Report on High Pressure Mineral Physics Summit Meeting

Report on High Pressure Mineral Physics Summit Meeting Ronkonkoma, New York 24-25 September 2005 by Donald Bilderback Simon Clark Harry Green Russell Hemley Robert Liebermann Ho-Kwang Mao John Parise Mark Rivers Nancy Ross Steve Sutton Christopher Tulk Donald Weidner Joseph Zaug Yusheng Zhao 23 November 2005 30 November 2005-Revised October 2006: Installed on COMPRES website under Publications at http://www.compres.stonybrook.edu/Publications/index.html 1 Preamble: As an outgrowth of discussions in June 2005 with Program Managers at the NSF Division of Earth Sciences [David Lambert] and the DOE Basic Energy Sciences Division [Helen Kerch and Nicholas Woodward], COMPRES agreed to organize a meeting among a number of organizations funded by the NSF and/or the DOE which are engaged in developing and operating facilities at national laboratories for high-pressure mineral physics research, including the following: COMPRES: COnsortium for Materials Properties Research in Earth Sciences GSECARS: GeoSoilEnviron Consortium for Advanced Radiation Sources HPCAT: High Pressure Collaborative Access Team SNAP: Spallation Neutrons and Pressure at the Spallation Neutron Source [SNS] ALS: High-Pressure Partners at the Advanced Light Source LLNL: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory LANSCE: Los Alamos Neutron Science Center CHESS: Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source LCLS: Linac Coherent Light Source at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center [SLAC] CDAC: Carnegie/DOE Alliance Center The objectives of the meeting were to describe: 1. The shared and broad missions for high-pressure mineral physics. 2. The structure and responsibilities of the various organizations. 3. The relative roles in the high-pressure community. 4. Current funding status and future needs. This meeting was held on September 24-25, 2005 in Ronkonkoma, Long Island, New York. A full list of attendees and acronyms are given on the following pages. As an outcome of this meeting, the attendees prepared this report to the NSF and DOE Program Managers and presented it in person at the NSF on Tuesday, November 29, 2005. Those attending this meeting included: David Lambert, Program Director for Instrumentation and Facilities in the Division of Earth Sciences at NSF; Nicholas Woodward, Program Director for Geosciences Research Program, Division of Chemical Sciences, Geosciences and Biosciences, in DOE-BES; Helen Kerch, Program Manager for X-ray and Neutron Scattering in Division of Materials Science and Engineering in DOE-BES; and Roger Klaffky, Program Manager for X-ray and Neutron Scattering User Facilities in Division of Scientific User Facilities in DOE-BES. Representing the High Pressure Summiteers were:Harry Green, Russell Hemley, Hokwang Mao, Mark Rivers, Donald Weidner, and Robert Liebermann. Robert Liebermann, President of COMPRES served as Convener of the High Pressure Summit Meeting and Editor of the Report. 2 Attendees and Affiliations [and acronyms] Donald Bilderback Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source [CHESS] Simon Clark Advanced Light Source [ALS] of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory [LBNL] CALifornia hIgh Pressure Science Observatory [CALIPSO] Harry Green COMPRES—Chair of Executive Committee Russell Hemley Carnegie/DOE Alliance Center [CDAC] Spallation Neutrons at Pressure [SNAP] Project at Spallation Neutron Source [SNS] of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory [ORNL] Spokesperson for U2A Beamline at National Synchrotron Light Source [NSLS] Robert Liebermann COMPRES—President Ho-Kwang Mao High Pressure Collaborative Access Team [HPCAT] at the Advanced Photon Source of the Argonne National Laboratory [ANL] Spallation Neutrons at Pressure [SNAP] Project at Spallation Neutron Source [SNS] of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory [ORNL] John Parise Spallation Neutrons at Pressure [SNAP] Project at Spallation Neutron Source [SNS] of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory [ORNL] Mark Rivers Geo-Soil-Enviro-Consortium for Advanced Radiation Sources [GSECARS] at the Advanced Photon Source [APS] at Argonne National Laboratory [ANL] Spokesperson for X17B3 and X17C Beamlines at National Synchrotron Light Source [NSLS] Nancy Ross COMPRES--Chair of Infrastructure Development Committee PI for Neutron Studies project of COMPRES Steve Sutton Geo-Soil-Enviro-Consortium for Advanced Radiation Sources [GSECARS] at the Advanced Photon Source [APS] at Argonne National Laboratory [ANL] Christopher Tulk Spallation Neutrons at Pressure [SNAP] Project at Spallation Neutron Source [SNS] of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory [ORNL] Donald Weidner Spokesperson for X17B2 Beamline at National Synchrotron Light Source [NSLS] Joseph Zaug Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory [LLNL] Yusheng Zhao Los Alamos Neutron Science Center [LANSCE] at the Los Alamos National Laboratory [LANL] 3 ADX ALS ANL APS BNL CALIPSO CAT CDAC CHESS COMPRES CVD DOE EDX ERL GSECARS GUP HPCAPS HPCAT LANL LANSCE LBNL LCLS LLNL NSF NSLS ORNL PRT SLAC SNAP SNS XRD Angular Dispersive X-ray analysis Advanced Light Source, a synchrotron facility at LBNL Argonne National Laboratory, IL Advanced Photon Source, a synchrotron facility at ANL Brookhaven National Laboratory, NY CALifornia hIgh Pressure Science Observatory, a high pressure beamline at the ALS Collaborative Access Team, a group that manages a sector (two beamlines) at the APS Carnegie/DOE Alliance Center Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source, a synchrotron facility at Cornell University, NY COnsortium for Materials Properties Research in the Earth Sciences Chemical Vapor Deposition Department of Energy Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis Energy Recovery Linac GeoSoilEnviroCARS, a CAT at the APS dedicated to earth science research General User Program, a facility access system for the general scientific community High Pressure Consortium at the Advance Photon Source, an organization under discussion High Pressure CAT at the APS Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM Los Alamos Neutron Science Center, now known as the Lujan Center Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, CA Linac Coherent Light Source, a planned x-ray free-electron laser at SLAC Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, CA National Science Foundation National Synchrotron Light Source, a synchrotron facility at BNL Oak Ridge National Laboratory, TN Participating Research Team, a group managing a beamline at the NSLS Stanford Linear Accelerator Center Spallation Neutrons and Pressure, a planned beamline at the SNS Spallation Neutron Source, a neutron facility under construction at ORNL X-Ray Diffraction 4 OUTLINE Executive Summary 1. Scientific Rationale for High Pressure Mineral Physics Research 2. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. Research Facilities and Groups: Descriptions, Missions, and Funding COMPRES COMPRES at the NSLS COMPRES at the ALS GSECARS at APS HPCAT at APS LANSCE at LANL CDAC 3. Current Technologies a. Synchrotron Radiation b. Neutrons 4. a. b. c. 5. a. b. c. d. e. f. Collaborative Activities Operational modes at national lab facilities Oversight Outreach and Training Emerging Facilities, Technologies and Concepts Diamond Growth via CVD SNAP at SNS LCLS at SLAC NSLS-II ERL at CHESS HPCAPS at the APS 6. Funding: Current status and future prospectus Appendices: A. COMPRES Report on “Current and Future Directions of Research in High-Pressure Mineral Physics” edited by J. D. Bass B. EOS article from 4 October 2005 on “Future of High Pressure Mineral Physics” by R. C. Liebermann 5 Executive Summary. High pressure mineral physics plays an important role in advancing our understanding of the properties of earth and planetary materials and the processes at work within the Earth and other planets. This field has changed dramatically over the past decade due in large part to the availability of synchrotron and neutron facilities, constructed and operated in the US at the national laboratories of the Department of Energy. In parallel with these advances in large, centralized facilities, new types of high-pressure devices, of both the diamond-anvil and multi-anvil types, have been and are being developed to take advantage of the unique capabilities of these facilities. High