loss through filter media is determined. List at least five types of abnormal operating conditions that could occur while operating a filtration system. Explain how to determine if media are being lost from a filter. Identify the three main types of safety hazards around filtration systems. Lesson 4           Explain the purpose of the inert-media pressure filter. Identify what chemicals are commonly used with the filtration process and why. List the major components of a pressure filter system. Calculate polymer and alum dosage. Identify the purpose of the holding tank located just ahead of the filter. List the main components of pressure filters. Explain how the mat of suspended material on the media surface is initially broken up during a backwash. Explain what happens when large quantities of alum or polymer accidentally reach the filter. Identify the safety precautions that should be practiced when working with alum or polymers. Identify what caution should be exercised when observing the operation of the surface wash arms. Lesson 5         Explain how a continuous backwash, upflow, deep-bed silica sand media filter works. Explain the purpose of the influent and effluent turbidity meters. Explain why the influent and effluent flows are metered. Explain why provisions should be made to bypass filtration system facilities. Explain the reason for adding chemical coagulants to the filter influent. Explain why flocculant solution is added to the filter influent. Explain why ferric chloride should be handled with care. Describe the safety precautions that should be taken before entering the plenum area of a filter. Page 21 of 77 Lesson 6          Explain how cross flow filtration processes differ form conventional filtration. List the basic membrane configurations. Explain how membrane systems prevent the buildup of particles on the surface. Explain what causes fouling of the membrane surface. Calculate Qp CORRECTED. List the steps for cleaning a membrane. Describe when spongeballs would be used to remove membrane foulants. List the common pretreatment processes used for ultrafiltration systems processing industrial waste. Explain why pH control at the ultrafilter important in an oily waste system. UNIT 5: Phosphorus Removal Lesson 1   Explain why phosphorus is removed from wastewater. List the three main systems used to remove phosphorus from wastewater. Lesson 2           Name the two common elements all biological treatment systems have in common. List the factors that have a major influence on the biomass in a reactor. Explain how an operator selects the organisms needed to meet a particular processing objective. Describe the two process layouts commonly used for biological phosphorus removal. Explain what is meant by luxury uptake of phosphorus. Describe the hazards of working with lime. List the routine checks that should be done before starting up lime feeding equipment. Describe what calcium carbonate is and its effect on equipment. Describe ideal conditions for the sedimentation tank. List information needed to calculate the hydraulic loading on a chemical clarifier. Page 22 of 77   Describe how lime can be recovered for reuse in lime-phosphorus sludge. Explain how limestone scale can be removed from equipment and piping. Lesson 3        Explain why the slaker or lime mix feed system needs a grit removal system. List the tasks necessary for daily operation of a lime precipitation process to remove phosphorus. Explain what factors affect phosphorous removal efficiency in the lime precipitation process. Explain the purpose of the lime slaking mechanism. Explain what recalcined lime is. Explain why a lime process might also use a polymer. Explain how to reduce problems caused by lime-plugged pumps or pipes. Lesson 4     Explain the main difference between the use of lime and alum for precipitation of phosphorus-rich particles. Explain how to determine the optimum alum dosage. Explain what happens to filter backwashing cycles if upstream units are not functioning properly. List the safety precautions that should be observed when working with alum. UNIT 6: Nitrogen Removal Lesson 1      Name the two nutrients that cause algal growths in receiving waters. List several biological nutrient removal methods. Explain how nitrogen is removed by the nitrification/denitrification treatment process. Describe the recommended use of breakpoint chlorination for removing nitrogen. Describe how ammonium nitrogen is removed by the ion exchange process. Page 23 of 77 Lesson 2            Name the two types of biological growth reactors used for nitrification and list an example for each. Identify the optimum wastewater temperature range for good nitrification. Explain how to maintain sufficient alkalinity in a nitrification process. Describe how oxygen is provided in attached growth nitrification processes. Explain why the wastewater flow must be distributed over the surface of a nitrification tower at an optimum rate. Convert BOD to 100 and adjust N and P by that factor. Calculate BOD in pounds per day, then determine amount of phosphorus needed, lbs/day. Describe what kind of environment is necessary for denitrification. Explain the purpose of sand in a fluidized bed reactor? List the two types of reactors used in denitrification and give an example for each. Explain what will happen if free oxygen is present in the denitrification process. Lesson 3     Describe what environmental conditions are important for a successful ammonia stripping process. List two operating problems of the air stripping process. Explain how calcium carbonate scale is formed during the air stripping process. Explain how calcium carbonate scale can be removed. Lesson 4    Describe the breakpoint chlorination process. Identify the appropriate application that breakpoint chlorination is used for. Explain how the Lemna Duckweed System works. Page 24 of 77 UNIT 7: Odor Control Lesson 1         Explain why wastewater tends to become more septic in today's collection systems and have more odor and corrosion problems. Explain how odors are produced. List the order in which microorganisms break down compounds containing oxygen in nature. Identify the major source of inorganic odor-producing sulfate compounds found in collections systems and treatment plants. Identify the pH range that hydrogen sulfide causes problems. Describe how odors can the measured. List as many groups/types of odors you can recall. Explain why the operator investigating an odor complaint may not be able to detect it. Lesson 2             List the steps to follow to solve an odor problem. Identify three ways that chlorine helps to control odors. Identify three ways in which hydrogen peroxide can react to control odors. Explain how oxygen is used to control odors. Explain how pH adjustment can control odors from hydrogen sulfide. Explain how off gases and foul air are treated in a biological odor removal tower. Explain why the pH of the spray water should not be allowed to drop below 6.0. Explain how odors in air can be treated. Explain how to determine if the rectifier output is set properly or too high or too low when operating a chemical scrubber unit using a brine solution. Identify a solid that is used in an adsorption process to remove odors from air. List the advantages of a chemical mist system. List two methods for regenerating carbon in place. Page 25 of 77 UNIT 8: Nutrient Control & Reclamation Lesson 1          Identify the first priority for enhanced biological nutrient control systems. Explain why system flexibility is important in biological treatment processes. Explain how the operator of the Bardenpho process regulates the degree of nitrate removal. List the types of SVI control selectors and describe their main purposes. Identify what causes elevated SVIs. Identify the two basic required features of anoxic zones. Explain what should be the emphasis for the review of design documents for enhanced nitrogen oxidation. Identify what provisions are important to verify when reviewing plans and specifications if a plant has an effluent filter that is backwashed intermittently. Identify what hazardous chemical is used with enhanced nitrogen removal. Lesson 2      Identify the advantages and limitations of fine bubble diffused aeration. Identify the two basic required features of anoxic zones. Explain the advantage of using submerged baffles. Identify what should be emphasis for the review of design documents for enhanced nitrogen oxidation. Identify what hazardous chemical is used with enhanced nitrogen removal. Lesson 3  List the possible uses of reclaimed wastewater. Page 26 of 77 Lesson 4      Describe how coliform and pathogenic bacteria can be killed in reclaimed wastewater. Explain why "blend" water is sometimes mixed with plant effluent. List possible causes of clogging in a recharge well and possible cures for each. Explain what you would do if reclaimed effluent was being used by an industry and one of the water quality standards was not being met. Explain why you should never work alone when working around reservoirs or blending tanks. Lesson 5    Define evaportranspiration and hydrologic cycle. List three methods used for land disposal of wastewater. List the main parts of a land application system. Lesson 6        List the main items of equipment that should be inspected before starting a spray irrigation system. Identify the main objective of a land disposal system. List the three main areas of process control in a land disposal system. Identify the probable causes of water ponding in an irrigated area where ponding normally has not been observed. List the four monitoring areas for an irrigation system where crops are grown. Identify the major cause of accidents to operators while working with sprinkler irrigation systems. List the items that should be examined when reviewing plans and specifications for a land disposal system. Page 27 of 77 Wastewater Treatment - Industrial Contact Hours: 64 hours Textbook(s): Industrial Waste Treatment, Volume I, 2 nd Edition, CSUS Foundation, ISBN: 1-884701-04-3 Course Description: Using the Internet students will focus on issues of concern to industrial wastewater treatment facilities. The topics of this course include regulatory requirements; flow measurement; preliminary, physical and chemical treatment; filtration; and treatment of metal streams. Along with reading assignments from the text, the course is augmented with audio, photographs, interactive exercises, and online links. Assessments: This course contains self-tests, lesson quizzes, unit finals and a proctored comprehensive final as well as a series of assignments that are emailed to the instructor. Objectives: UNIT 1: Regulatory Requirements Lesson1     Explain the significance of the 1972 Federal Water Pollution Act and state its two major goals. Explain the basic mission of EPA. Explain the purpose of the CWA. Describe the difference between DIRECT DISCHARGERS and INDIRECT DISCHARGERS and how they are classified. Lesson 2     Explain the purpose of the NPDES permit program. List the main elements of an NPDES permit. List the main categories under which NPDES permits can be issued. Explain the difference between self-monitoring and compliance monitoring. Lesson 3         Describe the types of pollutants regulated by the General Pretreatment Regulations. List the most common conventional pollutants. Name the two types of regulatory programs established by EPA's General Pretreatment Regulations. List the eight types of pollutants prohibited by the General Pretreatment Regulations into POTWs. Define toxic pollutants. Explain the