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REPORT ON
EFFECTIVENESS
SWISS DEVELOPMENT
COOPERATION
IN THE WATER SECTOR
SUMMARY
Brief overview 4
Scope of the report on effectiveness 6
Access to water:
Who has profited? 7
Direct benefits for the population 9
Effects on general conditions 13
Effectiveness at what price? 16
Sustainability of effects 17
Impact on multilateral policies and
professional networks 19
Addenda
List of examined projects 21
Methods at a glance 22
Evaluation of bilateral projects 22
Information about the chapters and chosen presentation
The report begins with simpler effective- ticipation in international institutions and pro-
ness-related data before going on to grams. This participation serves to strengthen
more complex correlations. The chapter and broaden the effects mentioned earlier.
entitled «Access to water» describes which The chapter entitled «Effectiveness at what
and how many people have benefited price?» provides an estimate of the costs (of
from water programmes. In the technical the programs) and benefits (of the achieved
discussion, this is also mentioned as an effects).
outcome. The subsequent chapters Whenever the targeted (positive) effects
«Direct benefits for the population» and were not (fully) reached, the report gives an
«Effects on general conditions» show how explanation of the major problems encoun-
access to water has helped people, tered during program implementation. Given
regions and institutions. Experts speak of the matters covered in this report, an effort
impacts when describing these aspects. was made to summarize key impacts and
The chapter entitled «Sustainability» briefly illustrate these impacts with examples.
examines the possibility of making tar- The examples themselves are not fully
geted results last, pointing to already depicted.
observed cases of sustainability. The
chapter «Impact on multilateral policies
and professional networks» highlights
Switzerland’s active and successful par-
2
EDITORIAL
Editorial
This Report on the Effectiveness of Swiss ment cooperation generates positive changes
development cooperation is directed at the and is effective.
general public and renders an account of suc- In addition to taking stock of achievements,
cesses achieved through implemented meas- the other reason for compiling this report is to
ures, but also on problems encountered and improve the Swiss Government’s engagement
existing challenges. in water programs. Ultimately, any reactions
The decision to report on the effectivity of received on this effectivity report should help
activities in the water sector was made by the the government align its future reporting on
SDC and SECO. Access to water for drinking the effectiveness of development cooperation,
and production purposes are basic require- more specifically with the expectations of the
ments to overcome poverty. Access to water is general public.
an internationally recognized and promoted We wish you interesting reading and look
goal (a Millennium Development Goal). For forward to receiving your reactions.
many years, Switzerland has made substantial
efforts to achieve this objective in developing
and transition countries, as well as in interna-
tional organizations. The results of these
efforts are of interest to the general public.
The conclusion reached in this report on
water is that development cooperation is nec-
essary and meaningful: on the one hand
because access to water is a basic human
right and because many needs remain unful-
filled, on the other hand because develop-
The role of the SDC and SECO
SDC supports rural drinking water supply, The Federal Government (SDC and
sanitation and small-scale irrigation in SECO in consultation with other depart-
countries of the South, Central Asia and ments of the Federal Administration as well
Eastern Europe. Both interventions of as private actors) exerts influence on inter-
development cooperation as well as national expert discussions and makes use
humanitarian aid come to bear in these of their expertise. In addition, Switzerland
areas. works closely with multilateral organiza-
SECO promotes the supply of potable tions in order to strengthen their contribu-
water and sewage disposal in metropolitan tion to the attainment of international
areas in countries of Eastern Europe, Cen- development goals.
tral Asia and the South. Reactions to the report: info@deza.admin.ch
3
OVERVIEW
Cattle trough at a water pump in Niger (Photo: A. Winizki)
Brief overview
Over the past five years Switzerland has invested an average of CHF 68 million per year in the
water sector of development cooperation. The following report shows that this has contributed
substantially to reducing poverty, strengthening local institutions and creating basic condi-
tions for development. The overall balance is positive, but in the future environmental ques-
tions deserve more attention.
Access to water and supporting national water programs.
and sanitation Switzerland has already achieved a great deal
Thanks to Swiss water programs, about in many of the countries examined.
370,000 people per year in the reporting
period have received better access to drinking What are the effects
water and sanitation facilities in residential of having access to water?
areas. Access to irrigation water was For those directly affected, noticeable effects
improved annually for approximately 30,000 include the containment of diseases, the time
people. saved for collecting water, higher income and
Switzerland is thus making an important increased knowledge (e.g. on diseases and
contribution towards achieving one of the hygiene). It also has significant structural
Pressure international development goals (Millennium effects: improvement of the economic loca-
on water resources Development Goal No. 7: «Reduce by half the tion, strengthening of public supply and waste
In Niger, important improvements proportion of people without sustainable management businesses (public utilities) and
were made in gaining access to access to safe drinking water and basic sani- environmental protection.
water, but climate change and the tation» by 2015). One of the most significant effects of Swiss
neglect of ecological principles Nevertheless, this direct contribution still cooperation was achieved by promoting local
could endanger any successes amounts to less than 1 % of the worldwide institutions: those directly affected handle the
achieved so far. Everyone wants a goal, which is why Switzerland reinforces it by operation and maintenance of their own water
share of the water that is now more supplying multilateral organizations with supply installations.
readily available. The temporary expertise and financial contributions. Further- Switzerland’s commitment to regions expe-
presence of foreign herds is increas- more, it is essential that concerted actions and riencing difficult conditions and its incentives
ing and leads to overgrazing. cooperation continue with donors in partner to reduce the risks of natural disasters and
countries, in addition to specifically promoting water conflicts contribute to crisis prevention.
4
OVERVIEW
Sewage treatment plant in Debrecen, Hungary (Photo: SECO)
A well-invested Swiss Franc made for this report have shown that basic
Investments in the water sector have a good social, political and economic conditions can Success stories
cost-benefit ratio, as demonstrated by the change rapidly and this in turn may consider- in Nicaragua
projects investigated in which each invested ably influence the success and sustainability of Nicaraguans believe that supplying
Swiss Franc yielded a social and economic Swiss programs. A long-term commitment on drinking water facilities in their
benefit of at least 3 to 5 Francs. Thus invest- a local, national and international level is thus country is the key to improve their
ments are also meaningful from an economic necessary to influence basic conditions. quality of life. The ability to organ-
point of view. ize themselves also affects other
International partnerships areas of life.