pressure research at these US facilities is managed by organizations supported largely by NSF and DOE. GeoSoilEnviroCARS (GSECARS) at the APS is managed by the University of Chicago and has been in operation since 1997 and about half of its scientific program involves high pressure research. The COnsortium for Materials Properties Research in the Earth Sciences (COMPRES) was created in 2001 to provide a structure to support communal use of synchrotron x-ray and neutron facilities nationwide. COMPRES provides operational support to high pressure mineral physics operations at the NSLS and ALS synchrotrons plus developing activities at neutron facilities. GSECARS and COMPRES collaborate closely through coordination of community development activities and the design, construction and operation of advanced instrumentation through COMPRES-supported infrastructure projects. All of the beamtime at GSECARS and the COMPRES-supported components at the NSLS and the ALS is open to the general community through proposals to the General User Programs [GUP] at each facility. In addition, there are beamlines that are established with institutional or mission-directed funding where a small proportion of time is set aside for the general community [circa 25%], as exemplified at HPCAT and LANSCE. These organizations have been and continue to be the leaders in the development of new technologies for high pressure mineral physics research. An example of an emerging technology is diamond growth by chemical vapor deposition. New facilities are also currently on the horizon or in the long-term plans of national laboratories under the funding auspices of the DOE and/or the NSF. The nearly operational Spallation Neutron Source will allow major advances in neutron scattering capabilities, including experiments at high pressure, with the construction and availability of SNAP. The Linac Coherent Light Source at SLAC will provide orders of magnitude higher x-ray brightness (in a pulsed mode) compared to existing continuous sources. And, just beyond the horizon are a proposed new synchrotron ring at BNL (NSLS-II) that will push the stateof-the-art in x-ray source brilliance from a ring and the Energy Recovery Linac (ERL), about to enter prototype activities at CHESS. The future looks very bright for facilitybased high-pressure mineral physics. There are at least two distinct communities served by operations of high-pressure facilities at the national laboratories: (1) General group of users in geosciences [students, postdocs, staff]; (2) Developers of new techniques or those who adapt new new technologies developed in other disciplines. The operators of the high-pressure facilities 6 at the national laboratories have an obligation to serve each of these distinct and important communities. Both GSECARS and COMPRES will be submitting proposals for renewal of their programs for another five years in 2006 [GSECARS in February to both the NSF and the DOE and COMPRES in August to the NSF]. According to the metrics developed for beamlines and national laboratory facilities in the U. S. [including comparative information from European and Japanese facilities], the recommended minimum level of personnel support is about 4 FTEs per experimental station, or circa $500-700K. These metrics are based on averages over the 179 beamlines in operation at light sources in the U. S. in FY 2004. The current level of operational funding for the beamlines supported by COMPRES is approximately half of this recommended level. The only way that these beamlines are able to operate efficiently and serve the broad user community is by reliance on substantial inputs of other funds from other organizations [e.g., Stony Brook University, Carnegie Institution of Washington, CDAC, LBNL, etc]. Such other funds are fragile and to rely on them for basic support places the programs at risk. In addition to operational expenses, each beamline facility needs to be replenishing its equipment on a regular basis. We estimate that every beamline needs circa $400-500K in equipment upgrades every 4-5 years to remain competitive and viable. . . . 7 1. Scientific rationale for High Pressure Mineral Physics Research Research in high-pressure mineral physics is essential in interpreting observational data from many other disciplines in the earth sciences, from geodynamics to seismology to geochemistry to petrology to geomagnetism to planetary science and also to materials science and climate studies. Thus, the field of high-pressure mineral physics is highly interdisciplinary and fundamentally multidisciplinary. Mineral physicists do not always study minerals nor use only physics; they study the properties of materials which comprise the Earth and other planets at high pressures and temperatures and employ the complete range of scientific concepts and techniques from chemistry, physics, materials science, and biology. Mineral physics has important contributions to make to applied as well as basic research in the U. S., especially with regard to the missions of the Department of Energy. Highpressure and temperature mechanical properties of materials in combination with seismic data are essential to creating a science-based nuclear proliferation program. Clathrates [solid gas hydrates] are the greatest known deposits of hydrocarbon energy resources, as well as a potential contributor to global warming and underwater landslides that can trigger tsunamis. Materials under extreme conditions is a burgeoning field and the organizations represented at this meeting are in a position to make ever-increased advances if enhanced funding is available from government agencies. The field of high-pressure earth and planetary sciences has changed dramatically over the past decade. Increasingly sophisticated tools are being used, and indeed developed within our community, to investigate the properties of matter under the extreme pressure and temperature conditions of planetary interiors. Similar progress has been achieved in the computational power for calculations of mineral properties. As a result, it is now possible to conduct experiments and perform simulations that were not dreamed of 10 years ago. We are witnessing a great surge of high-pressure apparatus to accommodate the diversity of analytical probes and sample environments (temperatures and magnetic field). Scientists are exploiting the advantages of the strength of various cell designs, anvils, sample assemblages, gasket materials, and sample loading techniques, and making them readily assessable to users. Coinciding with the arrival of new anvil materials such as ultrafine-grained polycrystalline diamond, giant diamonds grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD), moissanite (SiC), and cubic boron nitride, we can anticipate the convergence of diamond anvil, torroidal anvil, and multianvil apparatus, and the emergence of the next generation of high-pressure apparatus with much greater capabilities, efficiency, and user-friendliness. The organizations at this meeting are charged with the responsibility to provide the infrastructure for the development of new technologies and ensure accessibility of these facilities to users in the earth science community. Many of these advances and prospects for the future have been described in a recent report Current and Future Directions of Research in High-Pressure Mineral Physics.” 