difference between "technology-based standards" and "receiving water standards." Identify EPA's two levels of treatment technology. Explain the difference between PSES and PSNS. Page 28 of 77 Lesson 4          Name and define the two types of categorical standards used in the EPA pretreatment program. Define "regulated streams." Explain what is meant by "Total Toxic Organics." List the three types of reports that must be submitted by categorical dischargers according to General Pretreatment Regulations. List the types of information required in a Baseline Monitoring Report. Describe sampling requirements by the POTW if a violation occurs at an IU. Explain three ways Categorical Pretreatment Standards could be modified. Explain what is meant by "net gross credit." Explain the difference between PSES and PSNS. Lesson 5         Identify the basic document granting authority to administer a pretreatment program. Explain what is meant by "wastewater facilities." List the essential elements of a wastewater ordinance as established by EPA. Describe the types of wastewater pollutants not allowed to be discharged by industrial wastewater limitations to POTWs. List four goals identified by EPA that should be considered when assessing fines for industries that discharge pollutants beyond their permitted limits. Explain what authority a POTW has against noncompliant companies violating industrial waste ordinance requirements. List three other types of local ordinances other than wastewater ordinances that may affect industrial wastewater dischargers. List three items that might be included in a local sanitary sewer code. Lesson 6     List the two main goals of RCRA. Name the most common pollutants found in storm water runoff. Explain the purpose of the Hazard Communication Standard or Worker Right-to-Know. List the types of training that employers must provide for employees whose work involves hazardous materials transportation safety. Page 29 of 77 UNIT 2: Preventing and Minimizing Waste Lesson 1      Explain the difference between industrial waste treatment and pollution prevention. Identify the four areas that pollution prevention programs generally include Describe the current regulatory requirements for pollution prevention Describe the industrial treatment facility operator's role in pollution prevention. Describe the economic benefits of preventing pollution. Lesson 2   Explain what is meant by good operating practices. Identify general types of pollution prevention opportunities in the areas of: o Good Operating Practices o Material Substitution o Process Modification o Product Reformulation Identify what factors should be considered when purchasing raw materials. Explain how material substitution can minimize waste. Explain how product reformulation can minimize waste    Lesson 3     List the four main areas that comprise pollution prevention opportunities. Explain the purpose of pollution prevention opportunity checklists. List the main keys to pollution prevention in metal finishing. List the main keys to pollution prevention in the chemical formulating industry. UNIT 3: Industrial Wastewaters Lesson 1     Give two reasons why it is important for an operator to understand the sources of industrial wastes. Explain why a knowledge of the various industrial manufacturing processes is important for an industrial wastewater treatment plant operator. Identify four ways wastewaters can be generated and then discharged to the industrial sewer that are common to most manufacturing processes. Explain what is meant by "mixed waste." Page 30 of 77 Lesson 2       Explain what is meant by compatible and noncompatible pollutants and give an example for each. Explain the difference between concentration and mass of pollutants. Identify the common units of expression for (1) concentration, (2) mass, and (3) mass emission rate. Explain how high flows or concentrations cause interference or pass-through of the pollutant. Identify common situations where an industrial waste must be treated after the normal production hours. Explain the difference between continuous and intermittent discharges. Lesson 3         List several problems that can be caused in IWTS collection and treatment systems by the discharge of heated industrial wastewaters. Describe the effects on the collection system if it is not designed properly or if there is a spill, leak, or accidental discharge of industrial wastewaters. Identify what types of industrial discharges can cause odor problems. Explain the effects of various pH levels on an industrial discharge. Identify several problems that a hydraulic overload can cause at a wastewater treatment plant. Define "interference." Describe when changes in conductivity indicate changes in what types of wastestream constituents. Describe the effects of industrial discharges on effluent and sludge disposal and reuse. Lesson 4              Describe the effects of industrial wastewaters on wastewater collection, treatment, and disposal systems. Identify industrial pollution sources and recommend techniques to minimize pollutants at the source. List the five general processes of the metal finishing industry and describe the different processes pertinent to each. List the most common waste types found in the waste/wastewater streams generated from the metal finishing processes. List the general processes of printed circuit board manufacturing. List the major pulp, paper, and paperboard manufacturing processes. Identify the three basic types of chemical pulping now in common use. List the battery manufacturing processes that generate wastewater. Identify the major water usage processes in the leather tanning industry. Identify on what basis are various types of petroleum crudes differentiated and what terms commonly describe the different types. List the waste/wastewater sources for the hydrofluoric acid industry. Identify the major uses of titanium dioxide. Identify the major sources of wastewater for the hydrogen cyanide industry. Page 31 of 77 Lesson 5     Explain what is meant by "source control." List the most common sources of pollution in the metal finishing industry. Identify devices and procedures used to reduce drag out. Describe several rinsing techniques that could be implemented to reduce water use and waste treatment costs. UNIT 4: Flow Management Lesson 1  Explain why it is important for operators to be able to measure industrial discharges. Lesson 2    Give the typical units used for flow measurement. Explain what is meant by the letters Q = AV. List the two basic types of flow systems. Lesson 3           Explain the function of primary elements and be able to list examples. Explain the purpose of a weir and describe how it basically functions. List the main types of flumes and describe how they work. List the three different sections of a flume. Explain why head measurements must be made at a specific location on Parshall or PalmerBowlus flumes. Explain the function of secondary elements and be able to list and describe at least four examples. List the factors that should be considered when selecting the type of secondary device. Explain the purpose of a stilling well. Describe how a bubbler measures flow depth. Describe how an ultrasonic meter measures water depth. Lesson 4      Explain how flows are measured in closed pipes. Identify several differential pressure devices. Identify several mechanical devices. Identify several acoustic devices and explain how they work. Explain the advantages of an electromagnetic flowmeter. Page 32 of 77 Lesson 5        Define surcharge. Identify the three basic methods used to check the accuracy of a flow metering system and explain how they work. Explain how an operator can check the accuracy of a flowmeter. Identify what factors may exist to cause an operator to take manual measurements on primary devices. Describe how to get accurate depth measurements. Explain when the dye dilution method is most useful in measuring flows. Explain how to calibrate chemical metering pumps and meters measuring small pumped flow rates. Lesson 6       Identify the reasons for measuring flows before and after an equalization basin. Describe how to determine the accuracy of a primary sludge pump. Identify how return activated sludge flows are measured. Explain how the actual volume of waste activated sludge pumped to an aerobic digester can be measured. Explain the difference between filter backwash rates and chemical feed rates. Explain how a representative sample can be obtained if the waste characteristics are variable. UNIT 5: Preliminary Treatment Lesson 1  Explain what is meant by preliminary treatment. Lesson 2        Explain why IWTS influent wastewater flows vary. Describe the difference between side-line and in-line flow equalization. Calculate the minimum volume of an equalization tank needed to accommodate a plant's wastewater flows. Explain why IWTS recycle streams should be discharged to the equalization tank. List the beneficial effects of flow equalization for an industrial wastewater treatment system. Explain why solvents should be removed from the wastestream before they enter an equalization tank. Describe what precautions should be taken when a collection system is used for equalization of flows. Page 33 of 77 Lesson 3        Identify the factors that must be considered when sizing an equalization tank. Explain why mixing is so important in an equalization tank. Define head loss. Explain how short-circuiting can be controlled in equalization basins. Explain how higher-than-design average flows should be treated. Explain the importance of equalization. Determine whether equalization would be of benefit to your plant. Lesson 4           Explain the benefit of screening to pretreat industrial wastewater. Identify the types of solids that can be screened from industrial wastewater. Explain why bar screens without underwater drive parts are preferred by industrial plants. List the procedures for shutting down a mechanical bar screen. Explain the purpose of fine screens. Explain the benefits of using static screens. Identify the main advantage rotating fine screens have over static screens. Identify the types of in-channel or in-tank screens and describe how they operate. List the most important rule(s) when working on any motorized screening unit. Explain the importance of keeping good maintenance records. Lesson 5       Explain why industrial wastewaters need pH adjustments. Explain what is meant by neutralization. Explain how pH is measured. Define pH. Identify what factors pH adjustment is dependent on. Explain what is meant by titration. Lesson 6    Identify the three types of reference electrodes. List and describe the physical and chemical factors that affect pH sensors. Identify the factors that influence pH electrode accuracy and response time. Lesson 7     List three components of a successful pH control strategy. Explain the advantages of two equalization tanks and when they may be needed. Explain dead time. Explain what is meant by intermixing and backmixing and the importance of each. Page 34 of 77 Lesson 8    List the components of and instrumentation and control system for pH adjustment. Identify the final element in the control system and describe what it does. Explain what an operator can do to ensure reliable pH controller performance. Lesson 9   List the common pH adjustment systems. Explain how pH is adjusted when the wastewater contains more than one type of heavy metal. Lesson 10     List four basic steps for troubleshooting pH adjustment systems. Explain why one electrode might lag behind the other two in a three-electrode