Chances of sustainability are required
are proven Switzerland’s influence on the global agenda
Swiss programs that were realized with moti- in the water sector is greater than would be
vated partners have shown better results and expected by its financial commitment. Well Reaching EU standards
are sustainable. Programs that do not treat a positioned internationally, Switzerland’s Thanks to Swiss support, the city of
problem comprehensively, or were realized approach to engage itself not only in countries Debrecen (Hungary) now has a
with «reform-resistant» partners, have less but also in international and multilateral pro- water quality equivalent to EU stan-
chances of being sustainable. grams and organizations of the water sector dards for the cleaning of sewage
The implementation of several programs has proven of value. Both sides have gained water.
was delayed due to civil wars and bad gov- knowledge and improved their work, and this
ernment leadership, a fact which negatively in turn has benefited the inhabitants of devel-
affected their sustainability. oping countries.
One big challenge for all participants is the The increasing importance
consequent implementation of a holistic water of knowledge exchange
management, especially in the light of risks The intervention of the Global
resulting from climate change. Water Partnership (GWP) helped
Morocco develop a new strategy for
Results need time coping with droughts. It was sup-
The public wants to see fast results in develop- ported by «drought-experienced»
ment cooperation – this is justified. However, countries such as the USA, South
daily life in developing countries and the rela- Africa and Australia. Switzerland is
tionship between conducive and hindering a supporter of the GWP .
factors are extremely complex. Investigations
5
A
OVERVIEW
Scope of the Report on Effectiveness
For decades water has been an important sector of Swiss development cooperation. It concerns making
improvements in drinking water, wastewater management and sanitation, as well as irrigation and the
management of water resources. The scientific basis for this report on effectiveness was provided by the
German Development Institute (GDI).
The Swiss program of ten Swiss water programs in nine countries,
Switzerland supports its partners with both namely in Bangladesh, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova,
know-how and money, and increases effectiv- Mozambique, Niger, Nicaragua, Tajikistan,
ity through its involvement in other programs Hungary and Uzbekistan.
and by cooperating with other donors. Swiss Some of these programs have a long his-
water programs are conducted both in devel- tory. In individual regions, the Swiss commit-
oping countries of the South as well as in tran-
sition countries in the East.
In development cooperation and humani-
tarian aid, Switzerland supports various types
of approaches in the water sector:
– Bilateral projects are developed and imple-
mented directly with partner countries.
Nongovernmental organizations, the pri-
vate sector and international organizations
render important services, such as infra-
structure projects, training programs or
political advisory services.
– Multilateral projects are supportive contri-
butions to organizations that work on a
cross-national basis. They serve research,
knowledge exchange, dialogue on appro-
priate strategies, the formulation of policies
and the implementation of measures.
– Swiss networks foster the exchange of Cooperation of the Moldovan population
knowledge and coordination among (Photo: T. Umbehr)
organizations within Switzerland.
ment dates back to the year 1975. In others,
More than just Switzerland was only involved for a few years.
a «Swiss» program The examination was generally concentrated
Generally, support is given to programs that on the past five years.
are planned and co-financed by local part- The SDC and SECO selected the programs
ners. It is not simply a «Swiss» program. to be examined. A balanced selection of geo-
The contributions made by those directly graphical priority areas, program objectives
involved are considerable for many of the and contributions from involved federal
programs examined in this report. This not offices was deemed important. Whether or not
only refers to monetary investments or dona- the programs looked promising was not deci-
A partner country tions, but also to active participation in realiz- sive.
of the Swiss water program ing programs. The GDI also examined 11 multilateral pro-
Moldova is the poorest country in The programs examined are also aligned grams and the work of two Swiss networks.
Europe, with almost 50 % of its pop- with projects organized by other donors. The examined bilateral and multilateral
ulation living below the poverty line. water programs have an annual budget of
The Swiss program is active in rural Scientific basis CHF 22 million, i.e. 32 % of the entire water
areas, where extreme poverty is par- In 2007 the German Development Institute budget.
ticularly found. (GDI), together with experts from the consult-
ing company FAKT, examined the effectiveness
6
ACCESS TO WATER
How was this Report also covers the results of an additional cost-
on Effectiveness compiled? benefit analysis of Swiss water programs.
Fourteen experts worked on the study. They One important finding reached through the
began by analyzing documents, in addition to work on this report is that any water program
conducting telephone interviews and sending supported by Switzerland must be better
involved parties written questionnaires. In organized when it comes to collecting data on
seven cases effectiveness was also checked access to water and documenting results.
locally. This data was mainly collected during
workshops attended by inhabitants of the
affected population.
Results of the examinations from different
data sources were then compared and
showed good concurrence. The present report
is reinforced by comprehensive material and
Main irrigation canal in Ferghana Valley, Central Asia (Photo: M. Kollmuss) River weirs in the Province of Téra, Niger (Photo: GDI)
Access to water: Who has profited?
Over the past five years a total of approximately 400,000 people per year have directly profited from the
Swiss engagement in the water sector. Today the urban population has better access to drinking water and
sewage disposal facilities. Rural areas profit from drinking water, sanitation and irrigation installations.
Drinking water supply Resources are being used efficiently. For
Over the past five years approximately 30 % of example, due to the Swiss commitment the city
Swiss aid flowed into the supply of drinking of Debrecen (Hungary) has strongly reduced
water to urban areas. In Debrecen (Hungary), its relatively wasteful water consumption from
Switzerland helped to improve access to drink- 200–250 liters per day and per person to 80
ing water and obtain better sewage disposal liters per day and per person. In this way the
River weirs in the region facilities for approximately 195,000 persons. same amount of water can now supply more
of Téra (Niger) Surveys made in 2005 with customers of families.
Water availability was increased urban waterworks showed improved customer The situation at the outset and accessibility
using simple methods such as the satisfaction (80 out of 100 points). In Khujand are often more difficult in rural areas. In the last
construction of weirs. (Tajikistan) 40,000 people benefited from five years, approximately 70 % of Swiss aid in the
water programs. drinking water sector flowed into rural areas.
7
ACCESS TO WATER
Swiss support is considerable and also has Irrigation
an impact in terms of figures. In Nicaragua, Over the past five years approximately
Switzerland has provided 285,000 persons 150,000 people have received access to an
with access to drinking water in the past 25 irrigation infrastructure thanks to Swiss invest-
years, while in Niger 700,000 persons have ments.
profited since the beginning of the Swiss proj- In the Ferghana Valley (Central Asia),
ect (1978). Switzerland supported the modernization of
Some setbacks have also been noted: In irrigation systems and agriculture which
Cabo Delgado (Mozambique) the supply rate directly and even indirectly benefited 680,000
of clean drinking water for the population people living on 1,700 km2 of land.
sank from 61 % in 1996 to 41 % in 2002, In dry regions such as Niger it was possible
among other things due to the lack of spare to increase water availability with some simple
parts for hand pumps resulting from an measures. In Téra (Niger) weirs were built in
import stop. This was a serious setback. the riverbed causing the groundwater level in
Switzerland has since revised the project and
was also successful in having the import pro-
hibition rescinded. This led to a definite
improvement.
