Introduction to Politics The Theory and Practice of Democracy ...

UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD Department of Politics International Relations Honour School of Philosophy, Politics and Economics Honour School of Modern History and Politics 1 Introduction to Politics: The Theory and Practice of Democracy (PPE) Analysis of Democratic Institutions (HP) Academic Year 2008-09 Course provider: Dr Marc Stears, University College, E-mail: marc.stears@univ.ox.ac.uk. Phone: (2) 76647. From Examination Decrees and Regulations: PPE: Introduction to Politics: The Theory and Practice of Democracy The paper will contain two sections. Candidates are required to answer four questions, of which at least one must be from section (a) and two from section (b). Candidates choosing to answer two questions from section (b) must show knowledge of at least two of the following political systems: the United States of America; the United Kingdom; France; Germany. Candidates choosing to answer three questions from section (b) must show knowledge of at least three of the following political systems: the United States of America; the United Kingdom; France; Germany. (a) Theorizing the Democratic State Questions will be set on the following topics: the nature and grounds of democracy; power and influence in the democratic state; ideology; civil society; public choice approaches to democracy; the nature and limits of liberty. Questions will also be set on the following texts: J. J. Rousseau, The Social Contract; J. S. Mill, On Liberty; Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America; Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, The German Ideology; The Communist Manifesto; Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon; Preface to a Critique of Political Economy; The Civil War in France; On Bakunin’s “Statism and Anarchy”; Critique of the Gotha Programme. (b) Analysis of Democratic Institutions Questions will be set on the following topics: the state and its institutions (executives, legislatures, parties and party systems, courts, constitutions and centre-periphery relations); political representation; the politics of instability; policy continuity and policy change; democratic transitions and consolidation. Questions will also be set on these topics with reference to the following political systems: the United States of America; the United Kingdom; France; Germany. History and Politics: Prelims 2007-2008 2 Analysis of Democratic Institutions: Candidates will be required to answer four questions drawn from section 2 of the paper 'Introduction to Politics: The Theory and Practice of Democracy' as specified for the Preliminary Examination for Philosophy, Politics, and Economics. SECTION 1: THEORIZING DEMOCRACY Aims and objectives Section 1 aims to familiarise students with major theoretical approaches to and issues in understanding democracy. Specifically, students will be encouraged: 1. to acquire knowledge and understanding of the basic concepts which inform theoretical and empirical discussion of democracy, such as 'democracy', 'liberty', and 'power'; 2. to acquire knowledge and understanding of at least some of the core normative issues which concern democratic politics, such as the desirability of democracy itself, and the legitimate scope of state authority in a democracy; 3. to acquire knowledge and understanding of major theoretical frameworks used to understand the distribution and exercise of power in a democratic state, including Marxist, pluralist and public choice approaches; 4. to acquire knowledge and understanding of the work of selected major political thinkers who have addressed major theoretical issues concerning democratic government; and, 5. to acquire knowledge and understanding of the nature of ideology and its role in democratic politics including its role in the interpretation of political concepts. Through