system. Identify how changes in manufacturing processes might affect pH adjustment. List the four basic types of pH adjustment systems. Unit 6: Physical-Chemical Treatment Lesson 1     Define coagulation. Define flocculation. Explain why chemicals are used in a wastewater treatment plant. Identify the process control guidelines for tertiary or chemical addition. Lesson 2     Explain the importance of destabilization. Determine the typical particle charge if a wastewater tends to have a pH on the low side of pH 6.5. Explain why mixing is important for coagulation and what happens to the process if mixing is either too slow or too fast. Explain what is meant by electrostatic repulsion. Page 35 of 77 Lesson 3         List the four most commonly used chemicals to improve settling of solids. Explain the necessity for keeping alum dry. List some of the characteristics of alum. Explain why mechanical equipment should be cleaned of all alum before it is shut down. List the safety precautions required for handling concentrated solutions of ferric chloride. List common characteristics of lime and the problem caused by transporting concentrated lime slurries in pipelines. Describe a polymer. List common characteristics of polyelectrolytes. Lesson 4         Describe the three stages of testing used in choosing chemical products for a treatment process. Describe a basic jar test procedure. Identify two elements that must be known about a jar test unit before using it. List general setup considerations for jars and test chemicals used in most testing applications. List the basic data items needed for preparing a Jar Test Bench Sheet. Identify two elements of information that should be evident as a result of dosage testing. Give the reason(s) for conducting a full-scale trial of selected chemicals. Describe the importance for system performance optimization and how one should determine the frequency of testing. Lesson 5            Explain how chemical solutions are prepared for feeding. List the most common types of chemical metering equipment. List the key elements to consider when selecting a chemical feeder. List the key elements for consideration when reviewing chemical feed system designs. List the basic items to check before starting up a chemical feeder the first time. List the basic procedure to use when shutting down a chemical system. List the three basic methods for rapid mixing of coagulant chemicals. Explain the differences between vertical and horizontal flow clarifiers. List the four factors that should be considered in the design of clarifiers. Describe what happens if the detention time in a clarifier is too short. List the possible causes of short-circuiting in a clarifier. Page 36 of 77 Lesson 6      List the key items that should be considered in the operational strategy for a physical-chemical treatment process. List several abnormal conditions that could be encountered in the water being treated when operating a physical-chemical treatment process. List two common problems that may occur in physical-chemical treatment systems. List the items that should be checked during the start-up inspection of a chemical feed system. List the basic procedures to follow for the normal operation of a chemical coagulationprecipitation system. UNIT 7: Filtration Systems Lesson 1             Explain the purpose of filtration. Identify when a gravity filter should be cleaned. Explain what is meant by "downflow" and "static bed" in relationship to rapid sand filters. Identify from what part of the filter solids are removed by surface straining and by depth filtration. List the types of materials used for filter media. Describe what can happen if the filter media is not cleaned thoroughly during each backwashing. Explain the purpose of a used backwash water holding tank. Explain how head loss is determined through the filter media. Explain why a pre-start check be conducted before starting up the filtering systems. Explain the importance of backwashing a filter and when backwashing should be done. List five types of abnormal operating conditions that can occur in the operation of a filtration system. List the three main safety hazards found around filtration systems. Lesson 2          Identify the main components of inert-media pressure filters. List the chemicals most commonly used with the filtration process and explain why they are used. Explain the purpose of the holding tank. Explain the difference between anionic, cationic, and nonionic. List the most common granular filter media used in wastewater filtration and describe how the various media are placed in the filter. Explain what is meant by filter differential pressure. Explain the importance of backwashing. Explain the purpose of the decant tank. List safety precautions that should be exercised when working with alum or polymers. Page 37 of 77 Lesson 3        Explain how a continuous backwash, upflow, deep-bed silica sand media filter works. Explain how a turbidity meter works. Explain the purpose of adding chemical coagulants to the filter influent. Explain the purpose of adding flocculant solution to the filter influent. Explain the importance of not dropping anything into the filter and what should be done if something is. List the basic safety precautions that should be exercised when working around any media filter system. Explain why ferric chloride should be handled with care. Lesson 4    Explain what is meant by cross flow. List and describe the four types of membrane filter processes. List and describe the basic membrane configurations. Lesson 5       Define flux. Explain the importance of retention in a wastewater stream. Calculate retention. Calculate the concentration of waste components. Describe how membrane systems prevent the buildup of particles on the surface. Explain what causes fouling of the membrane surface. Lesson 6       Explain what is meant by filter staging. List and describe the three operating modes that can be used in waste treatment systems. Explain the importance of feed pretreatment. List the steps for cleaning a membrane. Determine the effectiveness of a cleaning cycle. List basic safety precautions for membrane systems. Page 38 of 77 UNIT 8: Physical Treatment Process Lesson 1       Explain the purpose of air stripping. List and describe the types of air stripping systems. Describe how air stripping works. Explain why air stripping can be an economical means of controlling volatile organic compounds. Explain the reason for recovering heat from an incinerator system. List three ways to prevent the fouling of air stripper media. Lesson 2             Explain why the activated adsorption process is used to treat industrial waste. Define adsorption. Describe how activated carbon is made. List and describe the two size classifications of activated carbon used in wastewater treatment. Explain what is meant by isotherm. List and describe the three basic system variations used for industrial treatment. Explain the countercurrent flow principle. Explain how flow rates through a carbon adsorption system are controlled. Describe the condition referred to as breakthrough. List the possible causes of high head losses through and activated carbon process. Explain the reason for filling the activated carbon column reactor slowly. Explain what should be done if the wastewater treatment process upstream from a carbon adsorption process failed. Lesson 3        Explain what is meant by regeneration of activated carbon. Explain the purpose for regeneration of activated carbon. List the different types of regeneration furnaces and describe each as to how it works or is used. Explain what happens to the carbon regeneration furnace if the feed rate is too high. List and describe the basic steps involved in carbon regeneration in a multiple hearth furnace. List common problems that occur in the activated carbon regeneration process. List the problems that may be encountered when operating a carbon regeneration furnace. Page 39 of 77 Lesson 4     List the types of lab tests used to evaluate the organics removal efficiency of a carbon adsorption unit. List the main safety procedures to be followed when entering a carbon adsorption vessel. List the items that should be considered when reviewing the plans and specifications for an activated carbon adsorption process. Describe the kinds of warning signs and alarms that should be provided with an activated carbon adsorption process. UNIT 9: Treatment of Metal Wastestreams Lesson 1       Explain why physical-chemical processes are used to treat metal wastestreams rather than biological processes. List the types of industries that produce metallically contaminated wastestreams. List chemicals that have been used to overcome the effects of chelating agents. Explain how to determine when a bath is spent (according to a production standpoint). List and describe a process used to treat wastestreams containing gold and silver. Describe the basic treatment required for cyanide and hexavalent chromium prior to the precipitation reaction. Lesson 2             Explain why a batch process would be used to treat metal wastestreams and how it works. Explain how wastewaters with either high pH levels or low pH levels are neutralized. Describe the safety precautions that must be observed when working with strongly acidic and strongly basic solutions. Explain why two pH levels are sometimes necessary for effective hydroxide percipitation of metals. List the major limitations of the sulfide precipitation process. Explain why complexed metals are hard to treat. Describe how complexed metal wastewaters can be treated. Explain why hexavalent chromium has to be converted to trivalent chromium. Describe the two-step process used to reduce hexavalent chromium to the trivalent state and remove it by hydroxide precipitation. Describe the most practical and economical method for treating metal wastestreams containing cyanide. Explain why efficient operation of a cyanide oxidation system requires exact control of the pH. List the various ways used to recover precious metals from metal wastestreams. Page 40 of 77        List the precious metals that can be recovered using the ion exchange process. List the metal plating chemicals that can be recovered by using ion exchange. List the sources of oily wastes in wastestreams. List the common techniques use to remove oily wastes from metal wastestreams. List the processes used to treat both free/floating oil and emulsified oil. Explain why spent degreasing solvents must be segregated from other process wastewaters. Explain how to remove toxic organics that enter wastestreams. Lesson 3         List basic instrumentation and controls used to treat metal wastestreams. Explain the importance of regularly cleaning and calibrating pH and ORP probes. List the most common types of materials that must be removed for pH and ORP probes. Explain what is meant by a "standard" buffer and a "slope" buffer. List various problems that could develop with the indicator when using pH and ORP probes. Describe how to check the accuracy of the flow measuring devices. Describe the benefits of using programmable controllers and what must be done when one goes out of service. Explain why an operator should have a fundamental knowledge of electrical power and how it is controlled. Lesson 4    List techniques used to reduce sludge volumes. List and describe the various techniques used to dewater metallic sludges. List and describe the methods to further reduce dewatered sludge moisture content to reduce the volume of disposable sludge. Lesson 5             List the factors that influence