Irrigation in the Ferghana Community hygiene
Valley and sewage water
Approximately 680,000 farmers The disposal of faeces (from latrines) and
benefited from this project. Previ- hygiene education form part of every rural
ously, water losses in the canal sys- drinking water project implemented by
tem due to technical defects and ille- Switzerland. No sufficient health effects can
gal usage were immense. At times, be achieved without these measures.
only 50–60 % of the fed water actu- The success of Swiss programs varies from
ally arrived at the end users. country to country. While enormous progress
Through its approach of focusing on was seen in Nicaragua, only a minimum of
implementing organizational meas- headway was made in Cabo Delgado
ures, the Swiss program was marked (Mozambique).
by success. Swiss experiences correspond to those Modification of distribution network in Khujand (Photo:
made by other donor countries: It is more diffi- SECO)
cult to achieve success in community hygiene
than in the supply of drinking water because
Ambitious goals in Cabo the former entails changing people’s behavior. the surrounding countryside to rise. The result-
Delgado (Mozambique) In Debrecen (Hungary) as well as in the city of ing available water is used for drinking water,
The goal of the Swiss program Nukus (Uzbekistan) sewage disposal was at the animal drinking troughs and for cultivating
launched in 1979 was to establish top of the priority list compiled by the partners. vegetables.
the supply of drinking water and In both cases the water quality was decisively
sanitation facilities for an entire improved thanks to the Swiss engagement. In Conclusions and possibilities
province – about twice the size of Nukus approximately 80,000 people are now for improvement
Switzerland – for 1.3 million people. connected to an improved sanitation system. Swiss programs have made an important con-
Expansion progressed quickly. By tribution to providing more women, men and
2002 only 58 % of the wells func- children access to water. This is achieved not
tioned because important factors Investments in Khujand only by constructing new installations, but also
had been neglected: the availability (Tajikistan) by modernizing old or defective facilities
of replacement parts and the low Thanks to this project approximately 30 % of all (wells, pumps).
organizational abilities of the popu- water pipes and house connections were The technologies employed in the Swiss
lation. Switzerland and the govern- repaired. In addition, a damaged water pump programs are for the most part adapted to
ment of Mozambique reacted to this was replaced, benefiting 40,000 people. Previ- local conditions and needs and consist of both
situation and adapted the project ously, 40–60 % of the water was lost because of simple measures (river weirs) as well as mod-
accordingly. leaking pipes. ern installations (pumps in city water supply
installations). Measures for disaster mitigation
8
A
EFFECTS
are also being increasingly incorporated into frequent power outages in the winter lead to
water programs. operational interruptions in the supply of
Access to water is not guaranteed after drinking water.
completion of the installations. The responsi- Moreover, the waste disposal components
bility for operation and maintenance must be (sewage water, latrines) in most drinking water
regulated. Here the Swiss program has shown programs must be reinforced. This becomes
considerable success with its policy of forming increasingly important as wastewater accumu-
and strengthening local operating groups. lates with the improvement of the drinking
Sometimes the development environment water supply.
could be better incorporated. Take the city of
Khujand (Tajikistan), for example, where the
drinking water supply system supported by
Switzerland is linked to the city’s power supply
via the pump system. Due to this coupling, the
Hand pump in Bangladesh (Photo: T. Linder) Higher production with irrigation: Tree nursery in Niger (Photo: A. Schenker)
Direct benefits for the population
Improved access to water increases the standard of living and reduces poverty as a result of improved
health, food security, income and availability of time. Effects on organizational capacity and the
empowerment of women were attained but depend strongly on the respective environment.
Containment of diseases tion of these diarrhea cases was brought
A reduction in the frequency of waterborne about by switching to groundwater usage
diseases (diarrhea and cholera, et al) was (hand pumps), a project that was co-financed
recorded in practically all drinking water pro- by Switzerland.
grams that were examined. This notably Wherever health benefits were achieved in
improved the quality of life and the productive Swiss programs, families saved money on
efficiency of the local population medications, physician and hospital costs.
In Bangladesh the lack of sanitary facilities Transportation costs to the hospital were elim-
and appropriate hygiene causes two to three inated.
serious cases of diarrhea per household each However, health benefits in many regions
month which in turn results in two to six lost are modest without the respective hygiene
working days per month. The ensued damage education. In Mozambique only 5 % of the
to the economy is very high. A national reduc- population washed their hands regularly after
9
EFFECTS
improvements to the water supply system. The Saving time hauling water
reasons are found in traditional behavior and Drinking water programs shorten the distance
the low importance attached to hygiene meas- to wells. The time won per household thanks
ures. The health benefits of having a supply to these Swiss programs is approximately one
of potable water are thus hardly perceptible. to eight hours per day/night. It varies depend-
In Moldova drinking water measures ing on the specific measure, time of year or
helped to repel hepatitis A. Unfortunately, this residential structure.
positive effect of the Swiss program was out- The time won can be used in a variety of
weighed by the general decline of the health ways. In Niger the women use it mainly for
care system. parenting and for small trade. In other coun-
Meanwhile, the aforementioned health tries the girls who used to get the water now
benefits achieved by the Swiss program in go to school on a regular basis (Nicaragua),
Bangladesh are also endangered. The health or they have time for much needed rest
of more than 50 % of the population is now (Moldova).
Irrigation programs also help to save time.
In the Ferghana Valley women and men no
longer need to guard the fields – which took
up to 10 hours daily – thanks to a regulated
water supply system.
In Cabo Delgado (Mozambique) the time
savings effect was lost again because the pop-
ulation in villages that have developed along
roads grew faster than expected. An insuffi-
cient number of wells and long queues were
the result. During the rainy season people thus
frequently again began to use water of lesser
quality.
Food security
Access to water for irrigation and animal
watering troughs, as well as its fair distribu-
tion, is of great significance to farmers and
cattle drovers. The production of food was
expanded (Niger, Central Asia: Ferghana Val-
Public water supply site in Niger (Photo: SDC) ley). Food became more diversified and
healthier through the cultivation of vegetables.
Drinking water programs also had a posi-
threatened by the arsenic contamination of tive effect on food security. Fewer cases of
the groundwater. This was not predictable at diarrhea have a favorable effect on nutritional
the time, and Switzerland is supporting balance. Women and children use fewer calo-
research aimed at finding a solution to this ries to haul water when the water supply site is
problem. located closer to their homes.
