Evolution of TechnologyWhat’s in that cloud anyway?A quick trip inside the internet cloudCatherine SeoCambridge College2007Evolution of Techology© copyright 2006 by Cognent Inc.Not-so-Famous Last Words•"I think there is a world market for maybe five computers.“~Thomas Watson, Chairman of IBM, 1943What Is the Internet?•A network of networks, joining manygovernment, university and private computers together and providing an infrastructure for the use of E-mail, bulletin boards, file archives, hypertext documents, databases and other computational resources•The vast collection of computer networks which form and act as a single huge network for transport of data and messages across distances which can be anywhere from the same office to anywhere in the world.Written by William F. Slater, III 1996President of the Chicago Chapter of the Internet SocietyCopyright 2002, William F. Slater, III, Chicago, IL, USA•The largest network of networks in the world.•Uses TCP/IP protocols (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) and packet switching.•Runs on any communications substrate.Simply the internet it:From Dr. Vinton Cerf, Co-Creator of TCP/IPA Brief Summary of the Evolution of the Internet19452007Memex Conceived1945WWWCreated1989MosaicCreated1993A MathematicalTheory ofCommunication1948First Vast ComputerNetworkEnvisioned1962ARPANET1969TCP/IPCreated1972InternetNamed and GoesTCP/IP1984HypertextInvented1965Age ofeCommerceBegins1995Copyright 2002, William F. Slater, III, Chicago, IL, USAInternet Boom & Bust2001SiliconChip1958Web 2.02003 –2007Packet Switching Invented1964Early DevelopersVannevar BushClaude ShannonJ. C. R. LickliderPaul BaranTed NelsonLeonard KleinrockLawrence RobertsSteve CrockerJon PostelVinton CerfRobert KahnTim Berners-LeeMark AndreesenEsther DysonBob MetcalfeYou are hereHistorical Context•Invented in the late 50’s, Bob Taylor, JCR Licklider, Ivan Sutherland, Larry Roberts, Alan Kay et al•Big ideas: packet switching, self contained messages•The Internet got started as the Arpanet •inherently decentralized •designed to survive atomic attack•designed to scale in a biological manner•1969 -The Mansfield amendment changed the focus•ARPA -> DARPA•everyone heads for the exits, including•Bob Taylor•Alan Kay•and the result is Xerox PARC•Taylor was hired to start a Computer Science Lab•Mission was to create an “architecture of information” Out of the Pentagon, Into the Bean Bag ChairsXerox PARC was responsible for many firsts…•PC’s•Graphical user interfaces (GUI)•Laser printing•Object oriented programming•Client/server•email•and….networking, specifically the ethernetMeanwhile…•Vint Cerf & Bob Kahn design the TCP protocol on top of the existing IP•IP -Internetwork Protocol -how to send packets across networks, regardless of hardware and operating system incompatibilities•TCP -Transmission Control Protocol -how to break up logical messages into packets and put them back together at the other end on top of IPThe combination of their efforts was key…•An elegant decentralized network interface -Ethernet•An elegant decentralized protocol -IP•An elegant decentralized higher protocol –TCP•Together they form the foundation of the Internet•The year is 1973Open Standards Accelerate Growth & Acceptance•ARPANET continued to grow throughout the 70’s•Researchers and Academics began to use the network•1976 -Queen Elizabeth goes online with the first royal email message.•In 1985 the National Science Foundation launched a program to establish access across the U.S.•In 1989 ARPANET was shut down by Defense Communications Industry due to limited funding and support from the militaryBring on the applications•Email is the first killer app, and was added right away•SMTP -Simple Mail Transfer Protocol•POP3 -Post Office Protocol v3•Other document transfers were invented over time:•FTP -File Transfer Protocol•NNTP (Netnews) -threaded discussions•Gopher -text search and archive•Telnet-allows a user to “log-in” to a remote computer•and many moreNow for the World Wide Web•The Internet was in common use for scientists and academics and Unix geeks for 20+ years•Tim Berners-Lee wanted to send formatted text with hyperlinks (1989)•Thus was born the next higher protocol -HTTP: the Hypertext Transport Protocol•But the new documents needed a description to be properly displayed with links -and thus we have HTML -the Hypertext Markup Language Power to the people•1992 -The first audio and video broadcasts take place over the "MBONE." More than 1,000,000 hosts are part of the Internet.Let there be browsers -HTML display applications that use HTTPto send and receive stuff•1993 -Mosaic, the first graphical user interface to the WWW developed by Marc Andreessen and NCSA and the University of Illinois becomes available•Later developed NETSCAPE •Traffic on the Internet expands at a 341,634% annual growth rate.To God’s ears…•1995 -NSFNET reverts back to a research project, leaving the Internet in commercial hands. The Web now comprises the bulk of Internet