8 This report was edited by Jay Bass with the support of the Consortium for Materials Properties Research in Earth Sciences [COMPRES] and the National Science Foundation Division of Earth Sciences. The Bass Report clearly articulates the scientific themes and challenges from the inner core of Earth to near-surface processes and on to planetary interiors; a copy of this report is enclosed [Appendix A], as is a reprint of an article in from the 4 October 2005 issue of EOS-Transactions of the American Geophysical Union [Appendix B]. At the onset of the 21st century, mineral physicists find themselves with many challenging research problems and many exciting opportunities for research at high pressures and temperatures, made possible in large measure by the availability of synchrotron and neutron facilities at the national laboratories of the Department of Energy. In parallel with these advances in large, centralized facilities, new types of highpressure devices, of both the diamond-anvil and multi-anvil types, have been and are being developed to take advantage of them. To exploit such technologies has required and continues to require a change in the culture of high-pressure experimental research. Until recently, the cottage industry model served as the primary mode of operation: a scientist worked with a student and/or a postdoc, together in a laboratory at their home institution. The new, centralized national facilities demand a different, collaborative, strategy including advanced preparation of samples and experiments, weeks in ―the field‖ (at the national facility), sleepless nights, and CDs full of data. Following the experimental runs at the beamline, the fatigued team returns home for weeks of data analysis. This new mode requires re-education of all scientists, from student to senior faculty, to enable them to effectively participate in this new culture. COMPRES at the NSLS and the ALS and GeoSoilEnviroCARS [GSECARS] at the APS provide strategically vital support to the operations of high-pressure beamlines at synchrotrons, including funding of beamline scientists at the facilities and access and assistance for students, postdocs, etc. in the earth science community. These activities are complimented by the resources of other programs, such as the High Pressure Collaborative Access Team [HPCAT] at the APS, and the high-pressure neutron facilities now existing at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center [LANCSE] and to become available soon at the Spallation Neutron Source [SNS] at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory [ORNL]. 2. Research Facilities and Groups: Descriptions, Missions and Funding a. COMPRES The COnsortium for Materials Properties Research in the Earth Sciences (COMPRES) is a community-based organization created in 2001 to promote and facilitate high-pressure research in mineral and rock physics, in particular to provide a structure to support communal use of synchrotron x-Ray and neutron facilities for this purpose. There are currently 45 US member institutions consisting of educational institutions and national laboratories and an additional 19 foreign affiliates. The U. S. institutional members of 9 COMPRES elected two Standing Committees for Community Facilities and Infrastructure Development, an Executive Committee, as well as officers; all of these elected persons serve as volunteers with no compensation. COMPRES is funded by the NSF Divison of Earth Sciences for five years through April, 2007 ($2.1M in FY 2005); a renewal proposal will be submitted in August, 2006. It provides operation and oversight of facilities at the DOE national laboratories, including: (1) Diamond-anvil facilities at the National Synchrotron Light Source [NSLS] of the Brookhaven National Laboratory (at beamlines X17B3/X17C and U2A); (2) Multianvil facilities at the NSLS (at beamline X17B2); and (3) Diamond-anvil facilities at the Advanced Light Source [ALS] of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (at beamlines 1.4, 11.3.1, and 12.2.2). COMPRES also supports a neutron studies initiative via the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University to cultivate scientific interest in exploiting the new opportunities for high-pressure using national neutron facilities. In addition to the operation of community facilities, COMPRES supports infrastructure projects to promote the development of new technologies for high-pressure research, both in laboratories in university institutions and at the national laboratories, and also advocates for science and educational programs to the various funding agencies. The community-wide organization of mineral and rock physics introduced by COMPRES is directly analogous to centralization of efforts in other geophysical sciences, such as the coordination of seismic data distribution and instrument deployment orchestrated by IRIS, the Incorporated Research Institutions of Seismology. Under separate funding from NSF-EAR, scientists in the COMPRES community are pursuing three Grand Challenge collaborative research programs: Growth of large synthetic diamonds by chemical vapor deposition; Rheology of earth materials; and Elasticity of earth materials—all at high pressures and temperatures. While these Grand Challenge programs are formally independent from the COMPRES core grant, they are intimately related intellectually as they give prime examples of the scientific problems that can be addressed using the facilities operated by and the technological developments funded by COMPRES. In addition, high-pressure mineral physics research continues to be supported through individual grants in the disciplinary programs of EAR. b. COMPRES at the NSLS The National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS) is situated at the Brookhaven National Laboratories on Long Island about 80 miles east of New York City. The NSLS is a second-generation synchrotron light source with two storage rings, one optimized for hard x-rays and the other for visible/ultraviolet/infra red studies. COMPRES operates high-pressure beam lines on both rings. The beamline X17 is on the x-ray ring and is a super-conducting wiggler port. A side station, X-17C is devoted 100% to diamond anvil cell operations. The center beam, X17B, is divided (50% to each) between NSLS material sciences and high-pressure mineral physics. The latter beam is used by both a multi-anvil installation (X17B2) and a diamond anvil station (X17B3). These two 10 stations can operate simultaneously as a result of the recent renovations to the hutches. COMPRES also operates an ultraviolet beamline on the other storage ring (U2A). The team from Stony Brook University was awarded a grant for $182K from the DURIP program of the Department of Defense to construct a monochromatic X-ray side station at X17B2 at NSLS for the multi-anvil, high-pressure program on that beamline. c. COMPRES at the ALS The Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) is home to a number of central facilities including the Advanced Light Source (ALS). The ALS is a third generation synchrotron light source optimized for the soft x-ray region. The ALS has been recently upgraded with the addition of three superbend magnets to allow a hard x-ray science program. Three ALS beamlines are used for high-pressure research using diamond anvil cells: beamline 1.4 for infrared measurements and beamlines 11.3.1 and 12.2.2 for diffraction. Beamline 12.2.2 is a beamline dedicated to high-pressure research equipped with a laser heating system. CALifornia hIgh Pressure Science Observatory [CALIPSO] consists of three partners in an Approved Program for High Pressure Research: the University of California, the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, and COMPRES. d. GSECARS at the APS GeoSoilEnviroCARS (GSECARS) is a national user facility for frontier research in the earth sciences using synchrotron radiation at the Advanced Photon Source (APS), Argonne National Laboratory. GSECARS provides access for the entire earth science community to the high-brilliance hard x-rays from this third-generation synchrotron light source. The research conducted at this facility is advancing our knowledge of the composition, structure and properties of earth materials, the processes they control and the processes that produce them. Here, all principal synchrotron-based analytical techniques in demand by earth scientists are being brought to bear on earth science problems: (1) high-pressure/high-temperature crystallography and spectroscopy using the diamond anvil cell; (2) high-pressure/high-temperature crystallography and imaging using the large-volume press; (3) x-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy; (4) x-ray fluorescence microprobe analysis; (5) microtomography; (6) inelastic x-ray scattering; and (7) powder, single crystal and interface diffraction. The success of this facility is demonstrated by the 709 beam time proposals that have been submitted since the initiation of our beam time allocation program in 1998. 