the types and complexity of the metal wastes treatment processes. List activities operators must do to effectively operate wastewater treatment facilities. Explain the importance of a visual observation of the precipitation process. Explain the importance of collecting representative samples. Explain the difference between grab samples and composite samples. Explain how to prepare a proportional composite sample. Define flow measurement and write the basic flow formula. Explain the importance of measuring flow and list various types of flow measuring devices. Explain the importance of operating ventilation systems used in metal plating and metal finishing facilities. List items that should be checked before starting a pump. List the basic rules for centrifugal pump operation. List items that should be done before stopping an operating pump. Page 41 of 77         List basic sequential procedures to follow to start a centrifugal pump. Recite the most important rule regarding the operation of positive displacement pumps. Explain the purpose of a preventive maintenance program. Explain why pH and ORP probes shouldn't be overstocked. List the main reasons pH readings may appear to be incorrect in either direct chemical feed systems or indirect chemical feed systems. List the items to check if ORP readings are out of the proper range. List what should be checked if a centrifugal pump will not start. Explain what is meant by cavitation. Lesson 6       Explain the purpose of using chemicals in waste treatment processes. Give the rule for mixing acid (or a caustic) and water. List some of the dangers when working with sodium hydroxide. Describe what should be done if acid comes into contact with your skin. Describe what should be done if your eyes become irritated by chlorine gas. List the most important phone numbers Page 42 of 77 Wastewater Collection Systems Contact Hours: 64 Textbook(s): Operation & Maintenance of Wastewater Collection Systems, Volumes I & II, 5 Ed, CSUS Foundation, ISBN: 1-884701-19-1 Course Description: Using the Internet students will gain a working knowledge of wastewater collection systems, safety procedures, sewer inspection and testing, pipeline cleaning and maintenance, underground repair, lift stations, equipment maintenance, and sewer rehabilitation. Along with reading assignments from the text, the course is enhanced with up-to-date photographs, audio, interactive exercises, and links. Assessments: This course contains self-tests, lesson quizzes, unit finals and a proctored comprehensive final as well as a series of assignments that are emailed to the instructor. Objectives: UNIT 1: Collection System Basics Lesson1                List problems that impact current systems. Describe purpose of collection systems. Describe comparisons to other systems. Define "operation and maintenance." List financial problems for systems. List requirements for system management. th Lesson 2 Apply math rules for solving equations. Calculate percentages, areas, and volumes of basic shapes. Work with the metric system of measurement. Convert temperature between Fahrenheit and Celsius. Lesson 3 List and describe three types of collection systems. List three flow components of collection system design. Calculate design flows when given listed information. Calculate flow when given the pipe or channel dimensions and the flow velocity. List and describe flow variations. Page 43 of 77 Lesson 4                          List and describe six components of a gravity system. List and describe four components of a low pressure system. List and describe four components of a vacuum system. List and describe twelve system appurtenances. Lesson 5 Describe two types of surveys used in system design. List and describe four factors used to determine slope and size of system. Calculate the slope. List requirements for sewer location, alignment, and depth. List factors considered when selecting pipe materials. List and describe types of rigid and flexible pipe according to the materials used to manufacture. List and describe commonly used connecting joints. Match commonly used connecting joints to the most effective use in system. Describe manholes. List design items which influence maintenance of manholes in system. Lesson 6 List and describe five types of excavation equipment. Describe three protective measures used in excavation. List all hazards common to excavation operations. List and describe methods used to ensure proper system construction. List requirements for pipe bedding, placement, and joining. List requirements for trench backfilling and surface restoration. Lesson 7 List requirements for system inspection. List requirements for inspecting materials, pipe laying, appurtenances, excavation and backfilling, and surface restoration. List and describe requirements for air testing new system construction. List and describe requirements for water testing new system construction. Calculate water loss during testing. Page 44 of 77  List and describe records which need to be kept for system operation and maintenance of collection system. UNIT 2: Safe Procedures for Operators Lesson 1                   List common work tasks, vehicles, and driving conditions which will require safe procedures. List vehicle inspection requirements and recognize hazards related to each. List the basic requirements of driving defensively. List requirements for routing traffic around the job site and answer related questions that will determine how traffic control will be implemented. List qualifications and responsibilities for traffic control personnel. List basic regulations controlling work zone safety. List and describe the purpose of each of five control zones. List devices used for traffic control and describe how and where each device is used. Lesson 2 Describe and classify manhole hazards and access proper procedures from OSHA Regulation 1910.146. List and describe common atmosphere hazards. List and describe mechanical, electrical, and health hazards found in confined spaces. List proper protective equipment and describe how and when the equipment will be used. Describe atmospheric testing equipment and how it is to be properly used. List and describe proper ventilation equipment and additional appurtenances and clothing to provide for safe manhole entry. Match types of gloves with use and levels of respiratory protection with equipment required. List proper procedures to be implemented before entry and complete an entry permit by filling in required information. List procedures implemented during and following entry and work. List final precautions taken before entry into manhole. Page 45 of 77 Lesson 3          List electric hazards and conditions leading to exposure. Match milliamps to injury caused. List and describe lockout/tagout procedures. List noise hazards and describe basic requirements for hearing protection. Classify fires and match them to extinguishing methods. List and describe common chemical hazards. Read an MSDS and find key information for particular chemical products. Lesson 4 Convert between English units and metric units of measurement. Work with metric units when solving collection system math problems. UNIT 3: Inspection and Testing Lesson 1               List reasons for inspection/testing. List and describe collection system problems. Identify detection methods for inflow/infiltration. List typical solutions according to source. Calculate the population equivalent of Inflow/Infiltration (I/I). Lesson 2 List objectives for manhole inspection. List equipment required for inspection. List staffing requirements for inspection. List and describe five steps required for manhole inspection. List potential defects which may be observed. Complete an inspection form with information to create an inspection report. Lesson 3 Describe television inspection. List reasons for television inspections. List actions possible for CCTV inspections. Page 46 of 77                  List and describe CCTV components. List and describe related items for CCTV. List and describe CCTV inspection procedures. List potential defects which may be observed. Complete an inspection form with information and create an inspection report. Log pertinent observations and record information on an inspection form. List and describe special precautions implemented during CCTV inspections. Describe procedures for shutting down, removing equipment, and preparation for next inspection. List and describe procedures used for photographing TV pictures and for proper selection of newer equipment. Calculate the percent of error given the footage meter distance and the actual distance. Lesson 4 Describe purpose of smoke testing and list equipment required. Describe proper preparation requirements and list procedures for proper smoke test operation. Describe proper method of recording observations. List and describe related considerations which could be sources of error. Lesson 5 Describe proper procedures to dye test a section of a collection system. Describe proper procedures used to lamp a run of pipe between manholes. Describe proper procedures for testing for leaks using air/water pressure (sections 3.85 and 3.86). UNIT 4: Pipeline Cleaning and Maintenance Lesson 1       Define objectives of a cleaning and maintenance program. List causes, stoppages, and problems. List and describe methods used to clean and maintain sewers. Select solutions to sewer maintenance problems. List and describe equipment used for cleaning and maintenance. List information and records required for work assignments. Page 47 of 77 Lesson 2                            Describe balling as a method of removing debris. List requirements for frequency, personnel, and equipment. Describe equipment setup and operation. List and identify hand-signals used in collection system cleaning and maintenance. List and describe safety and recordkeeping requirements. Describe what high-velocity cleaning machines do and list setup requirements. Describe flushing as a cleaning procedure. List personnel and equipment required for flushing. List and describe equipment setup and procedures. Describe scooter cleaning procedures and operations. Describe cleaning operations that utilize kites, bags, poly pigs and list the differences. List personnel and equipment required for flushing. Lesson 3 Describe what high-velocity cleaning machines do. List setup requirements. Describe steps in the cleaning procedure. Describe flushing as a cleaning procedure. List personnel and equipment required for flushing. List personnel and describe equipment setup and procedures. Describe scooter cleaning procedures and operations. List safety precautions and records required. Describe cleaning operations that utilize kites, bags, poly pigs and list the differences. Lesson 4 Describe power bucket machine use. List and describe personnel and equipment required for bucket machine cleaning. Describe setup and operation of bucket machine cleaning. Describe safety and recordkeeping requirements for bucket machine cleaning. Describe power rodder use. Classify and describe different types of power rodders according to different characteristics. Page 48 of 77                           Compare sectional and continuous rods and describe maintenance requirements for each. List and describe personnel and equipment required for power rodding. Classify tools according to service requirements and match tool to use. Describe equipment setup and list basic rules of operation. List cleaning and inspection requirements for sectional and continuous rodders. Describe cleaning with hand rods. List and describe