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Nemy Banthia1 and Axel Meisen2
1 The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
2 Alberta Research Council, Edmonton, Canada
18th CAETS , Calgary, Alberta,
July 2009
Aviation
Bridges
Dams
Drinking Water
Hazardous Wastes
Roads
Energy
Schools
Navigation Waterways
Public Parks and Recreation
Security
Solid Waste
Transit
Waste Water
Infrastructure Deficit Hypothesis: A
decline in the public capital formation
(i.e. infrastructure) lowers private
sector productivity and, therefore,
lowers a nation’s real income and
weaken its competitiveness.
Consider Our Vicinity
The United States
Canada
The U.S. Federal Reserve
Board has concluded that the
failure of civil infrastructure
systems to perform at their
expected level has reduced
the US GDP by 1%.
It stated: “The state of
infrastructure is indeed
alarming in the US, and the
financial burden is huge”.
The American Society of Civil
Engineers (ASCE), assigned
an overall grade of D (Poor) to
the USA in its recent
Infrastructure Report Card
It estimates that $1.6 trillion
are needed in the next five
years to alleviate potential
problems with the civil
infrastructure
Bridges C
Dams D
Energy D
Roads D
Wastewater D-
C: Mediocre
D: Poor
27 % of US’s 590,750 bridges
are rated structurally deficient or
functionally obsolete.
It will cost $9.4 billion a year for
20 years to eliminate all bridge
deficiencies.
Since 1998, the number of
unsafe dams has risen by
33% to more than 3,500.
The number of dams
identified as unsafe is
increasing at a faster rate than
those being repaired.
$10.1 billion is needed over
the next 12 years to repair
dams which pose a direct risk
to human life.
There is a newborn
interest in hydro-power
as a renewable source of
energy.
1970: Failure of the
Buffalo Creek Dam Hydro-power accounts for 7% of
total energy produced in the US,
20% in China, 27% in India and
more than 60% in Canada!
Unsafe dams are a
serious concern from
2003: Failure of the power generation point
Silver Lake Dam
of view.
Poor road conditions cost U.S.
motorists $54 billion per year in
repairs and operating costs: $275
per motorist.
Americans spend 3.5 billion
hours a year stuck in traffic, at a
cost of $63.2 billion a year to the
economy.
Total spending of $59.4 billion
annually is well below the $94
billion needed annually to improve
transportation infrastructure
conditions nationally.
59% of Canada’s
infrastructure is more
than 40 years old
As per Statistics
Canada, 37 years is
the expected average
life of a structure in
Canada.
Infrastructure in Canada
There are approximately
10,000 deficient bridges with
a total repair /strengthening
cost of $44 billion.
There are 4000 parking
garages needing immediate
attention.
Infrastructure Backlog
Canada’s current ($ Billions)
0.0
infrastructure deficit is
$125 billion (and
-75.0
growing annually by
Prediction 2002
$2 billion), which is 6- -150.0
10 times the level of Actual 2009
all annual government -225.0
1985 2002 2009 2027
infrastructure budget
Estimate Actual
combined. Poly. (Estimate) Poly. (Actual)
Prediction in 2002 which has
already proven to be an
underestimation
Increase in atmospheric CO2 levels from 370
ppm to 1000 ppm
Increased Corrosion Rates
Increased Carbonation
Increase in temperature by over 50C
Increased Shrinkage
Porous Microstructure and High Permeability
Increased Corrosion Rates
Increased Water Levels
Increased Saturation
Greater Scour
Why are we in such dire straits?
Deterioration and aging of structural
systems due to
weather, fatigue, pollution, structural
settlement and now global warming;
Construction mistakes;
Code changes (structural
dynamics, seismic design, etc.);
Loading changes; and
Functional Obsolesce.
Infrastructure Concerns
Canadian Research in Sustainable
Infrastructure
Canadian Network of Centers of
Excellence: Intelligent Sensing for
Innovative Structures (ISIS)
Canada Research Chairs
Develop Zero Carbon Footprint
Concrete Canada Research
Chairs
Fact: Cement industry accounts for 8% of total
green house gases. Every ton of cement
production releases 1 ton of CO2 and
consumes 4GJ of energy.
Bio-Inspired, Green Concretes with Zero Carbon
Footprint
Dream: Concrete with up to 50 % cement replaced by industrial
by-products such as fly-ash, silica fume and blast furnace slag
and virgin aggregate replaced by recycled aggregate, recycled
automobile tires, and other post-consumer wastes.
Reinforced against cracking by recycled cellulose, polymeric
and natural fibers.
Canadian Network of Centers of
Excellence: Intelligent Sensing for
Innovative Structures (ISIS)
Network of 18 Universities with over $100 million in funding
Objective: To make structures last 100 years+ instead of 50
years
How is this accomplished?
1. Replace steel with Non-Corrosive Fiber Reinforced Polymers
(FRPs) for both New Construction and Strengthening of Old
Structures
2. Structural Health Monitoring using Advanced Sensors (e.g.
Fiber Optic Sensors and Piezoelectric/ Piezoresistive Sensors
with Nano-Tubes) and Continuous Interrogation over the
Internet.
ISIS Canada
Research
Replace Steel Rebar
with
Fiber Reinforced
Polymers for New
Construction and
Repair
Crossbow Tri-
Axial Wide Angle Web Fibre optic
Accelerometer Camera sensor
Tilt-Beam
Thermocouple Sensor
Wind Monitor
Beddington Trail Bridge, Calgary, Alberta
(Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Tendons -- instead of steel)
ISIS Canada
Research
Beddington Trail Bridge, Calgary, Alberta
(Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Tendons -- instead of steel)
Recessed Fibre
Optic Port
Armoured Cable
Optical Fibre FRPFRP
Tendon
Connectors Tendons
Bragg
FRP Tendon Surface Bonded or
Recessed in
Grating
Recessed Fibre
Concrete Sensors
Optic Sensor
Dynamic Sensor Response
to 3-Axle Truck Load
Bridge Decks
Wotton Bridge, Que
Provencher Bridge, Winnipeg,
Manitoba
• Abutments and Bearings
– Four High Precision Inclinometers
• Pylon
– 2 High Precision Inclinometers
– 30 Electric Strain Gauges
– 18 Fibre Optic Sensors
– 6 Tri-Axial Accelerometers
– Wide Angle Web Camera
• Bridge Deck
– 13 Unidirectional Accelerometers
– 2 Tri-Axial Accelerometers
– 24 Thermocouples
– Wind Monitor
• Center Plaza
– Tri-Axial Accelerometer
• Cable Stays
– 6 Unidirectional Accelerometers
Strengthening and Rehabilitation of Structures
Gentilly-1 :
Upgrade Ring-
beam of nuclear
containment
structure with
externally bonded
FRP
Externally Bonded FRP
Seismic Strengthening of Structures
Externally Bonded FRP
Imperatives for a Sustainable
Infrastructure:
Green Concrete with a Minimal Carbon
Footprint.
Replacing Traditional Materials with
Advanced, High Performance, High Durability
Materials
Development of Intelligent Infrastructure with
Integrated Sensors and Continuous Health
Monitoring
Cost Effective Repair/Strengthening Strategies
for Existing Structures
Life Cycle Engineering
Education and Codes
But Most of All: We Need Interdisciplinary Team
Work
Thank You!
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