Evolution of Technology

Evolution of Technology What’s in that cloud anyway? A quick trip inside the internet cloud Catherine Seo Cambridge College 2007 Evolution of Techology © copyright 2006 by Cognent Inc. Not-so-Famous Last Words • "I think there is a world market for maybe five computers.“ ~Thomas Watson, Chairman of IBM, 1943 What Is the Internet? • A network of networks, joining many government, university and private computers together and providing an infrastructure for the use of E-mail, bulletin boards, file archives, hypertext documents, databases and other computational resources • The vast collection of computer networks which form and act as a single huge network for transport of data and messages across distances which can be anywhere from the same office to anywhere in the world. Written by William F. Slater, III 1996 President of the Chicago Chapter of the Internet Society Copyright 2002, William F. Slater, III, Chicago, IL, USA Simply the internet it: • The largest network of networks in the world. • Uses TCP/IP protocols (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) and packet switching. • Runs on any communications substrate. From Dr. Vinton Cerf, Co-Creator of TCP/IP A Brief Summary of the Evolution of the Internet 2007 1945 TCP/IP Created ARPANET 1972 1969 Mosaic WWW Created Internet Named Created 1993 1989 and Goes TCP/IP 1984 Internet Web 2.0 Boom 2003 – Age of & Bust 2007 eCommerce 2001 Begins 1995 Packet Switching Invented 1964 First Vast Computer Network Envisioned 1962 Silicon A Mathematical Chip 1958 Theory of Memex Communication 1948 Conceived Hypertext Invented 1965 1945 Copyright 2002, William F. Slater, III, Chicago, IL, USA Early Developers Ted Nelson Paul Baran Vannevar Bush Claude Shannon J. C. R. Licklider Vinton Cerf Jon Postel Leonard Kleinrock Bob Metcalfe Lawrence Roberts Tim BernersLee Steve Crocker Esther Dyson Mark Andreesen Robert Kahn You are here Historical Context • Invented in the late 50’s, Bob Taylor, JCR Licklider, Ivan Sutherland, Larry Roberts, Alan Kay et al • Big ideas: packet switching, self contained messages • The Internet got started as the Arpanet • inherently decentralized • designed to survive atomic attack • designed to scale in a biological manner Out of the Pentagon, Into the Bean Bag Chairs • 1969 -The Mansfield amendment changed the focus • ARPA -> DARPA • everyone heads for the exits, including • Bob Taylor • Alan Kay • and the result is Xerox PARC • Taylor was hired to start a Computer Science Lab • Mission was to create an “architecture of information” Xerox PARC was responsible for many firsts… • PC’s • Graphical user interfaces (GUI) • Laser printing • Object oriented programming • Client/server • email • and….networking, specifically the ethernet Meanwhile… • Vint Cerf & Bob Kahn design the TCP protocol on top of the existing IP • IP - Internetwork Protocol - how to send packets across networks, regardless of hardware and operating system incompatibilities • TCP - Transmission Control Protocol - how to break up logical messages into packets and put them back together at the other end on top of IP The combination of their efforts was key… • An elegant decentralized network interface Ethernet • An elegant decentralized protocol - IP • An elegant decentralized higher protocol – TCP • Together they form the foundation of the Internet • The year is 1973 Open Standards Accelerate Growth & Acceptance • ARPANET continued to grow throughout the 70’s • Researchers and Academics began to use the network • 1976 - Queen Elizabeth goes online with the first royal email message. • In 1985 the National Science Foundation launched a program to establish access across the U.S. • In 1989 ARPANET was shut down by Defense Communications Industry due to limited funding and support from the military Bring on the applications • Email is the first killer app, and was added right away • SMTP - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol • POP3 - Post Office Protocol v3 • Other document transfers were invented over time: • FTP - File Transfer Protocol • NNTP (Netnews) - threaded discussions • Gopher - text search and archive • Telnet- allows a user to “log-in” to a remote computer • and many more Now for the World Wide Web • The Internet was in common use for scientists and academics and Unix geeks for 20+ years • Tim Berners-Lee wanted to send formatted text with hyperlinks (1989) • Thus was born the next higher protocol HTTP: the Hypertext Transport Protocol • But the new documents needed a description to be properly displayed with links - and thus we have HTML - the Hypertext Markup Language Power to the people • 1992 - The first audio and video broadcasts take place over the "MBONE." More than 1,000,000 hosts are part of the Internet. Let there be browsers HTML display applications that use HTTP to send and receive stuff • 1993 - Mosaic, the first graphical user interface to the WWW developed by Marc Andreessen and NCSA and the University of Illinois becomes available • Later developed NETSCAPE • Traffic on the Internet expands at a 341,634% annual growth rate. To God’s ears… • 1995 - NSFNET reverts back to a research project, leaving the Internet in