Clean drinking water New jobs Water comes to the people
for children In the areas surrounding river weirs in In Niger the distance to public water
Diarrhea is currently still one of the the Téra (Niger) region irrigation cul- supply sites was reduced from a maxi-
main causes of child mortality in tures, a fishing industry as well as the mum of 3.5 kilometers to 1 kilometer.
developing countries. The effects of production of unbaked bricks have Waiting times were also shortened
Swiss programs thus cannot be under- emerged. The population now has because fewer users are registered per
estimated. more alternatives in case of droughts. site. This saves people up to 4 hours
daily.
10
EFFECTS
Higher income Increased know-how
The income of affected farmers increased, All Swiss programs entail an educational com-
especially with irrigation projects. Farmers in ponent and almost always meet with success.
the Ferghana Valley (Central Asia) talk about Knowledge is assimilated and implemented.
an income growth of 100 % in Tajikistan and Alone in Moldova, 30,000 people received
10–15% in Uzbekistan. information on the connection between drink-
The effect of such irrigation projects was ing water and its quality, hygiene and health,
heightened thanks to a holistic approach as well as on the efficient handling of water.
(Niger, Central Asia: Ferghana Valley). This information also reached 40,000 people
Switzerland not only finances water projects, in Nicaragua and 145,000 inhabitants of the
but also other accompanying measures such city of Khujand in Tajikistan.
as the construction of roads or grain store- In Mozambique long-term courses and
houses. grants were carried out for experts in the
The program in Bangladesh is particularly water sector. These achieved better results
successful. It is based not only on the con-
struction of new installations but also on the
marketing of simple technology (treadle or
pedal pumps), especially with small farmers.
By using pumps they can also cultivate vegeta-
bles and rice to improve their income. Over
one million poor families have so far suc-
ceeded in raising their income above the
poverty level.
In urban areas the connection of a house to
a water and sewage network produced eco-
nomic benefits. In the city of Nukus (Uzbek-
istan) real estate with sewage connection
gained 25 % in value. Access to bank credits
was facilitated accordingly.
Experience
with self-organization
Water projects promote local organization
(establishment of and work in water user
groups). In this area Swiss development coop-
eration achieved substantial successes in
practically all programs. With little exception
the groups continue to function well.
Not only is the population’s self-esteem
strengthened, but any organizational skills
they developed can also be used to achieve
other goals. Dedication of a pump station in Moldova (Photo: T. Umbehr)
Voice from Moldova
«The water project was actually a
school on democracy for us. The pop-
ulation was able to participate at all
levels.»
A
11
EFFECTS
than short training sessions. More than 60 % Conclusions and possibilities
of the 730 trained people were then able to be for improvement
employed. In 7 out of 10 examined bilateral projects
Swiss programs showed a clear poverty-
Empowerment of women reducing effect with regard to one or more of
Women profit from drinking water projects the described factors (health, productive
both as a target group (time savings, reduced usable time savings or income growth). Work
workload) as well as participants (water user on this report confirms that the objectives
groups). strived for with these programs were reached.
Experiences in Nicaragua are especially These effects are direct, realistic and some-
positive. Women now have more of a voice in times surprising: Farmers in the Ferghana Val-
decision-making, and the construction of ley report that they can now sleep better
school latrines allows girls the carefree atten- because they have fewer conflicts with the
dance of school. family and neighbors concerning the alloca-
tion of water, and because the fields need to
be watched less.
Strengthening the organizational skills of
the local population is one of the largest suc-
cesses of Swiss programs.
Although the extent of these results is
immense, a great deal still depends on exter-
nal factors. Prices dictated by the state can, for
example, dampen the effect of an irrigation
program because farmers cannot make use of
new opportunities (Ferghana Valley). Conflicts
over land ownership are also an obstacle
(Niger).
Deficits are noted in projects in Mozam-
Water committee with female participation in bique, Bangladesh and Khujand (Tajikistan)
Nicaragua (Photo: A.Maître) where the desired effects were only partially
reached.
All in all, however, the projects examined The basic principles of «no water supply
show that sustainable results in this direction without sewage disposal» and «no irrigation
are only attainable when the political and without drainage» should in the future be bet-
social will exist. No project alone can lead to ter observed in all Swiss projects. Otherwise
any transculturation. the impact of any implemented measures in
The example of Moldova mirrors the reality the drinking water area on health will be con-
of many water programs. Only 10–20 % of the siderably less effective than planned and
women participate in the general meeting of could also pave the way for environmental
members of water user groups. On the other problems.
hand, women hold a strong position in
accounting «because women have a better
flair for dealing with money.»
Empowerment of women
in Nicaragua
Numerous advanced training courses in the
Swiss water program proved to be effective.
Today women make up approximately 40 % of
the chairpersons in water user groups.
12
EFFECTS
Wastewater clarifiers 30 km outside of Nukus (Photo: GDI) Agriculture in the Ferghana Valley depends on irrigation (Photo:
C. Lang)
Effects on general conditions
Economic impulses, incentives for good governance practices and protection of the environment
are examples of effects on general conditions. They guarantee a reduction of poverty and are
visible in all water sector projects supported by Switzerland.
Improvement year. The food cultivation palette was diversi-
of economic position fied which in turn reduced migration, espe-
Most of the water programs examined encour- cially of younger men.
age those involved to believe and invest in Local trade can profit from the investments
development. of Swiss programs, but only function if it is
In Debrecen (Hungary) the all in all favor- included and promoted as a partner. This was
able and affordable water and sanitation costs not always the case. In Bangladesh, for exam-
have become a positive location factor from ple, Switzerland once supported the distribu-
which private individuals and industry profit. tion of hand pumps for many years without
Debrecen has come considerably closer to involving local trade.
being a «clean city» for its citizens and tourists.
As for Nukus, the city now has a better reputa- Strengthening
tion based on the modernized sanitation sys- of public utilities
tem, so that many pieces of real estate have Swiss investments in urban public utilities usu-
also experienced an appreciation in value. ally led to strengthening these businesses
In Moldova the water program gave which in turn served to improve sustainability.
momentum to a change in the population’s Customers profit from this and fewer state
mentality towards showing more initiative, a resources are bound.
fact which could trigger a local development In Khujand (Tajikistan) the Swiss program
impulse in this post-Soviet society. Hope helped professionalize the management of
remains that the government will provide the public utilities. In 2006 they experienced their
corresponding political support. first positive turnover. Previously, drinking
From a structural point of view, irrigation water was only available for a period of six to
projects (Ferghana Valley) are also effective. eight hours per day. Now the drinking water
The intensification of production, processing facility operates almost 24 hours a day – a
and marketing of products has created addi- success story that is, however, occasionally
tional jobs that are distributed throughout the undermined by power outages.