personnel requirements. List and describe equipment requirements. Describe hand rod operation and list safety requirements. Lesson 5 List and describe equipment cleaning requirements. List reasons for proper cleaning. List and describe maintenance tools. Classify particular procedures for particular equipment. Lesson 6 Describe cleaning by using chemicals. List requirements for chemical selection. List and describe causes of root problems. List information required from vendor or manufacturer. List and describe causes and problems related to grease in the collection system. List and describe odor problems and effective control methods. Describe how hydrogen sulfide is produced. List and describe chemicals used to control hydrogen sulfide. Classify each chemical's effectiveness in controlling hydrogen sulfide. Lesson 7 Convert units between flow measurements. Calculate velocity. Convert gallons to pounds. Calculate chemical dosages. Page 49 of 77 UNIT 5: Underground Repair Lesson 1                   List and describe reasons for underground repair. List and describe common sources of stoppages. List the items required on a work request form. List and describe standard procedures for repair work after a work order is received. List and describe trench safety requirements. List and describe types of shoring systems and their components. Lesson 2 List and describe tools, equipment, materials, and methods used to repair service lines. List and describe tools, equipment, materials, and methods used to repair collection system piping. Describe excavations that incorporated spanning. Lesson 3 List and describe tools, equipment, materials, and methods for sealing and grouting existing collection system piping. Describe sealing and grouting process. List and describe specialized sealing applications. List and describe methods for manhole cover and collar repairs and improvement. Classify manhole bottom repairs by type and list and describe methods of repair and materials required. Describe requirements for installation of inside drops. Lesson 4 Convert between map readings and actual distances. Convert volume between cubic feet and cubic yards. Calculate number of sections of replacement pipe. Page 50 of 77 UNIT 6: Lift Stations Lesson 1                      Describe purpose of lift stations and list common location within collection system. Describe types of lift stations incorporated into collection systems. List and describe basic lift station requirements. Lesson 2 List and describe components of lift stations, including wet well/dry well combinations with some preliminary treatment. List and describe electrical components of lift stations. Describe variable speed drive and list categories of enclosures. List and describe basic controllers. List and describe types of pumps used in lift stations, their components, and requirements for operation. List and describe values used in lift stations and ventilation and auxiliary equipment. Lesson 3 List and describe methods and requirements for new lift station construction. List safety requirements and describe how to inspect a lift station. List and describe requirements for inspecting lift stations. Describe purpose of continuing lift station visits. List reasons for visits and what should be inspected. List essential tasks to be performed during lift station visits. List and describe requirements for responding to lift station alarms. Lesson 4 List and describe requirements for lift station maintenance and scheduling. Describe requirements of record keeping. Lesson 5 Convert pressure between psi and head in feet. Calculate pumping rates. Calculate detention times. Page 51 of 77 UNIT 7: Equipment Maintenance Lesson 1                        Define AC, DC, volts, amps, watts, power, conductors, and insulators. List and describe electrical testing equipment and match tools, testers, and meters to their proper use. Describe electrical equipment tasks and potential failures if no maintenance is performed. List and describe electrical system protective devices. List and describe control systems. List and describe maintenance requirements. Lesson 2 List and describe types of motors. List nameplate data and match data to expected motor performance. List potential motor malfunctions. List types of insulation and describe specifications of each type. List causes of insulation failures. Describe motor starters purpose and operating procedures. List safety precautions to be used with motor starters. Describe alignments and rotation requirements. List lubrication requirements and procedures. Interpret cause/remedy troubleshooting charts. Recognize proper record keeping procedures and various suggested record keeping examples. Lesson 3 Describe various types of pumps and list selection requirements. Match each component with function it serves and describe each component. List and describe different types of pumps according to their defining components and construction. List and describe pumps according to purpose and application. Describe centrifugal pumps and list purpose and application. List advantages and application of positive displacement pumps. Page 52 of 77 Lesson 4                  List and describe different types of impellers. List inspection requirements. Recognize signs of caution and list inspection requirements for cavitation. Describe the purpose of impellers. Describe the purpose of the pump shaft and list problems that may develop. Describe the purpose of packing and list problems that may occur. List criteria for packing selections. List and describe steps for proper packing replacement. Replace packing in a pump given proper instruction. Describe the purpose of mechanical seals. List applications, advantages, and limitations of mechanical seals. Describe the purpose of bearings and list causes of bearing failures. Identify different types of bearings and list their applications. List and describe types of coupling. Lesson 5 Describe purpose and function of compressors and list inspection requirements and proper applications. List and describe types of coupling. Lesson 6 Recognize and apply the formulas for calculating water, brake, and motor horsepower. UNIT 8: Sewer Rehabilitation Lesson 1     List information sources for system rehab and maintenance. List and describe conditions requiring rehab and sources of I/I. List and describe proper procedures for smoke testing system. List and describe conditions to be evaluated for piping, manholes, and general operation. Page 53 of 77 Lesson 2          List possible courses of action and factors involving evaluation. Determine and classify system rehab needs. Determine and calculate project costs. Lesson 3 List techniques to be used in system rehab and problems common to all construction. List and describe procedures used for chemical grouting of system components with shotcrete. List and describe method and procedures for insituform in rehab. Describe lining procedure, methods, and equipment required. Describe service lateral lining, cleanout, and teesaddle installation, and manhole sealing. List and describe additional methods used to rehabilitate collection systems, manholes, and appurtenances. Page 54 of 77 Wastewater Analysis Contact Hours: 48 Textbook(s): Operation of Wastewater Treatment Plants, Volume II, 4 Ed, CSUS Foundation, ISBN: 1884701-01-9 Course Description: Using the Internet students will be introduced to basic laboratory safety and gravimetric, spectrophotometric, electrochemical, titrimetric, and microbiological methods. The units include instruction on the laboratory procedures for microscopic, coliform, BOD5, COD, ammonia, grease and oil, chlorine and solids analysis. Along with reading assignments from the text, the course is enhanced with up-to-date photographs, interactive exercises, and online links. th Assessments: This course contains self-tests, lesson quizzes, unit finals and a proctored comprehensive final as well as a series of assignments that are emailed to the instructor. Objectives: UNIT 1: Introduction to Laboratory Procedures Lesson1          The student will be able to list and describe common laboratory hazards. The student will be able to list the components of a written hazard communication plan. The student will be able to list basic laboratory safety rules and good personal hygiene practices. The student will be able to explain the importance of basic laboratory safety rules. The student will be able to explain the importance of basic personal hygiene. The student will be able to list actions that commonly result in a laboratory accident. The student will be able to identify chemical and glassware storage practices that can result in laboratory accidents. The student will be able to identify a MSDS. The student will be able to list precautions for safe handling of glassware, chemicals, and waste. Lesson 2    The student will be able to list three factors critical to obtaining a good sample. The student will be able to define a representative sample. The student will be able to describe the importance of sample location and preservation technique. Page 55 of 77         The student will be able to differentiate between a composite and grab sample. The student will be able to identify when a grab and when a composite sample is appropriate. The student will be able to list the advantages of automatic sampling devices. The student will be able to describe concerns, applications, and maintenance requirements of automatic sampling devices. The student will be able to list and describe the primary types of manual sampling devices. The student will be able to match preservation technique to analysis for basic wastewater parameters. The student will be able to match analysis to sample containers when collecting wastewater samples. The student will be able to identify maximum holding times for preserved samples taken for analysis for basic wastewater parameters. Lesson 3        The student will be able to identify and describe glassware common to wastewater treatment labs. The student will be able to describe the designated use for common wastewater treatment laboratory glassware. The student will be able to differentiate between graduated and volumetric glassware. The student will be able to classify calibrated glassware as approximate volume, general measuring, or analytical. The student will be able to differentiate between TC and TD. The student will be able to match % accuracy to given description of glassware. The student will be able to select proper glassware required for basic procedures. Lesson 4   The student will be able to identify common wastewater analysis laboratory apparatus and state its use. The student will be able to identify basic laboratory equipment in a wastewater analysis laboratory and discuss it s importance and use. The student will be able to discuss basic considerations that must be followed to ensure safe operation of equipment and apparatus.  Page 56 of 77 Lesson 5   The student will be able to match corresponding English and metric units of measure. The student will be able to identify basic conversions and calculate results using these basic conversions. The student will be able to recognize common chemical symbols. The student will be able to combine chemical symbols to describe common chemical compounds. The student will be able to recognize the chemical statement made by a balanced equation. The student will be able to list and describe the effects of temperature on wastewater analysis test procedures. The student will be able to calculate the conversion between centigrade and Fahrenheit. The student will be able to define specific gravity. The student will be able to relate specific gravity to water at different temperatures. The student will be able to explain the movement of gases, such as chlorine in air, based on specific gravity.         