443 independent investigators have performed experiments on GSECARS beamlines resulting in over 225 peer-reviewed publications, 23% appearing in ―premier journals‖ of the earth science community. GSECARS is funded principally by the NSF-EAR Instrumentation and Facilities Program ($1.7M in FY2005), and DOE Geosciences ($0.8M in FY2005); a renewal proposal will be submitted to both agencies in February 2006. GSECARS works closely with the COMPRES consortium, and 3 major COMPRES infrastructure development projects are currently being installed at GSECARS; these include a Brillouin 11 spectroscopy system, a CO2 laser-heating system and a gas-loading facility for diamondanvil cells. In 2004, a team from GSECARS and the University of Chicago was awarded a grant for $550K from the Major Research Instrumentation Program at the NSF for the construction of an X-ray side-station at beamline 13BM of the APS. . This station will be used for surface scattering, and for single-crystal studies in the diamond anvil cell. In the high pressure field GSECARS has the following facilties: 13-ID-D undulator station 1000-ton multi-anvil press. Monochromatic and energy-dispersive diffraction, ultrasonics, imaging. Double-sided laser heating in the diamond anvil cell. Monochromatic diffraction, x-ray emission spectroscopy. 13-ID-D undulator station Inelastic x-ray scattering in the diamond anvil cell X-ray absorption spectroscopy in the diamond anvil cell 13-BM-D bending magnet station 250-ton multi-anvil press Monochromatic and energy-dispersive diffraction, ultrasonics, imaging. Diamond cell diffraction Monochromatic and energy-dispersive diffraction with external heating Brillouin scattering 13-BM-C bending magnet station Single-crystal monochromatic diffraction in the diamond anvil cell. e. HPCAT at the APS HPCAT [High Pressure Collaborative Access Team] is a consortium of five institutional members: the Geophysical Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, the High Pressure Physics Group of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, the High Pressure Science and Engineering Center of the University of Nevada, the Carnegie/DOE Alliance Center [CDAC], and the Hawaii Institute of Geophysics of the University of Hawaii. Multiple synchrotron x-ray and allied techniques have been developed and integrated at HPCAT for a unified scientific goal – exploring the rich behavior of materials under extreme pressures and temperatures. Novel crystal structures are resolved by x-ray diffraction at high pressures. Direct probing of fundamental electron and phonon dynamics that were inaccessible for high-pressure research in the past have now been enabled. The new facility is unleashing the power of high pressure in numerous scientific disciplines. The multidisciplinary user community has been growing rapidly. Although HPCAT is supported by DOE-BES, DOE-NNSA, DOD, and Carnegie Institution, its beam time has been used extensively (30%) for COMPRES-related topics through the 12 merit-based beam-time proposal system of APS as well as individual research projects of HPCAT members. f. LANSCE at the LANL The Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE), now known as the Lujan Center, includes the accelerator and all of its experimental facilities. The Center has 14 active flight paths, of which 7 are new since 2000 and 2 are substantially rebuilt. The LAPTRON proposal is to build a dedicated high-pressure beamline to conduct integrated neutron diffraction, radiography, and tomography together with ultrasonic, calorimetry, and deformation experiments under simultaneous high P-T conditions; as such it would be the premier neutron instrument for high P-T thermo-elasto-mechanics studies. g. CDAC The Carnegie/DOE Alliance Center (CDAC) – A Center of Excellence for High Pressure Science and Technology, is one of three Centers funded by the Stockpile Stewardship Academic Alliances Program of the National Nuclear Security Agency of the Department of Energy (NNSA/DOE). The mission of CDAC is to perform key studies of materials of importance in stewardship science at high P-T conditions, to advance high P-T techniques and maintain user facilities, and most importantly, to train students and post-doctoral fellows in this area of materials science. Based at the Carnegie Institution, CDAC consists of six formal partners together with Carnegie: Princeton University, University of Chicago, University of Illinois, University of Alabama - Birmingham, University of California Berkeley, and California Institute of Technology. Scientists at the national laboratories (the CDAC Laboratory Partners) benefit directly by obtaining beam time and technical training, and also through high P-T technique development at HPCAT, the dedicated highpressure synchrotron x-ray facility at the APS, as well as at Carnegie (including the U2A beamline at the NSLS). The CDAC Academic and National Laboratory Partners have 20% membership in HPCAT. The Center also cooperates with the Lujan Center (LANSCE) at the Los Alamos National Laboratory in the development of high P-T neutron scattering. CDAC has an extensive list of collaborators, from over 120 institutions around the world. The Center formally began operations on May 1, 2003, and is thus in its third year; funding for five years is expected. 3. Current Technologies a. Synchrotron radiation The high-energy, high intensity, highly collimated polychromatic beams of x-rays produced by synchrotron radiation sources have revolutionized x-ray studies in situ at high-pressures and temperature, allowing the details of the materials’ atomic structure, microstructure and elastic properties to be determined by use of a range of techniques including elastic and inelastic scattering and x-ray spectroscopy from samples held in a range of high-pressure cells. COMPRES is coordinating the development of the high- 13 pressure facilities at these sources and through training and outreach encouraging a supply of highly skilled personnel to allow us to fully exploit these facilities. Members of our community develop and maintain both energy dispersive [EDX] and angle dispersive [AXD] techniques for XRD at high pressures. Along with now routine EOS measurements, the use of EDX techniques for ultra high pressure single crystal diffraction, rheological studies, and as a support techniques for simultaneous property measurements, such as elasticity, suggest this mode of doing business remains a robust approach. Nevertheless, monochromatic beams can provide data of higher angular resolution, and data that are more easily interpreted, such as in the case of scattering from liquids, glasses and nano-materials. The relative mix of EDX vs. ADX scattering is dictated by community need. This will change as the results of new initiatives, such as the recent NSF-MRI mega-bar single crystal EDX project, are deployed. All X-ray facilities have the capacity to do both. At the NSLS, there is also an ultraviolet beamline on the other storage ring (U2A), which is used primarily for infrared spectroscopy studies at high pressures. As cited above, our organizations operate high-pressure facilities at synchrotron X-ray and ultraviolet sources of the following national laboratories: COMPRES at the NSLS: Both diamond-anvil and multi-anvil facilities. GSECARS at the APS: Both diamond-anvil and multi-anvil facilities. HPCAT at the APS: Diamond-anvil facilities COMPRES and High-Pressure Partners at the ALS: Diamond-anvil facilities. Future prospects for X-ray sources include the Linac Coherent Light Source at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center [SLAC], the NSLS-II at the Brookhaven National Laboratory [BNL], and the Energy Recovery Linac [ERL] at the Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source [CHESS]; see details in Section 5 below. b. Neutrons High-pressure research using neutrons now exists at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center [LANSCE] and soon will be initiated at the Spallation Neutron Source [SNS] of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. The development of the next-generation neutron sources, such as the SNS that will come on line in 2008, and the future prospects of longpulse neutron sources at the SNS and LANSCE, offer a myriad of opportunities in highpressure neutron research that fully complement the activities at synchrotron x-ray sources. With the development of new high-pressure cells described above, neutrons will revolutionize our understanding of the role of hydrogen and carbon in the earth and planetary interiors. Neutron studies will also be influential in addressing global issues related to energy and the environment, from storage of hydrogen in fuel cell materials to 14 carbon sequestration. The powerful combination of neutrons and high pressure will open new pathways for the discovery of novel materials with novel properties. COMPRES