13
EFFECTS
Meanwhile in Nukus (Uzbekistan) the Swiss From the outset, the Swiss program was there-
program resulted in considerable savings in fore aimed at solving organizational prob-
energy costs. lems. This had an impact on society, along
Nevertheless, problems still arise when it with the contributions to the renewal of infra-
comes to safeguarding all of these successes structure.
on a long-term basis. Since water was pro- Niger is another country where measures
vided free of charge during the age of the designed to regulate conflicts have so far
Soviet Union, the population is not always proven to be effective. New voting procedures
prepared to pay an appropriate price. How- were established that have increased commu-
ever, in Khujand an information campaign nication among ethnic groups.
was able to increase the rate of payments
from 60 % to 90 %. Incentives
for good governance
Conflict reduction A major part of these effects is directly related
In all irrigation projects examined Switzerland to good governance. The state was strength-
played an important role in spreading con- ened both locally and nationally so that it can
Production of hand pumps by small local businesses, India (Photo E. Baumann)
flict-solving strategies and helping water users better fulfill its responsibilities for the benefit
reach a consensus. of its citizens.
One example is found in the Ferghana Val- In particular this includes fostering and
ley (Central Asia). There was a lack of cooper- supporting national water programs. Switzer-
ation between post-Soviet states and the allo- land was able to contribute to positive devel-
cation of water provoked numerous conflicts. opments in Bangladesh, Niger and Nica-
ragua. Cooperation with other donors and
multilateral organizations was essential.
A development impulse Jobs in the hand pump
The favorable development seen in sector Environmental protection
the Ferghana Valley (Central Asia) Thanks to Swiss support, numerous Investments made in wastewater treatment
is largely due to Swiss programs. countries have taken up the production (Nukus, Debrecen) clearly have positive
Agricultural productivity has risen, of hand pumps (India, Bangladesh,
and farmers say that water distri- Mozambique, Tanzania, Afghanistan,
bution at the upper and lower et al).
reaches of the river is now much
fairer. Conflicts have been reduced.
14
EFFECTS
impacts on the environment, especially when 1975 – as the Swiss program began. This fact
it comes to protecting bodies of water. Nukus must be considered when evaluating effective-
(Uzbekistan) lies at the heart of the environ- ness.
mental catastrophe surrounding the Aral Sea.
There the Swiss program focuses on helping Conclusions and possibilities
the city collect and treat sewage water. One for improvement
favorable side effect of this program is also All examined projects have had positive
the more efficient use of energy (annual effects on basic conditions: economic
energy consumption has been reduced by impulses, conflict management, environmen-
40 %). tal protection, strong supply and waste dis-
Several Swiss-supported water projects posal businesses and good governance.
have not yet been able to achieve a balanced The effects of these Swiss programs can
water household (Niger and the Ferghana partially influence development trends in a
Valley). The alignment of water withdrawal region or city. A totally negative trend (gross
with water availability is yet to be achieved. development) is not reversible.
Still, when viewed from a long-term per-
spective, the effects of these programs can
be positive. Decentralized settlements are
maintained. Improved living conditions can
lead to the implementation of more intensi-
fied measures aimed at protecting natural
resources.
Influencing
development trends
The analysis shows that water programs can
also produce positive structural effects which
in turn can have a certain influence on over-
all development. At the same time, general
development problems may, however, also
overshadow the successes and effects of
Swiss development cooperation in the water
sector. Nicaragua, for example, lacks
employment opportunities, while Moldova Khujand: Khukand: Water meters are important for
and Tajikistan are currently caught up in a equal treatment of users and to encourage payment
general economic decline, and Niger is fight- of bills. (Photo: M. Gysin, SECO)
ing the consequences of climate change
(droughts).
A further example is the Province of Cabo
Delgado (Mozambique). The province was
marked by a brutal 16-year civil war following
the country’s independence from Portugal in
Improved payment Pollution of the Aral Sea
behavior in Khujand According to statements from local
(Tajikistan) authorities, the Swiss contribution to
Despite problems, customer satisfaction improve sanitation came just at the right
in Khujand (Tajikistan) is much higher moment, otherwise the situation would
than before, as shown by improved pay- have worsened dramatically.
ment behavior. Within a period of nine
months, the percentage of bills paid
climbed from 60 to 93 %.
A
15
EFFECTS
Effectiveness at what price?
The cost-benefit ratio of Swiss measures in the water sector is good, even when compared
internationally. In the programs examined, a social as well as economic benefit averaging at
least 3 to 5 Francs for each invested Swiss Franc is estimated.
The effects presented so far underwent a Balance and opportunities
cost-benefit analysis. For this purpose ten pro- for improvement
grams were examined that usually run at least From an economic viewpoint, investments in
five years and are sufficiently documented to development cooperation focusing on the
allow such an analysis. water sector are meaningful. Moreover, the
In this cost-benefit analysis costs were impacts were achieved at a good price.
recorded as comprehensively as possible, while Water programs in remote and poor areas
benefits (effects) were evaluated more conserv- also yielded good results, despite the exclu-
atively. Calculated as benefits were higher
earnings and income, as well as savings in
health care costs and time. Although other ben-
efits (e.g. stronger local organizational ability)
escape a simple monetary evaluation, they
must be considered in the total balance.
As concerns installation lifespan, 10 years
were calculated for drinking water systems
and 20 years for irrigation plants.
Drinking water programs
The analysis revealed that each franc invested
in drinking water projects brought in a return
of at least five francs, which is a good result in
the international comparison.
Average costs per person were CHF 50,
resulting in a return benefit of CHF 250. This
benefit developed in approximately equal
parts from avoided health care costs and pro-
ductively won time resources.
Further influences on the result include the Benefits result especially for women and children
technology applied, settlement density, prices (Photo: SDC)
and local operational management of the sion of effects that cannot be calculated from
water installations. a monetary point of view.
In the future, Swiss water programs should
Irrigation programs create a better framework for recording data
The balance shown for irrigation projects is on costs and benefits and should support
also positive. Each invested Swiss franc per countries in planning their own programs
Numerous benefits country resulted in an average return benefit accordingly.
at minimum costs of at least three francs.
The drinking water program in Although costs for irrigation projects are rel-
Niger is based on the application of atively high at CHF 475 per person, the bene-
simple technology and is extremely fits are just as high (CHF 1,400 per person). A
cost-efficient with its total per capita production changeover – for example from
investment of CHF 26. grain to vegetables – has a special impact.
The benefits resulting from increased pro-
duction are relatively easy to calculate. Other
effects, such as improved conflict settlement,
were not included in the analysis.