a combination of lectures, classes and tutorials, students will acquire a basic grounding in all of these topics, though there will be considerable flexibility as to which topics students, in consultation with their tutors, elect to concentrate on in preparation for the Prelim exam. Structure The syllabus for section 1 is organized into six major themes. Questions will be asked on each of these themes in the Prelims exam (see the advice on examining contained under each theme heading below). In addition questions will be asked on certain texts (Rousseau, Social Contra ct, Tocqueville, Democracy in America , Mill, On Liberty, and selections from Marx): these are referred to as basic texts. The basic texts have a clear relationship to the major themes, and students are encouraged to study texts and themes in conjunction, e.g., a student might spend 1 or 2 tutorials on The Social Contract and 1 or 2 tutorials on the nature and grounds of democracy. But the texts may also be studied in their own right, and questions on the texts in the exam may invite students to discuss any significant question raised by the texts. Thorough exploration of a given theme or basic text may reasonably take up more than one class or tutorial. It is necessary, therefore, for tutors to exercise a degree of selectivity in the themes and texts they teach. They can do so, however, assured that no theme or basic text will go uncovered in the Prelim exam. Note: *** indicates a basic text. * indicates a reading that is particularly recommended. Prelims 2007-2008 1. THE NATURE AND GROUNDS OF DEMOCRACY 1.1 ASSOCIATED BASIC TEXT: ROUSSEAU'S THE SOCIAL CONTRACT Basic reading: *** Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, The Social Contract, 1762, especially Book 1, chapters 6-8, Book 2, Book 3, chapters 10-18, Book 4 (for example, the Oxford Classics edition, edited by C. Betts, 1994, or the Penguin edition edited by M. Cranston, 1968). 3 * Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 'Political Economy', 1754 (for example in Betts, ed., The Social Contract, 1994). Cassirer, Ernst, The Question of Jean -Jacques Rousseau (2nd ed.), 1989. * Cobban, Alfred, Rousseau and the Modern State (2nd ed.), 1970, especially chapters 1-3. Gray, John, and Pelczynski, Zbigniew, eds., Conceptions of Liberty in Political Philosophy, 1984, chapter on Rousseau. * Hall, John, Rousseau: An Introduction to his Political Philosophy, 1973. * Held, David, Models of Democracy , 1996, chapter 2. * Levine, Andrew, Engaging Political Philosophy: From Hobbes to Rawls, 2002, chapter 2.. Masters, Roger, The Political Philosophy of Rousseau, 1968. * Plamenatz, John, Man and Society: A Critical Examination of Some Important Social and Political Theories from Machiavelli to Marx, Volume 1, 1966, chapter on Rousseau. Waldron, Jeremy, 'Rights and majorities: Rousseau revisited', in Waldron, J., Liberal rights: collected papers, 1981-1991, 1993. Wokler, Robert, Rousseau and Liberty, 1995, chapters by Mason, Wokler, Cranston, Crocker and Hampsher-Monk. Wolff, Jonathan, An Introduction to Political Philosophy, 1996, chapter 3. Study questions: • • • • What problem is Rousseau seeking to solve in The Social Contract? What does Rousseau mean by the 'General Will'? Is it necessary that there is consensus among citizens if the ‘General Will’ is to prevail? In what senses are individual citizens in Rousseau’s state ‘free’? Is it fair to say that while Rousseau aims for freedom in The Social Contract, the state he envisages would be highly oppressive? 