is currently supporting a neutron studies initiative to cultivate scientific interest in exploiting the new opportunities in this field. In the immediate future, we will continue to develop the neutron high-pressure community in the United States and to prepare the next-generation of neutron researchers. COMPRES will also support students attending the MSA Workshop on ―Neutrons in the Earth Sciences‖ to be held in association with the 2006 Fall American Geophysical Union (AGU) meeting. We are also working with Yusheng Zhao of LANSCE to develop a ―hands-on‖ Winter School on high-pressure neutron research that will initially be offered in 2007. A postdoctoral researcher was employed in 2005 to coordinate efforts between members of the COMPRES community (many of whom are new users) and scientists at neutron sources that conduct high-pressure research. We are also exploring new opportunities for increasing high-pressure neutron research in the U.S. The goal is to build a community that will utilize existing U.S. facilities more fully and to ―hit the ground running‖ as the next generation neutron sources come on line. Future prospects at neutron sources are bright. The Spallation Neutrons and Pressure (SNAP) instrument being developed by the SNS (described in detail below) will facilitate experiments in both small volume gem anvil cells and large volume devices and will take advantage of emerging technologies such as those in neutron micro-focusing. In a parallel development, LANSCE has a strategic plan to expand neutron scattering capabilities by refurbishing existing instruments, investing in new instruments and developing new laboratory facilities. There is a LAPTRON proposal (described in detail below) to build a dedicated high-pressure beamline to conduct integrated neutron diffraction, radiography, and tomography experiments with ultrasonic, calorimetric, and deformation experiments under simultaneous high P-T conditions. Such a beamline would complement SNAP and together they would offer the high-pressure mineral physics community a unique set of capabilities for in situ neutron studies at high P and T. 4. Collaborative Activities a. Operational modes at national lab facilities There are at least two distinct communities served by operations of high-pressure facilities at the national laboratories. The operators of the high-pressure facilities at the national laboratories have an obligation to serve each of these communities. (1) General group of users in geosciences [students, postdocs, staff]. This group is growing rapidly as more people realize how much better their experiments can be conducted in conjunction with synchrotron radiation. This growth has been stimulated and enhanced by the workshops sponsored by COMPRES and hosted by the APS, the ALS and the NSLS. Examples of this expanding user community are the large 15 number of new users of the large-volume apparatus [spurred by the Multi-Anvil Workshop at the APS in March 2005], and the broadening of the rheology community accessing new facilities for rock deformation studies. (2) Developers of new techniques or those who adapt new new technologies developed in other disciplines. Examples include the rotating Drickamer developed at Yale University for installation at the NSLS, Kirkpatrick-Baёz mirrors and new detector technology [which must be upgraded every 2-3 years]. This group also includes the leaders in pushing the technological advances as well as helping the other communities take advantage of specialized facilities developed at other beamlines. Examples of the latter are the nuclear resonant inelastic scattering facilities at Sector 3 of the APS and the infrastructure project funded there by COMPRES and HPCAPS, the new organizational concept under discussion at the APS [see Sec. 5f below]. The high-pressure beamlines at the synchrotrons (NSLS, APS, ALS) have been built and operated in partnership with the synchrotron facilities. These partnership models include Participating Research Teams (PRTs) at the NSLS [e.g., those from Carnegie Institution of Washington and Stony Brook University], Collaborative Access Teams (CATs) at the APS [e.g., those from HPCAT and GSECARS], and Approved Programs at the ALS [e.g., those from University of California, the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and COMPRES]. Although the DOE has been centralizing the operation and funding of beamlines, the partnerships remain a vitally important component of the funding for operations of the majority of beamlines at all synchrotron sources. These partnerships include other federal funding sources (NSF, NIH, DOD, and other DOE offices), universities, and private industry. The synchrotrons have been expanding and modifying their partnership models. The new models include support that ranges from the traditional PRT/CAT which funds the construction and operation of an entire beamline (typically in return for 75% of the beamtime), to smaller investments in endstations or operations funding where the share of the beamtime might be only 10%. GSECARS at the APS is classified as a National User Facility CAT, and has been rated by the APS Scientific Advisory Committee as one of the most successful CATS at the facility. The NSLS high-pressure beamlines are currently in transition from PRTs (with 75% of the beamtime) to a Contributing User agreement where the NSLS assumes responsibility for the beamline upstream of the endstation, and 50% of the beamtime will be allocated by the Contributing User. The high-pressure program at the ALS is an Approved Program, with 75% of the time going to the program members. All of the high-pressure beamlines supported by the NSF and DOE through COMPRES and GSECARS are operating in a mode where all beamtime is allocated by submission of proposals to the General User Program [GUP] at the facility. These proposals are reviewed and rated by the panels appointed by the facility. Some fraction of the beam time, typically 25 to 50%, is allocated by the GUP to the proposals that receive the highest ratings by these panels, independent of scientific discipline. The remainder of the 16 beamtime is allocated by the beamline staff, using the GUP ratings and additional considerations that include a filter for the relevance of the research to the missions of the funding agencies [e.g. earth science, or high-pressure]. b. Oversight The national facilities – both synchrotron and neutron – provide a vital tool for scientific investigation of material properties. In order to capitalize on this capability for the Earth sciences, we need to pool our human and financial resources. Several beamlines have been established at these facilities that have the potential to serve the Earth science material properties community. The beamlines are funded by combinations of NSF, DOE, and individual institutions. Two types of beamlines emerge as a result of the funding structure that offer different styles of access to the broader community. Beamlines that are set up with institutional funding or mission-directed funding, are often used primarily by members of those institutions with a small proportion of time set aside for the community; the beamline supported by HPCAT is an example of this style. Other beamlines are funded with the mandate to open all of their resources to the broad community; beamlines supported by COMPRES and GSECARS follow this style. COMPRES receives funding from the NSF to provide equipment, access, and support at several beamlines at these national facilities for this community. These funds are distributed through subawards to the beamline operators. An elected Facilities Committee is responsible to evaluate the effectiveness of the beamline providers, including the COMPRES-funded beamlines, the NSF-funded activities at the GSECARS beamlines, and all other beamlines that have a mandate to serve the broader community. Assessments are fed back to the beamlines to continue to improve the achievement of the mission and are used as a basis for funding decisions for the beamlines. The Facilities Committee is currently in the middle of a series of site visits to these national laboratories [NSLS, APS, ALS, SNS] and will be preparing a ―White Paper‖ on the current status and future needs for the high-pressure mineral physics community [as part of the background leading to the renewal proposals for COMPRES and GSECARS to be submitted in 2006]. c. Outreach and