16
EFFECTS
Sustainability of effects
Are these effects maintainable in the long term? The analyses prepared for this report show that the
chances are good and particularly so in projects where partners set clear objectives and make their own
personal contributions. In poor countries the partners continue to depend on development aid for larger
investments and repairs. The consequences of climate change must be taken increasingly into account.
Technical-financial of increasingly efficient businesses. These
sustainability have a vital interest in investing in mainte-
It is considerably easier to achieve technical- nance and repair work and are thus a «driving
financial sustainability in better situated coun- force» behind sustainability.
tries and with competent partners. Problems with sustainability are found
A good example of this is Debrecen (Hun- especially in poor countries, particularly
gary) where supply and waste disposal busi- when water rates do not cover actual water
Public water supply site in Moldova (Photo: T. Umbehr)
nesses are excellently managed and where supply costs, or when the systems are not
basic legal conditions are clearly defined and properly maintained and modernized. Any
controlled by an independent authority. Oper- achieved success is thus threatened in the
ation and maintenance require no subsidies. long term.
Experience has demonstrated the sustainabil- The lack of payment morale can also
ity of Swiss programs. become a problem in irrigation projects. In
Insufficient cost coverage In rural areas the functional capability of the Ferghana Valley (Central Asia) an average
in Moldova water user groups is a decisive factor for sus- of only 56 % of those benefiting from them
The drinking water project has by tainability. In all Swiss programs these groups pay water taxes to the canal authorities. This
far the largest influence on the are capable of making small repairs, or even means that only running expenses can cur-
quality of life. In order to man- financing the connection of new households to rently be covered.
age Swiss investments sustain- the drinking water supply network (exception: Sustainability is also doubtful when it
ably the water price must be the Mozambique). However, only in exceptional comes to installations that depend on the
equivalent of 60–90 centimes cases are enough resources available to cover importation of spare parts from abroad. For
per m3. At the moment it is at 50 larger repairs or modernization projects. example, any spare parts for the city of Nukus
centimes. Meanwhile the program area has witnessed (Uzbekistan) must be procured in Switzerland.
the development of a private sector consisting This requires permits from various public
17
EFFECTS
authorities, but the necessary foreign Ecological sustainability
exchange is not always available. Although those involved in integrated water
resource management (IWRM) are aware of its
Social and institutional principles, the greatest weakness is still their
sustainability insufficient application in water projects that
The water user groups supported by Switzer- are also supported by Switzerland.
land normally function in a transparent and The overall ecological trend is precarious in
efficient manner, thus increasing the chance of some of the countries examined. The danger
sustainability. of drought is clearly growing, while water con-
In order for the system of water user groups sumption is rising. Almost everywhere the risk
to expand, they must be formally recognized. of disaster is currently increasing. Unfavor-
This requires political dialogue with the gov- able climate factors are even more intensified
ernments, a process that met with success in by the climate change.
Niger and Nicaragua. However, dependency All of these trends threaten the sustainabil-
on the political will of governments remains ity of many of the positive results achieved
high. through development programs in the water
In Cabo Delgado (Mozambique) the Swiss sector.
approach functioned only partially. The role of In approximately half of the programs
water user groups was not only insufficiently examined, Switzerland has reacted to the
Successful water user defined but also lacked legal backing. The threat. In Niger, for example, wells were con-
groups in Nicaragua government failed to give local partners the structed in regions where the potential threat
Water committees in Nicaragua are promised resources, and bookkeeping on posed by climate change is great. Also
well managed and set aside reserves contributions received from the population strengthened was the population’s ability to
for larger repairs. This was how a was unsatisfactory right from the start. These cope with the risks of natural catastrophes
water pump valued at approximately factors all prevented trust from developing (Disaster Risk Reduction) and with conflicts
CHF 6,000 was replaced. One prob- within the population. concerning water distribution.
lem remains: the rapidly rising price In Bangladesh the weakness of institutional
of electricity is a threat to small water structures also threatens sustainability. Since Conclusions and
suppliers who have to pump ground- elected local governments fail to fulfill their improvement possibilities
water to the earth’s surface. responsibilities, 640 village committees were In most programs the chances of achieving
established and their members trained. After sustainability are good, both financially and
four years of project running time, only a third socially. In three cases it was even possible to
of these committees are still in operation. determine the actual sustainability level since
An open question in Nukus The rates for water and sewage water dis- enough time had passed between the end of
(Uzbekistan) posal per household are socially acceptable in Swiss aid and the analysis. This is confirmed
In a country such as Uzbekistan the all examined Swiss programs. They amount to by all involved parties and also by the popula-
procurement of spare parts from 3–4 % of the average household budget in tions in question.
Switzerland involves high adminis- Debrecen (Hungary) and in Nukus (Uzbek- On the whole, achieving success in the
trative costs. istan). institutional area or in political dialogue has
Poor families are entitled to receive subsi- proven to be more difficult than planning and
dies. In Nukus for example, 10 % of all earn- implementing a program locally. The fact that
ings from water and sewage fees go to the reforms are incomplete and not implemented
Social acceptance Association of Apartment Owners who can consistently can threaten sustainability. Impor-
for latrines in Mozambique then use 60 % of the money to subsidize desti- tant factors include a long-term commitment
In the Swiss program region of Cabo tute families. This helps in hardship cases. and cooperation on diverse levels (local,
Delgado one third of the population In addition, the subject of «cross-subsidies» is national and international).
has a latrine. In the country’s interior already being discussed in rural drinking In the future, prognoses on climate change
they are used because inhabitants water supply systems. Good approaches are should be taken into account more strongly in
are afraid of encountering wild ani- found in Nicaragua. Individual water con- water programs. In order to counteract the
mals. They are hardly used on the sumption is measured and financially strong global trend effectively, all involved parties
coast, among other things because households that consume a lot of water pay must join forces and clearly strengthen their
people fear they could collapse in more than poor households. This creates jus- ecological commitment.
the sandy soil. tice and transparency and promotes social
sustainability.
18
MULTILATERAL IMPACT
Impact on multilateral policies
and professional networks
Multilateral programs and professional networks have an increasing influence on the exchange of knowledge, the
formulation of policies and the planning of investment programs in the water sector. Switzerland participates actively
at this level. Its influence on the global agenda is greater than its financial commitment would let us assume.