1.2 DEMOCRACY: WHAT IS IT? IS IT DESIRABLE? Basic reading: * Barry, Brian, 'Is Democracy Special?', in Barry, B., Democracy and Power: Essays in Political Theory Vol 1 1989. * Birch, Anthony H., The Concepts and Theories of Modern Democracy , 1993, Part II. Budge, Ian, 'Direct Democracy: Setting Appropriate Terms of Debate', in Held, David, Prospects for democracy : North, South, East, West, 1993. * Cohen, Joshua, ‘Deliberative Democracy’, in Hamlin, Alan P. and Pettit, Philip, The Good polity: normative analysis of the state, 1989. Dahl, Robert, On Democracy, 1998, Parts I-III. Prelims 2007-2008 * Fishkin, James S., Democracy and deliberation: new directions for democratic reform, 1991, chapters 1-6, 8. * Held, David, Models of Democracy (2nd edn), 1996, chapters 1-6. McLean, Iain, Public Choice: An Introduction, 1987, chapters 3-5, 8. Mill, John Stuart, On Representative Government (for example, in the Everyman edition of John Stuart Mill, Utilitarianism, edited by H. Acton, 1972). * Miller, David, 'Deliberative Democracy and Social Choice', Political Studies, 40:(special issue), 1992, also in David Held, ed., Prospects for Democracy , 1993. Schmitt, Carl The crisis of parliamentary democracy, Ellen Kennedy trans. and ed., 1988. * Przeworski, Adam, 'Minimalist Conception of Democracy: A Defense', in Ian Shapiro and Casiano Hacker-Cordon, eds., Democracy’s Value , 1999. * Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, The Social Contract, 1762, especially Book 1, chapters 6-8, Book 2, Book 3, chapters 10-18, Book 4 (for example, the Oxford Classics edition, edited by C. Betts, 1994, or the Penguin edition edited by M. Cranston, 1968). * Schumpeter, Joseph, ‘Two Concepts of Democracy’, in Anthony Quinton, ed., Political Philosophy, 1985. or in Capitalism Socialism and Democracy 1943 new ed 1996 chs XXI and XXII Study questions: • • • • • Is democracy simply about majority rule? What is the role of representation in a democracy? What is the role, if any, of elites in a democracy? Is democracy necessary for liberty? Can a plausible case be made for direct or participatory democracy? 4 2. POWER AND INFLUENCE IN A DEMOCRATIC STATE 2.1 ASSOCIATED BASIC TEXT: SELECTED TEXTS OF KARL MARX Basic reading: *** Karl Marx, selections from McLellan, David, ed., Karl Marx: selected writings, 2000: number 14 (The German Ideology), number 18 (The Communist Manifesto), number 25 (The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte), number 30 (Preface to A Critique of Political Economy), number 37 (The Civil War in France), number 39 (on Bakunin's Statism and Anarchy), number 40 (Critique of the Gotha Program). * Acton, H. B., The illusion of the epoch: Marxism-Leninism as a philosophical creed, 1955, Part II, 133-172. * Berlin, Isaiah, Karl Marx: his life and environment, (4th edn.), 1978, especially chapters 3-7. Carver, Terrell, ed., The Cambridge companion to Marx, 1991, chapters by Miller and Gilbert. * Cohen, Gerald A., 'Forces and Relations of Production', in his History, labour and freedom: themes from Marx, 1988. Cohen, G. A., Karl Marx's theory of history: a defence, 1978. Cohen, Joshua, 'review of Karl Marx's Theory of History', Journal of Philosophy, 79, 1980, pp. 253-273. * Elster, Jon, An Introduction to Karl Marx, 1986. * Levine, Andrew, Engaging Political Philosophy: From Hobbes to Rawls, 2002, chapter on Marx. * Miliband, Ralph, 'Marx and the State', in Bottomore, T. B., Karl Marx, 1979. Miller, Richard, ‘Democracy and Class Dictatorship’, from Paul, E. F., Paul, J., Miller F. D., and Ahrens, J., eds., Marxism and Liberalism, 1986 (on dictatorship of proletariat). Plamenatz, John Petrov, Man and society: a critical examination of some important social and political theories from Machiavelli to Marx, 1966, chapter on Marx. Prelims 2007-2008 Shaw, William, Marx's Theory of History, 1978, chapters 1-3. Singer, Peter, Karl Marx, 1980. Wood, Allen, Karl Marx, 1981. Study questions: • • • • • 5 Assess Marx’s claim that the capitalist state is ‘but a committee for managing the common affairs of the whole bourgeoisie’. Explain Marx’s account of the relationship between technological and political change. Why should the capitalist state give way to communist society, according to Marx? Is Marx right to think that the state could wither away? Explain and evaluate Marx’s theory of the ‘dictatorship of the proletariat’. 