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Citation Analysis for the Free,
Online Literature
Tim Brody
Intelligence, Agents, Multimedia Group
University of Southampton
28 April 2004 Second Nordic Conference on 1
Scholarly Communication
Content
• Current services for Open Access
Literature
• Institutional Archives Registry
• Metadata Harvesting through Celestial
• Citebase Search
– Citation Linking
– Search and Navigation Service
• Web Impact as a predictor of Citation
Impact
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Scholarly Communication
Institutional Archives Registry
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Scholarly Communication
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Scholarly Communication
Sites in the IAR
• Things we want to know:
– GNU EPrints sites
– Other research collections (Other Archives, Open
Journals)
– BOAI 1. vs BOAI 2.
• A submission form consisting of:
– URL, Name, OAI URL, Country, ‘type’, full-text,
software
• Can’t (yet) track full-texts
• (Create a master-list so archives only register-
once?)
28 April 2004 Second Nordic Conference on 5
Scholarly Communication
Celestial
• Designed to:
– Be an abstraction over OAI-PMH versions
– Caching OAI metadata records
• Technological questions:
– How big can the OAI-PMH go (ok for 5 million
records so far)
– How reliable are OAI-PMH implementations
• Feeds Citebase, IAR, some external users
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Scholarly Communication
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Scholarly Communication
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Scholarly Communication
Services for Open Access
Literature
OAIster
Google
Scirus Search Engines
OAI-PMH Transport
Navigation Tools
Citebase
Analysis & Assessment
Citeseer
BMC
Citation Analysis/Linking Services
(Citebase / Citeseer / OpenURL / DOI)
Version Linking Services
arXiv.org
Self-Archived Full-texts (Pre/Post-prints)
Open Access Publishing
n.b. Scirus/OAIster aren’t citation-analysis aware yet, Google
indexes Citeseer. Not an exhaustive list …
28 April 2004 Second Nordic Conference on 9
Scholarly Communication
Citation Analysis & Linking
• A citation is a reference from one work to
another [as a hyperlink: a citation link]
• Citation analysis uses citation
relationships to analyse patterns in
research
• As a graph a work (paper, book etc.) is a
vertex and a citation an edge
• ‘Bibliometrics’
– (study of patterns in literature)
28 April 2004 Second Nordic Conference on 10
Scholarly Communication
Digitometric/Infometric Analysis
• Bibliometrics for the online age
• Couple citation analysis with Web analysis
– (how many times has x been accessed?)
• Similar to readership studies, but easier to
survey and more comprehensive
– (though subject to the same problems of
copies being re-distributed, multiple accesses
etc.)
28 April 2004 Second Nordic Conference on 11
Scholarly Communication
Citebase Search
Metadata Harvest
(OAI-PMH) Web
Interface
Meta Database
Repositories
Full-text Harvest
Citation
OAI-PMH
Database
Interface
References
Database Citebase
28 April 2004 Second Nordic Conference on 12
Scholarly Communication
Citation Linking
• Retrieve and cache full-texts
– LaTeX, PDF, XML
• Extract reference list
• Extract individual references
• Parse references into components
– Author, year, title, journal, volume, pagination
• Store in structured database
28 April 2004 Second Nordic Conference on 13
Scholarly Communication
Citebase Search
28 April 2004 Second Nordic Conference on 14
Scholarly Communication
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Scholarly Communication
Citebase Search:
Navigation by Citation Links
Article with
Future reference list
Reference
link
Related
Current Article Co-cited
Past
28 April 2004 Second Nordic Conference on 16
Scholarly Communication
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Scholarly Communication
Predicting Citation Impact
• The Web gives us access to new metrics
– Download/access frequency
• Can early-day ‘download’ frequency give an
indication of longer-term citation frequency?
• (Web logs from the UK arXiv.org mirror, Citation
data from Citebase Search)
• Pearson correlation after 6 months of web logs =
0.42 for the High Energy Physics sub-arXiv
28 April 2004 Second Nordic Conference on 18
Scholarly Communication
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Scholarly Communication
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Scholarly Communication
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Scholarly Communication
0.5
0.45
0.4
0.35
Correlation (r)
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
28 April 2004 Second Nordic Conference on 23
Days since deposit
Scholarly Communication
Assessing Research(ers)
• Citation Impact
– By-Paper, Author, [Journal, Institution]
• Web Impact
– Predictor of citation-impact, combine with
citation-impact
• Search Engines
• More detailed research assessment
28 April 2004 Second Nordic Conference on 24
Scholarly Communication
Comparing Online/Offline Impact
• Using ISI CD-ROM data
• Use Web crawlers to find ‘online’ articles
• Compare citation impact of online and
offline articles
– By discipline, by journal, by author?
• Initial results for Physics show 2-3x
increase
– arXiv.org
• Southampton, U. Quebec, Oldenburg (de)
28 April 2004 Second Nordic Conference on 25
Scholarly Communication
Relevant Web Pages
• EPrints – http://www.eprints.org/
– IAR: http://archives.eprints.org/
• Citebase Search
– http://citebase.eprints.org/
• Celestial
– http://celestial.eprints.org/
• Correlation Generator
– http://citebase.eprints.org/analysis/correlation.php
• Tim Brody <tdb01r@ecs.soton.ac.uk>
28 April 2004 Second Nordic Conference on 26
Scholarly Communication