The multilateral programs and networks basic sanitary installations which substan-
supported by Switzerland in the water sector tially contributed to the health of the popu-
have the following objectives: the exchange of lation.
knowledge; advisory services, political dia- – The Water Supply & Sanitation Collabora-
logue, establishment and strengthening of tive Council (WSSCC) succeeded through
Borehole in Africa (Photo: Erich Baumann) Swiss stand at the World Water Forum in Mexico, 2006 (Photo: Francois Muenger)
institutions; as well as the implementation of lobbying in bringing the long-neglected
measures. subject of basic sanitation and hygiene pro-
Most of the programs supported are vision into international debates. This suc-
designed to reduce poverty. This is achieved cess is reflected in the UN Declaration des-
indirectly as a side effect of national pro- ignating the year 2008 as the
grams, e.g. by influencing decision makers or «International Year of Sanitation».
by providing information and technologies. – The World Water Council (WWC) has
strengthened international discussions on
Rural Water and Sanita- Effect of programs and the «right to water» and «public-private
tion Network (RWSN) professional organizations partnerships». Both themes were the main
An impact is made by focusing on The programs and organizations supported by subjects of discussions at the world’s
a single, relevant topic (cost-effi- Switzerland reached their goals. This indirectly largest water conference (World Water
cient drilling technologies) makes leads to visible results for the respective popu- Forums of 2003 and 2006). With its pres-
an impact. The sustainability of lations: entation on guidelines for private sector
the Rural Water and Sanitation – For decades the Water and Sanitation Pro- participation, Switzerland was able to make
Network is, however, uncertain gram of the World Bank (WSP) has been an important contribution towards objecti-
because it depends on external disseminating practical solutions for the fying the discussion.
support. poor population globally. Thanks to a large – The Joint Monitoring Program (JMP) of
campaign, Bangladesh, for example, WHO and UNICEF measures progress in
achieved almost countrywide coverage with the water sector and publishes results in
19
MULTILATERAL IMPACT
easy-to-understand diagrams. In this way it (WSSCC, WSP). Occasionally it was able to
provides an indispensable basis for making offer its services in formulating international
decisions on the application of resources. standards and instruments (e.g. policies and
The UN Hyogo Framework for Action Plan for guidelines for hand pumps) that were then
Disaster Reduction provides all international distributed.
humanitarian actors with a direction. Switzer- But Switzerland achieved the most signifi-
land, which chaired the preadvisory commis- cant impact on policies and within profes-
sion, was able to share its experiences and sional circles by promoting basic sanitation
thus substantially participated in the creation and hygiene. The issue was put on the list of
of this action plan. millennium goals by multilateral partners. The
Political dialogue has been marked by suc- World Bank’s Water and Sanitation Program
cesses, e.g. ministries for natural resources (WSP) distributed the appropriate technolo-
and the environment were created in Thai- gies and 2008 witnessed the establishment of
land, Malaysia and Vietnam at the recommen- the Global Sanitation Fund in Geneva.
World Water Forum dation of the Global Water Partnership (GWP), Switzerland was significantly involved in all of
The World Water Council (WWC) these activities.
has already carried out four world
water forums. Designed to mobilize Coordination
politicians and the general public, within Switzerland
they are agenda- and trendsetters In Switzerland national dialogue and
on global water themes. The next exchange of information on the water sector
event is scheduled for March 2009 were successfully coordinated using two pro-
in Istanbul (Turkey). fessional networks.
Through the internal federal working group
IDANE-Water common positions are worked
out for international conferences and negotia-
World Economic Forum tions (e.g. on the topic of public-private part-
(WEF) nerships). Activities are coordinated, also with
The Swiss commitment in the scope regard to content, and comments and sugges-
of the WEF and Swiss know-how led tions for the Federal Council and the parlia-
to the establishment of partnerships Founding of a public-private partnership in India ment are developed.
between national and federal state (Photo: Confederation of Indian Industry) Swiss experts are continuously kept
governments and businesses in updated through the professional network
India and South Africa. One exam- an organization that unites all administrative AGUASAN, which is considered the profes-
ple is the founding of the Indian units for water resources under one roof. This sional body on questions regarding water and
Business Alliance in the water sector creates clear conditions that make water development in Switzerland and represents an
under the umbrella of the Indian administration sustainable. effective knowledge community.
Industries Association. In research-oriented organizations there is
a tendency to neglect both the political context Conclusions and possibilities
and usage in practice (ICIMOD – International for improvement
Centre for Integrated Mountain Development; Switzerland is a small donor country but it can
The Mekong River IMWI), a fact which curtails the effect of successfully position topics on the interna-
Commission (MRC) mainly good technologies. tional agenda.
By promoting the MRC Secretariat, The effect is mostly based on two factors:
Switzerland helped to establish a Switzerland’s influence Switzerland’s readiness to enter a long-term
regional cross-national institution in Together with multilateral organizations, commitment in an organization or country, as
a region that until just recently was Switzerland maintains continuous dialogue well as a smart combination of know-how and
wracked by conflict. The Mekong with governments of countries in which it financing.
region is the scene of rapid eco- finances programs. With the support of the Environmental issues, such as climate
nomic growth, especially with WSP and Switzerland, Nicaragua has formu- change, are increasingly found on the agen-
respect to trade (river boats) and lated a comprehensive water policy and das of multilateral organizations supported by
dam construction for the electricity appropriate investment program. Switzerland. This is another large task await-
industry. Wherever a need existed, Switzerland par- ing development cooperation in the water sec-
ticipated in founding a new organization tor, on the bilateral and multilateral level.
20
ADDENDA
List of examined projects
Bilateral projects Region/Country Year Description Swiss Contribution/ % of Total
Year in CHF
Rural drinking water supply and latrines; program;
Bangladesh 1975–2007 410,000 10–30 %
various stages
Drinking water supply for the city of Khujand
Khujand 2005–2008 (145,000 inhabitants); house connections, construc- 990,000 67 %
(Tajikistan) tion of utility lines, organization and training of users
Drinking water supply in 15 villages for 25,000
Moldova 2001–2005 people; school sanitation facilities; originally 840,000 67 %
emergency aid
Rural drinking water supply and latrines; 2,000 public
Mozambique: 1979–2004 water supply sites for 140,000 people; 135 water 1,660,000 80 %–90 %
Cabo Delgado committees; etc.