2.2 WHO RULES IN A DEMOCRACY? Basic reading: Bachrach, Peter and Baratz, Morton S., Power and poverty: theory and practice, 1970, Part I. * Birch, Anthony Harold, The concepts and theories of modern democracy, 1993, Part III. Dahl, Robert Alan, Who governs?: democracy and power in an American city, 1961. * Ham, Christopher and Hill, Michael J., The policy process in the modern capitalist state, 1984, chapters 2-4. * Lukes, Steven, Power: A Radical View, 1974. * Marx, Karl, selections from McLellan, D., ed., Karl Marx: Selected Writings, 2000: number 18 (The Communist Manifesto), number 25 (The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte), number 30 (Preface to A Critique of Political Economy), number 37 (The Civil War in France), number 39 (on Bakunin's Statism and Anarchy), number 40 (Critique of the Gotha Program). * Miliband, Ralph, The State in Capitalist Society, 1969. Mills, C. Wright, The Power Elite, 1956. Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, Discourse on the Origins of Inequality, 1755 (for example, in the Penguin edition edited by M. Cranston, 1984). Study questions: • • • How can we determine which social groups have the most power in a democratic state? Which social groups do have most power in a democratic state? What are the sources of power in a democratic state? 3. IDEOLOGY AND DEMOCRATIC POLITICS 3.1 THE NATURE OF IDEOLOGY Basic reading: Hamilton, M, 'The Elements of the Concept of Ideology', Political Studies, 35, 1987. * Symposium, 'Ideological Communities and Political Contexts', Journal of Political Ideologies, 4, 1999. * Eatwell, Roger and Wright, Anthony eds., Contemporary Political Ideologies (2nd ed.), 1999. * Freeden, Michael, Ideologies and Political Theory: A Conceptual Approach, 1996, chapters 1, 2 and 4. Geertz, Clifford, 'Ideology as a Cultural System', in The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays, 1993. * Marx, Karl and Engels, Friedrich, The German Ideology (for example, in McLellan, D., ed., Karl Marx: Prelims 2007-2008 Selected Writings, (2nd ed.) 2000). Mullins, Willard, 'On the Concept of Ideology in Political Science', American Political Science Review, 66:2, 1972, pp. 498-510. de Tocqueville, Alexis, Democracy in America , Vol. 2, Part 1, chapters 2-4; Part 3, chapters 1-4; Part 4, chapters 1-3 (for example, in the Harper and Row Perennial Library edition, edited by J. P. Mayer, 1988). Study questions: • • All ideologies appear to promote the idea of liberty. To what extent does this suggest that all ideologies are similar? Is democratic politics inevitably ideological? Why do ideological differences persist? 6 3.2 IDEOLOGY AND POLITICAL PRACTICE Basic reading: Althusser, Louis, 'Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses', in Althusser, Louis and Brewster, Ben, Lenin and philosophy, and other essays, 1971. * Dunn, John, 'Understanding Revolutions', in his Rethinking Modern Political Theory: Essays 1979-1983, 1985. * Havel, Vaclav, 'The Power of the Powerless', in Havel, Václav, Keane, John and Lukes, Steven, eds., The Power of the Powerless: Citizens Against the State in Central-Eastern Europe, 1985. Marx, Karl and Engels, Friedrich, The German Ideology and The Communist Manifesto (for example in McLellan, D. ed., Karl Marx: Selected Writings, (2nd ed.) 2000). * Rosen, Michael, On Voluntary Servitude: False Consciousness and the Theory of Ideology, 1996, chapters 1,2,6 and 8. Scott, James, Domination and the Arts of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts, 1990, chapters 1, 3 and 4. Wollstonecraft, Mary, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (for example, in Political Writings, edited by Janet Todd, 1994), chapters 1, 4, 8-9. Study questions: • 'When people don’t get what they need from political