Lesson 6       The student will be able to match wastewater analysis requirements to approved analytical methods. The student will be able to identify appropriate glassware and the equipment considerations essential to wastewater laboratory quality assurance. The student will be able to define and discuss quality assurance and quality control with respect to wastewater analysis. The student will be able to differentiate between precision and accuracy. The student will be able to identify the goals and components of a good laboratory bench sheet. The student will be able to develop and use a bench sheet to organize and convert data into a usable record keeping system. Lesson 7   The student will be able to apply math rules for solving equations. The student will be able to calculate percentages. Page 57 of 77 UNIT 2: Gravimetric Analysis Lesson 1   The student will be able to list the three types of balances most commonly used in a wastewater treatment plant laboratory. The student will be able to choose the appropriate balance based on the degree of accuracy needed. The student will be able to describe proper care and maintenance of balances. The student will be able to follow procedures to operate the balances in order to complete an accurate weight measurement.   Lesson 2      The student will be able to define what is measured in a suspended solids test. The student will be able to list the reasons for suspended solids testing. The student will be able to list equipment and glassware required to perform a suspended solids procedure. The student will be able to select appropriate equipment and glassware to complete a suspended solids procedure. The student will be able to describe equipment and glassware required to perform a suspended solids procedure. The student will be able to perform each step in the suspended solids test procedure. The student will be able to secure a result and calculate the correct result in the proper units.   Lesson 3      The student will be able to define what is measured in a settleable matter test. The student will be able to list the reasons for testing for settleable matter. The student will be able to list equipment and glassware required to perform a settleable solids procedure. The student will be able to select appropriate equipment and glassware to complete a settleable solids procedure. The student will be able to describe equipment and glassware required to perform a settleable solids procedure. Page 58 of 77   The student will be able to perform each step in the settleable solids procedure. The student will be able to secure a result and calculate the correct result in the proper units. Lesson 4      The student will be able to define what is measured in a volatile solids test. The student will be able to list the reasons for testing for volatile solids. The student will be able to list equipment and glassware required to perform a volatile solids procedure. The student will be able to select appropriate equipment and glassware to complete a volatile solids procedure. The student will be able to describe equipment and glassware required to perform a volatile solids procedure. The student will be able to perform each step in the volatile solids test procedure. The student will be able to secure a result and calculate the result in the proper units.   Lesson 5      The student will be able to define what is measured in a grease and oil determination. The student will be able to list the reasons for testing grease and oil matter. The student will be able to list equipment and glassware required to perform a grease and oil procedure. The student will be able to select appropriate equipment and glassware to complete a grease and oil procedure. The student will be able to describe equipment and glassware required to perform a grease and oil procedure. The student will be able to perform each step in the grease and oil procedure. The student will be able to secure a result and calculate the correct result in the proper units.   UNIT 3: Potentiometric Analysis Lesson 1   The student will be able to define electrochemistry. The student will be able to list and describe the advantages and disadvantages of using electrochemical techniques in wastewater analysis. Page 59 of 77    The student will be able to define pH. The student will be able to relate acidity and basidity to pH. The student will be able to identify the effect of pH on wastewater treatment systems. Lesson 2   The student will be able to describe how a pH meter is used. The student will be able to identify each operating component that will be used in making a pH determination. The student will be able to describe how a probe works. The student will be able to describe how and where the probe is attached to the meter. The student will be able to list various selective ion probes. The student will be able to describe how a selective ion probe works and how and where it attaches to the meter. The student will be able to determine which applications are appropriate for a selective ion probe. The student will be able to identify the maintenance requirements of pH meters and probes. The student will be able to describe how to determine when recalibration is needed.        Lesson 3     The student will be able to describe what is measured when a pH determination is performed. The student will be able to list the reasons for testing pH. The student will be able to list and describe the reagents, equipment, and glassware required to perform a pH determination. The student will be able to select the reagents, equipment, and glassware required to perform a pH determination. The student will be able to perform each step in the procedure to determine pH. The student will be able to secure a result and calculate the correct result in the proper units.   Page 60 of 77 Lesson 4  The student will be able to describe what is measured when an ammonia determination is performed. The student will be able to list the reasons for testing for ammonia. The student will be able to list and describe supplies, reagents, equipment, and glassware required to perform an ammonia procedure. The student will be able to select supplies, reagents, equipment, and glassware required to perform an ammonia procedure. The student will be able to perform each step in the procedure to electrochemically determine the ammonia content of a sample. The student will be able to secure a result and calculate the correct result in proper units.      Lesson 5  The student will be able to describe how a dissolved oxygen meter is used.  The student will be able to identify each operating component used in making a dissolved oxygen measurement.  The student will be able to describe how a DO probe works.  The student will be able to describe how and where a DO probe is attached to the meter.  The student will be able to describe how a DO probe is properly stored.  The student will be able to perform each step required to replace an old or damaged membrane.  The student will be able to describe the general maintenance requirements of a DO meter.  The student will be able to describe the basic maintenance requirements of a DO probe. Lesson 6     The student will be able to describe what is measured by a dissolved oxygen determination. The student will be able to list the reasons for testing for dissolved oxygen. The student will be able to list and describe supplies, reagents, equipment, and glassware required to perform a dissolved oxygen determination. The student will be able to select supplies, reagents, equipment, and glassware required to perform a dissolved oxygen determination. The student will be able to perform each step in the procedure to electrochemically determine the dissolved oxygen level in a sample. The student will be able to secure a result and calculate the correct result in proper units.   Page 61 of 77 UNIT 4: Spectrophotometric Analysis Lesson 1              The student will be able to define visible light. The student will be able to list the three primary factors in colorimetric measurement. The student will be able to describe the relationship of wavelength and color. The student will be able to diagram the principle of spectrophotometry. The student will be able to relate Lampert's Law to spectrophotometry. The student will be able to relate Beer's Law to spectrophotometry. The student will be able to develop a standard curve. The student will be able to list the components of a spectrophotometer. The student will be able to select the appropriate wavelength and sample cell. The student will be able to describe the application of path length to spectrophotometer operation. The student will be able to perform each step required to properly operate a spectrophotometer. The student will be able to list the tasks that must be completed on a daily basis as part of routine spectrophotometer maintenance. The student will be able to describe basic considerations that need to be taken to maximize the life of the machine. Lesson 2  The student will be able to describe what is measured when an ammonia determination is performed. The student will be able to explain the significance of ammonia in wastewater effluent with respect to its effect on natural ecosystems. The student will be able to identify regulatory permits which limit ammonia discharge. The student will be able to list, select and assemble the equipment, bench supplies, and expendables needed for ammonia determination by the Nesslerization method. The student will be able to describe the purpose of the reagents used. The student will be able to identify the differences between using a manual spectrophotometer and an automated spectrophotometer. The student will be able to list the steps required for sample distillation, if necessary. The student will be able to list and perform each step in the determination of ammonia in a sample by the Nesslerization method using both manual and automated spectrophotometers. The student will be able to secure a result and calculate the correct ammonia result in the proper units.         Page 62 of 77 Lesson 3  The student will be able to define the meaning of chlorine residual and differentiate it from free, combined and total chlorine.  The student will be able to identify the chemical forms chlorine residual can take.  The student will be able to explain the significance of chlorine residual in wastewater effluent with respect to its effect on the natural ecosystem.  The student will be able to list, select, and assemble the equipment, bench supplies, and expendables needed for chlorine residual determination by the DPD Colorimetric Method.  The student will be able to describe the purpose of reagent used.  The student will be able to identify the differences between using a manual spectrophotometer and an automated spectrophotometer.  The student will be able to list and perform each step in the determination of chlorine residual in a sample by the DPD Colorimetric Method using both manual and automated spectrophotometers.  The student will be able to secure a result and calculate the chlorine residual result in the proper units. UNIT 5: Titrimetric Analysis Lesson 1  The student will be able to describe the titration process.  The student will be able to identify how it is used to determine the concentration of an unknown in a wastewater sample.  The student will be able to define endpoint.  