Mozambique: Training program; 732 grants; consulting services;
1986–2004 1,300,000 approx. 40 %
Training public relations activities
Rural drinking water supply and latrines;
Nicaragua 1982–2015 285,000 water connections; 150 water committees; 1,750,000 60 %
decentralization
Program for integrated rural development with water
Niger 1979–2004 2,050,000 90 %
components (wells, weirs); benefiting 700,000 people
Ferghana Valley Integrated management of resources; construction of
2001–2008 960,000 100 %
(Central Asia) pilot channels, improved irrigation management
Optimization of drinking water and sewage disposal
Debrecen 1998–2001 facilities of the city of Debrecen (210,000 1,620,000 25 %
(Hungary) inhabitants); modernized technology
Nukus Renovation of sewage network for city of Nukus for
1998–2005 940,000 100 %
(Uzbekistan) 230,000 inhabitants; training of personnel
Total 12,520,000
Multilateral projects Year Swiss Contribution/
Organization Established Description Year in CHF
Platform for Swiss specialists; professional exchange of know-how and 120,000
Aguasan 1983 experience in workshops; invitation of experts from the South
Global Water Partnership; cooperates with many countries; Integrated
GWP 1996 350,000
Water Resources Management Organization (IWRM); numerous donors
International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development; located
ICIMOD 1983 in Kathmandu; 8 regional member countries; research and consulting; 600,000
Switzerland helped with its foundation; numerous other donors
Platform in the federal administration; ensures Switzerland’s coherence
IDANE 2003 0
in water themes
IWMI 1983 International Water Management Institute; headquartered in Colombo; 450,000
10 regional offices in Africa and Asia; applied research
Joint Monitoring Program for Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation;
JMP 1990 reference for Millennium Development Goal No. 7 (MDG 7), 125,000
objective 10
MRC 1995 Mekong River Commission; common platform of riparian states of the 550,000
Mekong
RWSN 1992 Rural Water Supply Network Africa 140,000
WEF 2005 Water Initiative of the World Economic Forum (WEF) 150,000
World Overview of Conservation Approaches and Technologies;
WOCAT 1992 promotes innovations; Switzerland is main donor country 1,150,000
WSSCC 1990 Water Supply & Sanitation Collaborative Council; part of UN system; 450,000
founded with Switzerland’s assistance; seated in Geneva
Water and Sanitation Program of the World Bank; active worldwide;
WSP 1979 Switzerland is one of the most important donor countries; pilot projects 2,330,000
lead to political dialogue; directly related to poverty reduction
WWC 1996 World Water Council; organizes international water forums; 100,000?
250–300 member organizations in approx. 60 countries
Total 6,515,000
21
ADDENDA
Methods at a glance views to ascertain the perspectives of directly traceable parties carried out during on-site
involved program representatives as well as visits. Discussion partners were selected
Questions – The German Development responsible partner country representatives. according to the snowball principle.
Institute (GDI, www.die-gdi.de) was entrusted On-site analyses were performed in all coun-
with establishing the scientific basis for this Telephone interviews – Here priority tries except Bangladesh and Mozambique.
Report on Effectiveness. In the analysis made is given to the assessments of multilateral pro-
in cooperation with the consulting firm FAKT, grams by persons in charge and employees of Final evaluation – All information was
the following topics were given priority: multilateral programs in which Switzerland recorded in fact sheets and underwent analy-
– bilateral projects: poverty reducing effects participates. sis, quality control checks and evaluation by
(access to water, benefits for the popula- the GDI.
tion), sustainability On-site analyses – This refers to the The GDI then summarized the most impor-
– multilateral measures: Switzerland’s politi- evaluation made by directly affected people tant statements in so-called synthesis tables.
cal influence, effects of supported programs and parties, based on two methods: Differences in evaluation were discussed with
– Method for Impact Assessment for Programs the individual evaluators.
Document analysis – This refers to an and Projects (MAPP): Information is col- The material of the Report on Effectiveness
assessment of the effects as viewed by external lected from target groups and people consists of an overall presentation including
evaluators, supported by an analysis of exist- involved that shed light on development conclusions, evaluations and recommenda-
ing reports on the selected programs. trends and the effects of measures on peo- tions, as well as a collection of all on-site
ple’s lives. analysis reports, fact sheets and synoptical
Written interviews – This is a Rapid – Tracer Studies: These are partially standard- tables. This comprehensive background mate-
Sectoral Assessment (RSA) through written inter- ized interviews with those affected and with rial is available on request.
In addition to the above, a cost-benefit
GDI Study analysis was made by SKAT (Swiss Resource
Centre and Consultancies for Development)
and IC. The selected programs are only in part
Document Analysis Written Interviews consistent with those examined by the GDI for
with Persons in Charge reasons of data availability, but the objectives
are similar.
This Report on Effectiveness was compiled
externally on the basis of the aforementioned
Overview materials and was discussed with the SDC and
(Tables) and Evaluation SECO with the aim of defining important
in Tables improvement possibilities for federal water
projects. This also includes increased efforts in
collecting own data on access to water and its
effects.
Telephone Interviews On-site Analyses
with Involved Parties with Population
Evaluation of bilateral Evaluation Contribution Contribution Chance
Access Poverty to Sustain-
projects of Bilateral
Projects to Water Reduction
to of Being
Governance able Economic Sustainable
Growth
Overall, the balance of the evaluation made of Bangladesh 0 + 0 ++ ? +
bilateral projects is positive, and chances are Khujand
good that the effects will be sustainable for (Tajikistan) 0 + 0 ++ 0 +/–
most projects. Water programs dealing with Moldova + + + ++ 0 +
access to water and their contribution to gov-
Mozambique 0 0 – 0 ? 0
ernance have been particularly effective (e.g. Cabo Delgado
participation of the population, improved serv- Mozambiqie
ices of public utilities). The contribution to Training + + 0 0 + 0
poverty reduction is given, but also depends Nicaragua ++ ++ ++ ++ 0 ++
on other factors. Promoting the economy was
Niger + ++ ++ + + +
also marked by success, but was not the main
Ferghana-Valley
objective of all projects. Cenaral Asia) ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++
Debrecen ++ ++ 0 + ++ ++
(Hungary)
Nukus ++ ++ + ++ + +
(Uzbekistan)
Source: GDI, revised for the report. The scale ranges from – – to –, 0 and + to ++.
? = insufficient data for evaluation.
22
Publishing details
Publisher
Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC),
Federal Department of Foreign Affairs (FDFA),
3003 Bern, Tel.: 031 322 44 12, Fax: 031 324 13 48
Internet: www.sdc.admin.ch
E-mail: info@deza.admin.ch
State Secretariat for Economic Affairs (SECO),
Federal Department of Economic Affairs (FDEA),
3003 Bern, Tel.: 031 324 09 10, Fax: 031 324 09 62
Internet: www.seco-cooperation.admin.ch
E-mail: info@seco-cooperation.ch
Editor: Jean-Philippe Jutzi (SDC)
Text: Pierre Walther, fast4meter, Bern
Scientific basis: German Development Institute (GDI),
Bonn, Susanne Neubert
Coordination: Adrian Maître (SDC), Odile Keller (SECO)
Layout: etter grafik+co, Zürich
Cover Picture: Naive painting by Walter Castillo,
Nicaragua, 1995
The Report on Efficiency is available in German, French, Italian
and English.
Copies may be ordered from info@deza.admin.ch or
031 322 44 12.
ISBN 3-03798-088-5
07.08 5000e 860198338
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