systems, you’d expect them to do something about it. In practice, and in ways which are disturbing for our faith in liberal democracy, this expectation is often disappointed.' Discuss. Does the concept of ideology help us to explain why people sometimes tolerate political regimes that harm or fail to advance their interests? Do capitalist democracies exhibit a ‘dominant ideology’? • • 4. DEMOCRACY AND ASSOCIATIONAL LIFE 4.1 ASSOCIATED BASIC TEXT: TOCQUEVILLE'S DEMOCRACY IN AMERICA Basic reading: *** de Tocqueville, Alexis, Democracy in America, Volume 1, Author’s Introduction; Part 1, chapters 3-5; Part 2, chapters 6-9, Volume 2, Part 2, chapters 1-8; Part 4, chapters 1-8. Prelims 2007-2008 Lively, Jack, The Social and Political Thought of Alexis de Tocqueville, 1965. * Mill, John Stuart, 'Tocqueville on ‘Democracy in America’', in his Dissertations and Discussions: Political, Philosophical and Historical , 1973, (New York, Haskell edition). Siedentop, Larry, Tocqueville, 1994. * Siedentop, Larry, 'Two Liberal Traditions', in Ryan, A., ed., The Idea of Freedom: Essays in Honour of Isaiah Berlin, 1979. Welch, Cheryl, De Tocqueville, 2001, especially chapter 2.. Study questions: • • • Is de Tocqueville an optimist or a pessimist about the prospects for democracy? What, in de Tocqueville’s view, are the virtues and what are the vices of democratic government? What is the role of freedom in de Tocqueville’s theory of democracy? 7 4.2 THE ROLE OF CIVIL SOCIETY Basic reading: Almond, Gabriel A., and Verba, Sidney, The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations, 1965. Berman, Sheri, 'Civil Society and the Collapse of the Weimar Repub lic', World Politics, 49:3, 1997, pp. 401429. Dahl, Robert, On Democracy, 1998, Part IV. * de Tocqueville, Alexis, Democracy in America, Volume 1, Author’s Introduction; Part 1, chapters 3-5; Part 2, chapters 6-9, Volume 2, Part 2, chapters 1-8; Part 4, chapters 1-8. * Deakin, Nicholas, In Search of Civil Society, 2001, chapters 3-4. Gutmann, Amy, Freedom of Association, 1998, chapters by Gutmann, Rosenblum, Kymlicka, and Bell. Kaviraj, Sudipta, and Khilnani, Sunil, eds., Civil Society: History and Possibilities, 2001, especially chapters 1, 8, 10, 12-15. Hirst, Paul Q., Associative Democracy : New Forms of Economic and Social Governance, 1994. * Putnam, Robert D., Leonardi, Robert, and Nanetti, Raffaella, Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy, 1993, especially chapters 3-6. * Putnam, Robert D., Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community, 2000, especially chapters 2-4, 8, 11-15, 21-24. * Rosenblum, Nancy L., Membership and Morals: The Personal Uses of Pluralism in America , 1998, chapters 13 and Conclusion. Skocpol, Theda, 'The G.I. Bill and U.S. Social Policy, Past and Future', Social Philosophy and Policy, 14:(2), 1997, pp. 95-115. * Skocpol, Theda, and Fiorina, Morris P., eds., Civic Engagement in American Democracy , 1999, Introduction by Skocpol and Fiorina, 'Making Sense of the Civic Engagement Debate', plus essays 'Advocates without Members: The Recent Transformation of American Civic Life', and 'Extreme Voices: The Dark Side of Civic Engagement'. * Walzer, Michael, 'The Civil Society Argument', in Ronald Beiner, ed., Theorizing Citizenship, 1995. Study questions: • • Why do some political scientists think that a strong 'civil society' is essential to effective democratic government? Are they right to think so? In what way or ways does a vibrant associational life contribute to the health of a democratic Prelims 2007-2008 • polity? What is 'civic engagement'? How have political scientists attempted to explain differences across democracies and/or over time in the level and quality of civic engagement? 