Training High-pressure (HP) research is experiencing an unprecedented surge of breakthroughs in the physical sciences, providing a vast new frontier where members of the community not only address major challenges in the earth sciences but also impact other disciplines such as physics, chemistry, material sciences and biological sciences. Many of these studies were deemed inconceivable only a couple of years ago because of technical difficulties. Developments such as those described in this report have vastly increased the range of pressure, materials and phenomena available for study using x-ray and neutron techniques. However the training of a new generation of scientists needed to address such a broad range of new scientific problems lags behind the strides in facility 17 development. COMPRES is taking a proactive role in addressing this gap through a range of activities:  We are working with organizations to promote inquiry-based education and outreach through nationwide collaborations between scientists, educators, materials developers, government agencies and other stakeholders. We are interested in continuing the beamline internship program that supported internships at national facilities. The internship program was designed to provide in-depth training to individuals with PhD level career goals in high-pressure research in the use of national facilities and to provide expertise at many universities of national facilities upon return of the intern to the graduate program. This program had to be dropped from the COMPRES budget in 2005-06 due to budget reduction. Over the past four years, COMPRES has supported twenty workshops covering a range of emerging technologies and opportunities in high-pressure research, many of which are integrated as part of the infrastructure development projects. The role of workshops will become increasingly important in the future as they provide an effective pipeline to transfer knowledge and to train the nextgeneration researchers. Workshops also provide a unique opportunity for ―handson‖ training that complement university lecture-based courses and ―in-house‖ training. The workshop on Synchrotron Infrared Spectroscopy for High Pressure Geoscience and Planetary Science [3-5 Nov 2005] is a model example. In addition to tutorial-style lectures, the workshop included a facility tour and a hands-on session that let new/uninformed users learn how to do a synchrotron infrared experiment from beginning to end. Another recent example was the workshop on ―Evaluation of Synchrotron Mössbauer Spectroscopy (SMS) Data using the CONUSS software‖ [28-30 Oct 2005]. This workshop was designed for scientists and graduate students in the earth science community who want to learn how to evaluate SMS spectra and interpret the results. We will continue to support such workshops in the future.   5. Emerging Facilities, Technologies and Concepts Our community is poised to exploit new technologies which are currently on the horizon or in the long-term plans of national laboratories under the funding auspices of the DOE and/or the NSF. We cite examples of each type in the sections below. a. Diamond growth by CVD Chemical vapor deposition [CVD] growth of single-crystal diamonds The diamond field is undergoing a spectacular period of transformation. Not only is it Nature’s most precious mineral and central to aspects of modern technology, diamond also plays a crucial role in scientific research, notably in explorations of the nature of planetary interiors with diamond-based high-pressure techniques. Still, the use of 18 diamond in both technology and scientific research has been limited because of the small sizes of perfect crystals that are available. This state of affairs is changing with very recent advances in techniques for synthesizing large perfect diamond crystals. Specifically, the Carnegie group has developed techniques to fabricate single crystal diamond by microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition at very high growth rates. During the past year, single crystals up to 12 mm in thickness and sizes above 10 carats have been fabricated. The team has also made colorless single-crystal diamonds, transparent from the ultraviolet to infrared wavelengths and diamonds with mechanical properties that exceed those of natural diamond. This work has set the stage for a focused program to create unprecedented colossal diamonds (>100 carats) for high-pressure geoscience and a broad range of other applications. The effort requires coordination and support from government agencies (e.g., NSF and DOE) as well as eventually private industry. b. SNAP at the SNS The Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) is a $ 1.4 billion neutron scattering facility currently under construction at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) and is due to receive its first neutrons in the spring of 2006. This facility, when operating at full power, will provide the highest spallation neutron flux in the world, a factor of 10 greater in ontarget power than the current premier neutron facilities. The Spallation Neutrons and Pressure (SNAP) instrument is a medium-resolution, high-intensity diffractometer being developed by the SNS and an IDT group from Stony Brook University, Carnegie Institution of Washington and Oak Ridge National Laboratory. This instrument is designed around a selection of pressure cells and is the first example of an emerging trend in neutron instrumentation to build instrumentation around highly specialized sample environments. c. LCLS at the SLAC The Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) and the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) will be the world’s first x-ray free electron laser when it comes on line in 2009. The LCLS will deliver 200 femtosecond long pulses of 8 keV x-rays (1.5 Angstroms) of sufficient intensity to allow the collection of a complete diffraction data set of sufficient quality for atomic structure determination from a polycrystalline material. These high intensity short pulses will allow for the first time determination of the structure of materials at the ultra-high pressure and temperatures generated by shockwaves. This will open up a new area of ultra-high pressure research allowing us to start to understand the details of the Earth’s solid inner core and the interiors of the large number of recently discovered giant planets as well as exotic states of condensed matter, such as metallic hydrogen, for which a satisfactory theoretical understanding does not yet exist. d. NSLS-II NSLS-II, a new X-ray and VUV-IR facility at Brookhaven National Laboratory, has received CD-0 with a target date for operations start-up of 2013. The ring will operate at 19 3 GeV and 500 mA. Many in the high-pressure mineral physics community contributed to the science case for the new facility. It is important that this community continue developmental activities at the NSLS and strengthen ties with the NSLS-II so that we will be part of identifying the new opportunities for high-pressure mineral physics research presented by the unique features of the NSLS-II design specifications, including the emphasis on bright nm beams at high flux. This requires the Earth Sciences highpressure community to remain entrenched at the NSLS, which we intend to do e. ERL at CHESS The Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS) is a NSF/NIH supported user facility that operates 12 hard x-ray experimental stations about 110 days/yr. Cornell has begun to build the first stages (photocathode gun & first superconducting accelerating cavities) of a 5 GeV, 200 mA synchrotron x-ray source that is linear-accelerator based. It will offer a spectral brightness 3-4 orders of magnitude higher than present storage ring sources and will be a diffraction-limited light source up to a 10 keV energy. With a round source size of 2 microns (rms), they anticipate being able to make hard x-ray beams of 1 nm round size, assuming that the required x-ray optics needed can be fabricated (presently they are beyond the state-of-the-art). The x-ray source may also be of interest for time-resolved experiments on a 100 femtosecond time scale or longer where stroboscopic experiments can be conducted. One attractive feature is that 3rd generation storage ring based beam lines can, in principle, be copied and deployed on the ERL with little modification, though the instrumentation might have to be