traffic. The Vatican launches www.vatican.va. •James Gosling and a team of programmers at Sun Microsystems release an Internet programming language called Java, which radically alters the way applications and information can be retrieved,displayed, and used over the Internet.Grow, growing, grooooooowing…•Users in almost 200 countries around the world are now connected to the Internet.Technology TrendsComputing power will double in power and halve in price every 18 monthsMoore’s LawPrice of ComputingInternet Growth Trends•1977: 111 hosts on Internet•1981: 213 hosts•1983: 562 hosts•1984: 1,000 hosts•1986: 5,000 hosts•1987: 10,000 hosts•1989: 100,000 hosts•1992: 1,000,000 hosts•2001: 150 –175 million hosts•2002: over 200 million hosts•By 2010, about 80% of the planet will be on the Internet March 2001>Over 115 Million Hosts(As of Jan. 2001)>Over 407 Million Users(As of Nov. 2000)>218 of 246 Countries(As of Jan. 2000)>About 100 TB of Data>31 Million Domain NamesDr. Vint Cerf presents in Chicago/March 2001Digital Photo March 2001 by William F. Slater, III, Chicago, IL, USABy September 2002Netsizer.com –from TelcordiaThe Internet Reached TwoImportant Milestones:Not-so-famous last words…•"I think there is a world market for maybe five computers.“~Thomas Watson, Chairman of IBM, 1943Feed the Web First•Given the choice of open or closed systems, consumers show a fierce enthusiasm for open architectures. They choose the open again and again because an open system has more potential upside than a closed one. There are more sources from which to recruit members and more nodes with which to intersect.~ Kevin Kelly New Rules for the New Economy10 Radical Strategies for a Connected WorldWeb 2.0•second generation of Web-based services •Communication tools•Collaborative technologies•Social networking sites•"Web 2.0 is the business revolution in the computer industry caused by the move to the internet as platform, and an attempt to understand the rules for success on that new platform. Chief among those rules is this: Build applications that harness network effects to get better the more people use them.“~ Tim O’ReillySocial Enviornments•Wikipedia•The biggest multilingual free-content encyclopedia on the Internet. Over two million articles and still growing. •Blog•user-generated website where entries are made in journal style (WEB LOG)•Flickr•photo sharing website and web services suite, and an online community platform, uses tagsSocial Enviornments•My Space•social networking website offering an interactive, user-submitted network of friends, personal profiles, blogs, groups, photos, music and videos •106 million accounts as of September 8, 2006•230,000 new registrations per day •Flickr•photo sharing website and web services suite, and an online community platform, uses tags•Craig’s List•centralized network of online urban communities, featuring free classified advertisements (with jobs, housing, personals, for sale/barter/wanted, services, community, gigs and resumes categories) and forums sorted by various topics•over 5 billion page views per month to 10 million unique visitors •34th place overall among web sites world wide•8th place overall among web sites in the United StatesSocial Enviornments•YouTube•popular free video sharing website which lets users upload, view, and share video clips –purchased in Nov 2006 by google for $1.65 Billion in google stock•Judson Laipply•Evolution of Dance clip, which is the #1 Most Viewed All Time Video, #1 Top Favorites Video and #4 Most Discussed Video on YouTube.com•amassed over 10 millions views in under two weeks •was featured on CNN, MSN, E!, USA Today, Good Morning America, The Today Show, AOL, and Google•As of January 29, 2007, the number of views on YouTube.com hit 40 million.Social Enviornments•Del.icio.us•a social bookmarking web service for storing, sharing, and discovering web bookmarks. •ePortfolios•a web-based information management system that uses electronic media and services built and maintained by the learner used, in part, to demonstrate competence, store research materials and reflect on learning.What is a WIKI?•About WIKIs•website that allows the visitors themselves to easily add, remove, and otherwise edit and change available content, typically without the need for registration. •ease of interaction and operation makes a wiki an effective tool for mass collaborative authoring •Each new machine or technique, in a sense, changes all existing machines and techniques, by permitting us to put them together into new combinations. The number of possible combinations rises exponentially as the number of new machines or techniques rises arithmetically. Indeed, each new combination may, itself, be regarded as a new super-machine.~ Alvin Toffler, Future Shock, 1970•Since we have no choice but to be swept along by [this] vast technological surge, we might as well learn to surf.~ Michael SouleConservation for the 21st Century, 1989And now…•how to harness this expansive resourceQuestions?World Wide Web