The student will be able to list the two primary methods of identifying the endpoint of a titration.  The student will be able to list and describe the four classes of titration reactions. Lesson 2  The student will be able to select the equipment, bench supplies, and expendables required to perform a titration.  The student will be able to properly assemble and prepare the equipment prior to performing a titration.  The student will be able to prepare the buret for titration.  The student will be able to select the correct buret for a given titration.  The student will be able to correctly fill the buret.  The student will be able to add the titrant correctly and read the meniscus.  The student will be able to identify when the endpoint of a titration has been reached.  The student will be able to calculate the endpoint volume. Page 63 of 77 Lesson 3   The student will be able to describe the solubility of oxygen in water. The student will be able to explain the significance of dissolved oxygen in wastewater effluent with respect to its effect on the natural ecosystem. The student will be able to state the importance of dissolved oxygen content in natural waters. The student will be able to list and describe the effects of oxygen depletion in streams, collection systems, and wastewater treatment processes. The student will be able to list and describe the proper reagents, equipment, and glassware required to perform a dissolved oxygen titration. The student will be able to select appropriate reagents, equipment, and glassware to complete a dissolved oxygen titration. The student will be able to perform each step in the dissolved oxygen procedure. The student will be able to secure a result and calculate the result in the proper units.       Lesson 4     The student will be able to describe reasons for BOD5 determination. The student will be able to define what is measured by the BOD5 test procedure. The student will be able to explain the use of BOD5 in wastewater treatment plant operation. The student will be able to identify the significance of BOD5 in wastewater effluent with respect to its effect on the receiving stream. The student will be able to list and describe supplies, reagents, equipment, and glassware required to perform a BOD5 determination. The student will be able to select appropriate supplies, reagents, equipment, and glassware to complete a BOD5 test procedure. The student will be able to describe the type of incubator needed for this procedure. The student will be able to perform each step in the BOD5 test procedure. The student will be able to secure a result and calculate the result in the proper units. The student will be able to calculate BOD and percent depletion for the sample tested.       Page 64 of 77 Lesson 5            The student will be able to list the common sources of ammonia in the environment. The student will be able to place the ammonia in the nitrogen cycle. The student will be able to explain the significance of ammonia in wastewater effluent with respect to its effect on the natural ecosystem. The student will be able to identify regulatory permits that limit ammonia discharge. The student will be able to list and describe reagents, supplies, equipment, and glassware required to perform an ammonia test procedure. The student will be able to select appropriate reagents, supplies, equipment, and glassware to complete an ammonia test procedure. The student will be able to describe the mixed indicator solution. The student will be able to perform each step in the ammonia procedure. The student will be able to secure a result and calculate the result in the proper units. The student will be able to determine when sample distillation is necessary. The student will be able to list the steps required for sample distillation. Lesson 6     The student will be able to define chemical oxygen demand (COD). The student will be able to differentiate between COD and BOD. The student will be able to identify expected COD values in wastewater. The student will be able to explain the significance of COD in wastewater effluent with respect to its effect on the natural ecosystem. The student will be able to list and select reagents, supplies, equipment, and glassware required to perform a COD test procedure. The student will be able to select appropriate reagents, supplies, equipment, and glassware to complete a COD test procedure. The student will be able to perform each step in the COD procedure. The student will be able to secure a result and calculate the result using the proper units.     Page 65 of 77 Lesson 7       The student will be able to define alkalinity and describe the conditions required for it to exist. The student will be able to identify the expected alkalinity of wastewater. The student will be able to explain the importance of alkalinity to digestor operation. The student will be able to relate alkalinity to volatile acid content. The student will be able to list and describe reagents, supplies, equipment, and glassware required to perform an alkalinity procedure. The student will be able to select appropriate reagents, supplies, equipment, and glassware to complete an alkalinity procedure. The student will be able to perform each step in the alkalinity procedure. The student will be able to secure a result and calculate the result using proper units.   UNIT 6: Microbiology Analysis Lesson1      The student will be able to apply sterile technique when appropriate. The student will be able to identify laboratory procedures that prevent sample contamination. The student will be able to describe what autoclaves and incubators are used for. The student will be able to identify operating parameters for an autoclave. The student will be able to list operational requirements of forced air, convention, and water bath incubators. The student will be able to differentiate between a phase contrast and brightfield microscope. The student will be able to identify applications for using both phase contrast and brightfield microscopes. The student will be able to define biological waste. The student will be able to describe treatment and disposal procedures for biological laboratory waste. The student will be able to identify potential biological hazards associated with working in a wastewater laboratory.      Page 66 of 77 Lesson 2   The student will be able to list steps and precautions in operating a compound microscope. The student will be able to describe routine maintenance procedures required for proper care of a microscope. The student will be able to describe the population dynamics of wastewater stabilization. The student will be able to differentiate floc characteristics of young and old sludge. The student will be able to list positive and negative effects of filamentous growth on settling characteristics of activated sludge. The student will be able to differentiate between amoebas, flagellates, ciliates, rotifers, nematodes and filamentous bacteria in a wet mount preparation. The student will be able to prepare a wet mount slide. The student will be able to identify the five basic staining procedures and state their purpose.       Lesson 3              The student will be able to define what a fecal coliform is. The student will be able to describe the environmental significance of coliforms. The student will be able to identify health risks associated with waterborne diseases. The student will be able to identify proper sample location for fecal coliform analysis. The student will be able to list steps for coliform sampling. The student will be able to identify bench supplies and media used for the MPN fecal coliform test. The student will be able to list the steps in planting and incubating samples in the MPN fecal coliform test. The student will be able to read and interpret MPN fecal coliform test results. The student will be able to compare and contrast the MPN and MF procedures for determining fecal coliform levels in wastewater. The student will be able to identify bench supplies and media used for the MF fecal coliform test. The student will be able to list the steps in planting and incubating samples in the MF fecal coliform test. The student will be able to read and interpret MF fecal coliform results. The student will be able to compare the MF procedure to the Enzyme Substrate Coliform Test, Colilert with Quanti-Tray. Page 67 of 77 Basic Wastewater Treatment – Disinfection and Chlorination Contact Hours: 10 Textbook: Operation of Wastewater Treatment Plants, Volume I Course Description: Using the Internet students will explore the rudiments of wastewater treatment. The topics of this course include general issues operators face when disinfecting wastewater. Along with reading assignments from the text, the course is enhanced with audio, up-to-date photographs, interactive exercises, and online links. Assessments: This course contains self-tests, lesson quizzes, and a final. Objectives: Lesson 1           Describe the difference between disinfection and sterilization. Explain what disinfection protects. List three categories of pathogenic organisms and list the diseases they cause. Describe chlorine. List different forms of chlorine and describe how each reacts. Describe reactions with impurities. Describe and define breakpoint and hypochlorination. List factors that influence chlorination. Determine chlorine requirements. Calculate chlorine dosages, demand and residual in lb/day and mg/L. Lesson 2            List and describe points of chlorine application and process control requirements. Describe and determine feed rate. Describe discharge lines, diffusers, and mining. Calculate chlorine dosages using hypochlorites (HTH and bleach). Describe gas and liquid chlorinators. List startup requirements. List and describe container storage requirements. Describe operation and maintenance requirements and list when each should take place. Describe system shutdown procedures. Describe potential shutdown problems and how they should be dealt with. List common failures and problems. Page 68 of 77 Lesson 3          List and describe requirements of a safety program. List hazards and handling requirements. Describe first aid measures. List and describe three types of chlorine containers. Describe cylinder valves and components. Describe what is required for chlorine removal from containers. List what is required for determining chlorine leaks. List and describe methods for leak repair. List procedures for responding to leaks. Lesson 4     List common components and describe how chlorinators function. Describe evaporators, hypochlorinators, and chlorine dioxide. Describe installation and maintenance requirements for piping, valves, and manifolds. Describe how chlorine is used for odor control and aiding treatment. Lesson 5            Describe dechlorination. List processes used to achieve dechlorination. Describe sulfur dioxide dechlorination process and where applied. List and describe SO2 hazards and safe handling procedures. List and describe emergency equipment. List and describe components of SO2 supply systems and contents. Describe system startup procedures and requirements. Describe system maintenance requirements. Calculate dosage requirements and feed rates. List types of UV systems and describe how they work. List List and describe maintenance and cleaning requirements for UV systems. Page 69 of 77 Basic Wastewater Treatment – Fixed Film Process Contact Hours: 10 Textbook: Operation of Wastewater Treatment Plants, Volume I Course Description: Using the Internet students will explore the rudiments of wastewater treatment. The