upgraded to fully exploit the special features of ERL beams. Cornell University recently was awarded $18 million to develop the first phase of the ERL. The next development steps are to conduct six x-ray science workshops in 2006 following which a full-scale proposal will be submitted about 2007 to the NSF for an upgrade of the present CESR storage ring to the ERL facility at a present estimated cost of around $380M. Ideally, construction funding would start in 2010 and commissioning in 2014. f. HPCAPS at the APS HPCAPS [High Pressure Consortium at the Advanced Photon Source] is a proposed new consortium currently under discussion at the APS. The first-level success in synergy of synchrotron radiation and high-pressure science has been demonstrated by integrating high pressure-temperature sample environment at individual synchrotron beamlines during the past two decades. Far greater potentials, however, are now apparent if we can advance to the next generation of integration with the entire synchrotron facility. Such a change will enable high-pressure scientists to access the enormous capabilities, including ultrahigh energy, submicron spatial resolution, sub-eV resolution, high coherence, well-defined temporal structure, and myriad new spectroscopy, diffraction, and imaging techniques, that are advancing rapidly at specialized beamlines of synchrotron facilities but are not yet being exploited by the high-pressure community. For this purpose, the HPCAPS has been form to establish a team which will consist of four scientists, two engineers, two technicians, and an office manager. Missions of the 20 team include advancing novel high-pressure techniques with the power of the whole synchrotron facility, and helping the community of users to take full advantage of these techniques. The team will maintain high-pressure equipment and organize routine training and workshops for the users. With the removal of insurmountable technical barriers for users, experts and novices alike can focus on their individual scientific goals to use the newly enabled high-level techniques. Anticipated scientific progress and easy access will set off major expansion of the high-pressure user community among mineralogists, petrologists, geophysicist, geochemists, geodynamicists, and broader materials physicists and chemists, and will stimulate synchrotron beamline staff who always welcome exciting scientific projects. As a result, the HPCAPS anticipates multiplication of the currently available synchrotron beam time for high-pressure sciences and great improvement of the quality and efficiency of individual users projects. Scientists at the APS high-pressure beamlines are organizing this new-concept of a users consortium. The HPCAPS has received enthusiastic support from APS beamlines and management in terms of space, leveraging beamline design and optics, and foreseeable beam time. The HPCAPS is seeking funding sources for the scientific users infrastructure; many of these users are from the earth sciences. The organizers of HPCAPS have suggested inclusion of this initiative into the COMPRES renewal proposal as a natural extension of the COMPRES oversight and support portfolio. 6. Funding: Current status and future prospectus a. Current status (1). NSF NSF’s contributions to communal high-pressure mineral physics is primarily through beamline support at GSECARS and COMPRES from the Instrumentation and Facilities [IF] Program in the Division of Earth Sciences [EAR]. COMPRES is currently funded for five years through May, 2007 ($2.1M in FY05); a renewal proposal will be submitted August, 2006. GSECARS is currently funded by IF-EAR for four years through August 2006 ($1.7M in FY2005); it is also supported by the DOE Geosciences Program ($0.8M in FY2005); a renewal proposal will be submitted to both agencies in February 2006. GSECARS works closely with the COMPRES consortium, and 3 major COMPRES infrastructure development projects are currently being installed at GSECARS; these include a Brillouin spectroscopy system, a CO2 laser heating system and a gas-loading facility for diamond-anvil cells. The latter will be not only for use at GSECARS but can also be accessed by individual scientists who can travel to APS, load their diamond cells and return to their own laboratories for experimentation. Such synergy between the GSECARS and COMPRES programs is critical in facilitating earth sciences research at high pressure. 21 This IF funding for COMPRES and GSECARS is supplemented by specific equipment grants obtained through other NSF channels, such as the Major Research Instrumentation Program under the auspices of the Office of Integrative Activities: In 2004, a team from GSECARS and the University of Chicago was awarded a grant for $550K from the Major Research Instrumentation Program at the NSF for the construction of an X-ray side-station at beamline 13BM of the APS. In 2005, a team from the University of Nevada-Las Vegas, University of Arizona, Carnegie Institution of Washington, and the University of Chicago, was awarded a Major Research Instrumentation grant by the NSF for ―Development of Six New Approaches for Micro-focus Single-Crystal X-ray Diffraction for Materials Structure Research at Synchrotrons‖. This award is for three years with total funding of $720,000, and was an outgrowth of a COMPRES-sponsored workshop in November 2004. NSF support of the science enabled by GSECARS and COMPRES is specifically not funneled through these organizations in order to ensure that individual projects are individually peer-reviewed by normal NSF programs rather than effectively by minagencies set up within these organizations. The research grants include the Grand Challenge collaborative research programs discussed in Sect 3a above. In addition, highpressure mineral physics research continues to be supported through individual grants in the disciplinary programs of EAR. CHESS is supported by the NSF. Cornell University recently was awarded $18 million to develop the first phase of the Energy Recovery Linac [ERL]. (2). DOE The primary and fundamental support for high-pressure mineral physics by the DOEBES is the construction, maintenance and development of the facilities of the national laboratories cited above, including the NSLS, APS, ALS, SNS and LANSCE. In addition, the DOE provides funding to specific high-pressure programs described above, including GSECARS and HPCAT at the APS, SNAP at the SNS, CDAC, LLNL, LBNL, LANL, and SLAC via its BES and NNSA divisions. DOE efforts at LLNL have in turn directed a significant amount of internal resources to develop HPCAT at ANL and the High Pressure Beamline [12.2.2] at the ALS/LBNL. (3). Other agencies HPCAT has an annual budget of $2.0 M, with support from the DOD and the Keck Foundation in addition to DOE BES and DP programs 22 A team from Stony Brook University was awarded a grant for $182K from the DURIP program of the Department of Defense to construct a monochromatic X-ray side station at X17B2 at NSLS. b. Future prospectus [with specific reference to GSECARS and COMPRES] As indicated above and coordinated with the NSF and DOE Program managers, in 2006 both GSECARS and COMPRES will be submitting proposals to renew their programs for five years [Proposals due in February for GSECARS and August for COMPRES]. According to the metrics developed for beamlines and national laboratory facilities in the U. S. [including comparative information from European and Japanese facilities], the recommended minimum level of personnel support is about 4 FTEs per experimental station, or circa $500-700K per beamline operation. These metrics are based on averages over the 179 beamlines in operation at light sources in the U. S. in FY 2004. The current level of operational funding for the beamlines supported by COMPRES is approximately half of this recommended level. The only way that these beamlines are able to operate efficiently and serve the broad user community is by reliance on substantial inputs of other funds from other organizations [e.g., Stony Brook University, Carnegie Institution of Washington, CDAC, LBNL, etc]. Such other funds are fragile and to rely on them for basic support places the programs at risk. In addition to operational expenses, each beamline facility needs to be replenishing its equipment on a regular basis. We estimate that every beamline needs circa $400-500K in equipment upgrades every 4-5 years to remain competitive and viable. As discussed with the cognizant Program Managers at the NSF-EAR and DOE-BES, our two principal service organizations, COMPRES and GSECARS, are proceeding to develop and submit independent proposals to renew funding for their operations for another five-year period. The leadership of these two organizations is working closely together to ensure that there is clear complimentarity in these independently-funded programs without unnecessary overlap or redundancy. Addendum: A joint statement of the relationship between COMPRES and GSECARS was prepared by the Principal Investigators of the two organizations in January 2006 and endorsed by the Program Director of the Instrumentation and Facilities Program in EAR at the NSF. A copy of this joint statement is given in the appendix to this report. 