commercial hands. The Web now comprises the bulk of Internet traffic. The Vatican launches www.vatican.va. • James Gosling and a team of programmers at Sun Microsystems release an Internet programming language called Java, which radically alters the way applications and information can be retrieved,displayed, and used over the Internet. Grow, growing, grooooooowing… • Users in almost 200 countries around the world are now connected to the Internet. Technology Trends Computing power will double in power and halve in price every 18 months Moore’s Law Price of Computing Internet Growth Trends • • • • • • • • • • • 1977: 111 hosts on Internet 1981: 213 hosts 1983: 562 hosts 1984: 1,000 hosts 1986: 5,000 hosts 1987: 10,000 hosts 1989: 100,000 hosts 1992: 1,000,000 hosts 2001: 150 – 175 million hosts 2002: over 200 million hosts By 2010, about 80% of the planet will be on the Internet March 2001 >Over 115 Million Hosts (As of Jan. 2001) >Over 407 Million Users (As of Nov. 2000) >218 of 246 Countries (As of Jan. 2000) >31 Million Domain Names >About 100 TB of Data Dr. Vint Cerf presents in Chicago/March 2001 Digital Photo March 2001 by William F. Slater, III, Chicago, IL, USA By September 2002 The Internet Reached Two Important Milestones: Netsizer.com – from Telcordia Not-so-famous last words… •"I think there is a world market for maybe five computers.“ ~Thomas Watson, Chairman of IBM, 1943 Feed the Web First • Given the choice of open or closed systems, consumers show a fierce enthusiasm for open architectures. They choose the open again and again because an open system has more potential upside than a closed one. There are more sources from which to recruit members and more nodes with which to intersect. ~ Kevin Kelly New Rules for the New Economy 10 Radical Strategies for a Connected World Web 2.0 • • • • second generation of Web-based services Communication tools Collaborative technologies Social networking sites • "Web 2.0 is the business revolution in the computer industry caused by the move to the internet as platform, and an attempt to understand the rules for success on that new platform. Chief among those rules is this: Build applications that harness network effects to get better the more people use them.“ ~ Tim O’Reilly Social Enviornments • Wikipedia • The biggest multilingual free-content encyclopedia on the Internet. Over two million articles and still growing. • Blog • user-generated website where entries are made in journal style (WEB LOG) • Flickr • photo sharing website and web services suite, and an online community platform, uses tags Social Enviornments • My Space • social networking website offering an interactive, user-submitted network of friends, personal profiles, blogs, groups, photos, music and videos • 106 million accounts as of September 8, 2006 • 230,000 new registrations per day • Flickr • photo sharing website and web services suite, and an online community platform, uses tags • Craig’s List • centralized network of online urban communities, featuring free classified advertisements (with jobs, housing, personals, for sale/barter/wanted, services, community, gigs and resumes categories) and forums sorted by various topics • over 5 billion page views per month to 10 million unique visitors • 34th place overall among web sites world wide • 8th place overall among web sites in the United States Social Enviornments • YouTube • popular free video sharing website which lets users upload, view, and share video clips – purchased in Nov 2006 by google for $1.65 Billion in google stock • Judson Laipply • Evolution of Dance clip, which is the #1 Most Viewed All Time Video, #1 Top Favorites Video and #4 Most Discussed Video on YouTube.com • amassed over 10 millions views in under two weeks • was featured on CNN, MSN, E!, USA Today, Good Morning America, The Today Show, AOL, and Google • As of January 29, 2007, the number of views on YouTube.com hit 40 million. Social Enviornments • Del.icio.us • a social bookmarking web service for storing, sharing, and discovering web bookmarks. • ePortfolios • a web-based information management system that uses electronic media and services built and maintained by the learner used, in part, to demonstrate competence, store research materials and reflect on learning. What is a WIKI? • About WIKIs • website that allows the visitors themselves to easily add, remove, and otherwise edit and change available content, typically without the need for registration. • ease of interaction and operation makes a wiki an effective tool for mass collaborative authoring • Each new machine or technique, in a sense, changes all existing machines and techniques, by permitting us to put them together into new combinations. The number of possible combinations rises exponentially as the number of new machines or techniques rises arithmetically. Indeed, each new combination may, itself, be regarded as a new super-machine. ~ Alvin Toffler, Future Shock, 1970 • Since we have no choice but to be swept along by [this] vast technological surge, we might as well learn to surf. ~ Michael Soule Conservation for the 21st Century, 1989 And now… • how to harness this expansive resource World Wide Web Questions?