topics of this course include general issues regarding the trickling filter process when treating wastewater. Along with reading assignments from the text, the course is enhanced with audio, up-to-date photographs, interactive exercises, and online links. Assessments: This course contains self-tests, lesson quizzes, and a final. Objectives: Lesson 1        Describe the trickling filter treatment process. List primary components of a trickling filter and their purpose. List filter classifications. Describe hydraulic and organic loading rates for each. List requirements for starting up and shutting down filters. List tests, frequency, and location for analysis to be performed to evaluate filter process performance. Describe what determines process performance. Lesson 2       Describe operational procedures. List common abnormal conditions. Describe effects and source of abnormal flow conditions. Describe how to operate process during abnormal flows and conditions. List maintenance requirements for trickling filter components. Describe requirements for working safely around trickling filters. Lesson 3     List typical loading rates. Calculate hydraulic and organic loading. Describe solids contact modification. List accepted design requirements. Page 70 of 77 Lesson 4    Convert English units of measurement to metric units. Apply metric units to formulas to determine process efficiency and classification. Calculate process efficiency and loading rates with metric values. Lesson 5           List reasons for covering RBCs. List parts and purpose of RBCs. List and describe drive mechanisms. List loading rates. List conditions affecting treatment efficiency and abnormal conditions. List startup/shutdown procedures. List RBC unit maintenance requirements. List causes of RBC problems and drive problems. List requirements for working around RBCs safely. Calculate hydraulic and organic loadings. Page 71 of 77 Basic Wastewater Treatment – Pollution Control Contact Hours: 10 Textbook: Operation of Wastewater Treatment Plants, Volume I Course Description: Using the Internet students will explore the rudiments of wastewater treatment. The topics of this course include general issues regarding what is meant by the term water pollution, the steps needed to treat it and the math used. Along with reading assignments from the text, the course is enhanced with audio, up-to-date photographs, interactive exercises, and online links. Assessments: This course contains self-tests, lesson quizzes, and a final. Objectives: Lesson1             Describe "pollution." List impurities water might contain. Identify two major types of waste contamination and two additional types of waste contamination. Describe physical/chemical effects of waste discharge. Describe human health effects of waste discharge. List and define five separate types of solids. List the problems waste discharge causes receiving streams. Describe the nutrient cycle. List limitations imposed by the discharge permit. Apply math rules for solving equations and calculate percentages. Describe how wastewater is collected. List the difference between sanitary sewers, storm sewers, and combined sewers. Lesson 2            List treatment processes and follow flow diagram. List three types of preliminary treatment and the purpose of each one. Describe two methods of flow measurement and why measure flow. Describe the purpose of primary treatment. List the types of basins in which primary treatment occurs. List three types of biological treatment. Describe how microorganisms are separated from treatment. Describe the purpose of solids disposal. List components of solids disposal. Describe the waste treatment pond process. List methods of controlling pathogenic organisms. Lesson 3    Calculate area and volume of basic shapes. Work with the metric system of measurement. Convert temperature between Fahrenheit and Celsius. Page 72 of 77 Basic Wastewater Treatment – Pond Systems Contact Hours: 10 Textbook: Operation of Wastewater Treatment Plants, Volume I Course Description: Using the Internet students will explore the rudiments of wastewater treatment. The topics of this course include general issues regarding use of wastewater ponds as a treatment method. Along with reading assignments from the text, the course is enhanced with audio, up-to-date photographs, interactive exercises, and online links. Assessments: This course contains self-tests, lesson quizzes, and a final. Objectives: Lesson 1       Describe methods of pond treatment. List the parts and purpose of the parts of a stabilization pond. List advantages and limitations of pond treatment. List three basic pond classifications and describe each according to oxygen content. Describe the basic components of the pond treatment process. List physical, chemical, and biological factors that affect a pond treatment process. Lesson 2       Describe basic factors that are involved in pond treatment startup. List controls required to maintain ponds in proper working condition. List requirements for an effective operation strategy. List methods of supplementing oxygen to enhance treatment and describe equipment that does this. Describe laboratory analysis required for pond operation. List sampling points and frequency of sampling. Lesson 3     Describe basic design requirements for a pond treatment system and locate them while investigating ponds. Calculate treatment and design loadings for a pond treatment system. Convert English units to metric units and calculate loading parameters in metric units. Calculate pond loadings in order to increase competency. Page 73 of 77 Basic Wastewater Treatment – Preliminary Treatment Contact Hours: 10 Textbook: Operation of Wastewater Treatment Plants, Volume I Course Description: Using the Internet students will explore the rudiments of wastewater treatment. The topics of this course include general issues regarding the steps in preliminary treatment of wastewater. Along with reading assignments from the text, the course is enhanced with audio, up-to-date photographs, interactive exercises, and online links. Assessments: This course contains self-tests, lesson quizzes, and a final. Objectives: Lesson 1   List general safety measures for preliminary treatment systems. Define screening, grit removal, and pre-aeration. Lesson 2        List safety measures for bar racks and screens. Identify manually cleaned bar screens. Describe three important concerns in operation. Describe mechanically cleaned bar screens. List maintenance requirements. Describe startup and shutdown procedures. Describe how to properly dispose of collected debris. Lesson 3         Describe the comminutor unit. Explain the basic operation of comminutors. List comminutor parts and their purpose. Describe the barminutor unit. Explain the basic operation of barminutors. List barminutor parts and their purpose. List safety procedures concerning comminutors and barminutors. Outline operational procedures common to both comminutors and barminutors. Page 74 of 77 Lesson 4               Define the purpose of a grit channel. List the parts of a grit channel. Calculate velocity and settling rate. Define the purpose of an aerated grit chamber. List and describe the parts of an aerated grit chamber. Define the purpose of cyclone separators. List the parts of cyclone separators. Outline primary operations including startup, shutdown, & maintenance. Define the purpose of grit washers and list the parts. Describe what determines quantity of grit disposal. Describe how grit is disposed of. Describe the purpose of pre-aeration. Describe operational strategies for screening and grit removal. List design requirements for grit removal, racks/screens, and wet wells. Basic Wastewater Treatment – Primary Treatment Contact Hours: 10 Textbook: Operation of Wastewater Treatment Plants, Volume I Course Description: Using the Internet students will explore the rudiments of wastewater treatment. The topics of this course include general issues regarding the steps in primary treatment of wastewater. Along with reading assignments from the text, the course is enhanced with audio, up-to-date photographs, interactive exercises, and online links. Assessments: This course contains self-tests, lesson quizzes, and a final. Objectives: Lesson 1        Describe sedimentation and flotation. List parts and purpose of rectangular and circular clarifiers. List startup procedures, daily maintenance, and shutdown procedures for clarifiers. Describe key requirements for clarifier operations. Recognize abnormal conditions of clarifiers. List sampling requirements. Use analysis results to calculate efficiency. Page 75 of 77      List problems and responses concerning poor clarifier performance. Describe purpose and operation of sludge and scum removal units/pumps. List factors that determine frequency of removal. List five areas for safety requirements. List six maintenance requirements for sedimentation and flotation units. Lesson 2        List types of clarifiers. Describe the purpose of each type of clarifier and list design parameters of each. List six factors which impact performance. Calculate detention time, surface loading, and weir overflow rates. List operation and maintenance requirements. Describe flotation solids removal process. List and describe types of flotation solids removal processes. Lesson 3           Describe a combination unit and the process. Describe list sampling and analysis requirements. List steps required to startup and shutdown a combination unit. Recognize normal and abnormal operating conditions. Describe operation strategy. List safety and maintenance requirements. Describe the Imhoff process. List common design parameters. List suggested operating requirements. Describe purpose and process of septic tanks. Lesson 4   Convert English units of measurement to metric units. Calculate flows and volumes when converted to metric units. Page 76 of 77 Basic Wastewater Treatment – Suspended Growth Systems Contact Hours: 10 Textbook: Operation of Wastewater Treatment Plants, Volume I Course Description: Using the Internet students will explore the rudiments of wastewater treatment. The topics of this course include general issues regarding suspended growth systems. Along with reading assignments from the text, the course is enhanced with audio, up-to-date photographs, interactive exercises, and online links. Assessments: This course contains self-tests, lesson quizzes, and a final. Objectives: Lesson 1    Describe the activated sludge process. Identify the steps for contaminate removal. List inter-related factors which depend on the operator's ability to interpret data and make adjustments. Lesson 2         Describe a package plant system. List the different types of package plant systems. List steps taken to start up and operate a package plant. Describe sludge wasting. List abnormal operating conditions of sludge wasting. List laboratory analysis required for proper operation. Apply analysis results to operating adjustments. List requirements for safely operating and maintaining the package plant. Lesson 3     Describe an oxidation ditch treatment system. List the parts of the oxidation ditch plant and operational parameters. List steps required to start up process and to list control methods used to increase performance. List requirements for effective maintenance of oxidation ditches. Lesson 4    Calculate the volume of an oxidation ditch. Calculate BOD loadings and sludge ages for oxidation ditches and package plants in English units. List design specifications of package plants and oxidation ditches. Page 77 of 77