23 Organizations Represented at High Pressure Summit Meeting [including acronyms] COMPRES: COnsortium for Materials Properties in Earth Sciences Harry Green, Nancy Ross and Robert Liebermann APS: Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory [ANL] GSECARS: Geo-Soil-Enviro-Consortium for Advanced Radiation Sources Mark Rivers and Steve Sutton HPCAT: High Pressure Collaborative Access Team Ho-kwang Mao NSLS: National Synchrotron Light Source at the Brookhaven National Laboratory X17B2—Donald Weidner X17B3—Mark Rivers/Ho-kwang Mao X17C—Mark Rivers/Ho-kwang Mao U2A-Russell Hemley ALS: Advanced Light Source of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory [LBNL] Simon Clark LLNL: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory [LLNL] Joseph Zaug SNS: Spallation Neutron Source [SNS] of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory [ORNL] SNAP: Spallation Neutrons and Pressure Christopher Tulk, John Parise, Russell Hemley, Ho-kwang Mao LANSCE: Los Alamos Neutron Science Center-Los Alamos National Laboratory [LANL] Yusheng Zhao CHESS: Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source Donald Bilderback LCLS:Linear Coherent Light Source at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center [SLAC] Simon Clark representing LCLS CDAC: Carnegie/DOE Alliance Center Russell Hemley 24 Appendix to Report of High Pressure Mineral Physics Summit Meeting Statement of Relationship of GSECARS and COMPRES* High pressure mineral physics research at synchrotron X-ray facilities in the U. S. is managed by two organizations supported largely by NSF and DOE: GeoSoilEnviroCARS (GSECARS) at the University of Chicago and the COnsortium for Materials Properties Research in the Earth Sciences (COMPRES) headquartered at Stony Brook University. GSECARS is a national user facility for frontier research in the earth sciences using the high-brilliance, high energy synchrotron radiation at the third generation Advanced Photon Source (APS), Argonne National Laboratory. GSECARS (Sector 13 at the APS) includes a bending magnet and an undulator beamline with a total of 4 experimental stations, has been in operation since 1997 and about half of its scientific program involves high pressure research. The GSECARS facility includes all principal synchrotron-based analytical techniques in demand by earth scientists: (1) highpressure/high-temperature crystallography and spectroscopy using the diamond anvil cell; (2) high-pressure/high-temperature crystallography and imaging using the large-volume press; (3) x-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy; (4) x-ray fluorescence microprobe analysis; (5) microtomography; (6) inelastic x-ray scattering; and (7) powder, single crystal and interface diffraction. GSECARS is funded principally by the NSFEAR Instrumentation and Facilities Program ($1.7M in FY2005), and DOE-Geosciences Research Program ($0.6M in FY2005) COMPRES is a community-based organization created in 2001 to promote and facilitate high-pressure research in mineral and rock physics, in particular to provide a structure to support communal use of synchrotron x-ray and neutron facilities for this purpose. There are currently 45 US member institutions consisting of educational institutions and national laboratories and an additional 19 non-US affiliates. COMPRES provides operational funding and oversight of such facilities at several DOE national laboratories, including: (1) Diamond-anvil facilities at the National Synchrotron Light Source [NSLS] of the Brookhaven National Laboratory (beamlines X17B3, X17C and U2A); (2) Multianvil facilities at the NSLS (beamline X17B2); and (3) Diamond-anvil facilities at the Advanced Light Source [ALS] of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (beamline 12.2.2). COMPRES also supports a neutron studies initiative to cultivate scientific interest in exploiting the new opportunities for high-pressure research using national neutron facilities. In addition to the operation of community facilities, COMPRES supports infrastructure projects to promote the development of new technologies for high-pressure research, both in laboratories in university member institutions and at the national laboratories, and also advocates for science and educational programs to the various funding agencies. COMPRES is funded via a Cooperative Agreement with the NSF Division of Earth Sciences ($2.1M in FY 2005). 25 COMPRES and GSECARS provide strategically vital support to the operations of highpressure beamlines at synchrotrons, including funding of beamline scientists at the facilities and access and assistance for students, postdocs, etc. in the earth science community. All the beam time at GSECARS and the COMPRES-supported facilities at the NSLS and the ALS is open to the general community through proposals to the General User Programs [GUP] at each facility; in 2005, there were 235 distinct users at the GSECARS beamlines and 132 at the COMPRES beamlines at the NSLS and the ALS. There are at least two distinct communities served by operations of high-pressure facilities at the national laboratories: (1) General group of users in geosciences [students, postdocs, staff]; (2) Developers of new techniques or those who adapt new technologies developed in other disciplines. The operators of the high-pressure facilities at the national laboratories have an obligation to serve each of these distinct and important communities. GSECARS and COMPRES collaborate closely through coordination of community development activities and the design, construction and operation of advanced instrumentation through COMPRES-supported infrastructure projects. For example, three major technological tools supported by the COMPRES Infrastructure Development program are being installed at GSECARS or associated space at the APS: a Brillouin spectroscopy system (installed at GSECARS and undergoing commissioning), a CO2 laser heating system (under development at GSECARS) and a gas-loading facility for diamond-anvil cells (in design phase). Optics and software developed at GSECARS are being used at the COMPRES-operated x-ray beamlines at the NSLS. The current chair of the COMPRES Facilities Committee (Mark Rivers) is a co-director of GSECARS, while Robert Liebermann, the President of COMPRES, is a GeoCARS representative on the CARS Board of Governors. GSECARS has agreed to be included in the COMPRES evaluation of high pressure mineral physics facilities. For this purpose, the elected COMPRES Facilities Committee visited GSECARS in October 2005 and an advisory report was submitted in December 2005 to both GSECARS and the COMPRES Executive Committee. Both GSECARS and COMPRES will be submitting proposals for renewal of their programs for another five years in 2006 (GSECARS in February to both the NSF and the DOE and COMPRES in August to the NSF). As discussed with the cognizant Program Managers at the NSF-EAR and DOE-BES, COMPRES and GSECARS are proceeding to develop and submit independent funding proposals, as has been done to date. The principal motivation for this separation of funding is two-fold. First, COMPRES is restricted to high-pressure mineral physics whereas the GSECARS scientific program is broader, encompassing additional research areas such as low-temperature geochemistry and environmental science. Second, GSECARS is joint funded by NSF and DOE whereas COMPRES support derives solely from NSF. * This statement was written by Mark Rivers and Steve Sutton on behalf of GSECARS and Robert Liebermann on behalf of COMPRES. It has been unanimously endorsed by the Executive Committee of COMPRES. 19 January 2006 26 27