8 5. THE PUBLIC CHOICE APPROACH TO DEMOCRACY Basic reading: Black, Duncan, The Theory of Committees and Elections (2nd edn.), 1998, Introduction by Iain McLean, Alistair McMillan and and Burt L. Monroe. * Downs, Anthony, An Economic Theory of Democracy , 1957, chapters 1-4. Dunleavy, Patrick, Democracy, Bureaucracy and Public Choice: Economic Explanations in Political Science, 1991, chapters 2-3 (theory of groups) and 5 (median voter theorem). Green, Donald P. and Shapiro, Ian, Pathologies of Rational Choice Theory: A Critique of Applications in Political Science, 1994, chapters 1-2, 5 (theory of groups), 7 (median voter theorem). McLean, Iain, Public Choice: An Introduction, 1987, chapters 1, 3-5. * Madison, James, The Federalist Papers, Nos. 10 and 51 (for example, in the Everyman edition: Hamilton, Alexander, et al., The Federalist : Or, the New Constitution, 1992). Olson, Mancur, Power and Prosperity : Outgrowing Communist and Capitalist Dictatorships, 2000, chapters 15. * Olson, Mancur, The Logic of Collective Action : Public Goods and the Theory of Groups, 1965, especially chapters 1-2, 5-6. Study questions: • • • • What is the median voter theorem? Is it valid? 'Ambition must be made to counteract ambition' (James Madison, The Federalist 51). What did Madison mean? Can rational choice theory help explain why some interests in society are better organized than others? Does the public choice approach to democracy assume that everyone is selfish? 6. LIBERTY: ITS NATURE AND ITS LIMITS 6.1 THE CONCEPT OF LIBERTY Basic reading: *Berlin, Isaiah, ‘Two Concepts of Liberty’, in Berlin, Isaiah, Four Essays on Liberty, 1969. Gray, Tim, Freedom, 1990. Green, T.H., ‘Liberal Legislation and Freedom of Contract’, in David Miller, ed., Liberty, 1991. Hobbes, Thomas, Leviathan, chapter 21, 1651 (for example, the Penguin edition edited by C.B. MacPherson, 1968). * MacCallum, Gerald, ‘Negative and Positive Freedom’, in Miller, ed., Liberty, 1991, also in The Philosophical Review, 76:3, 1967, pp. 312-334. * Miller, David, ‘Introduction’, in Miller, ed., Liberty, 1991. Pettit, Philip, ‘Republican Freedom and Contestatory Democracy’, in Shapiro, Ian and Hacker-Cordón, Casiano, eds., Democracy's Value, 1999. Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, The Social Contract, 1762, Book 1, chapters 6-8 (for example, in the Penguin Prelims 2007-2008 edition edited by M. Cranston, 1968). Skinner, Quentin, Liberty Before Liberalism, 1998, especially chapter 2.. Steiner, Hillel, 'Individual Liberty', in Miller, ed., Liberty, 1991. Taylor, Charles, ‘What’s Wrong with Negative Liberty’, in Miller, ed., Liberty, 1991. Waldron, Jeremy, ‘Homelessness and the issue of freedom’, in Waldron, Jeremy, Liberal Rights: Collected Papers, 1981-1991, 1993. Study questions: • • • Is there a single concept of liberty underpinning the many ways in which the term is used by political thinkers? Is liberty primarily about the absence of law or the authorship of law? How (if at all) do economic circumstances affect an individual’s liberty? 9 6.2 ASSOCIATED BASIC TEXT: MILL'S ON LIBERTY Basic reading: *** John Stuart Mill, On Liberty, 1859 (for example, the Penguin edition edited by G. Himmelfarb, 1985). Berlin, Isaiah, ‘John Stuart Mill and the Ends of Life’, in Alan Ryan, ed., Mill, 1997, and also in Berlin, Four Essays on Liberty, 1969. * Gray, John, Mill on Liberty: A Defence (2nd edition), 1996. Gray, John, and Smith, G., On Liberty in Focus, 1991. Gray, John, and Pelczynski, Zbigniew, eds., Conceptions of Liberty in Political Philosophy, 1984, chapter on Mill. Levine, Andrew, Engaging Political Philosophy: From Hobbes to Rawls, 2002, chapter on Mill. * Rees, John C., ‘The Principle of Liberty’, in Ryan, ed., Mill, 1997, and also published as 'A Re-Reading of Mill on Liberty', Political Studies, 8, 1960, pp. 113-129. Ryan, Alan, The Philosophy of John Stuart Mill (2nd edition), 1998, chapter 12.. Ryan, Alan, J.S. Mill, 1974. Ten, C., Mill on Liberty, 1980. Waldron, Jeremy, ‘Mill and the Value of Moral Distress’, in Ryan, ed., Mill, 1997. Also in Political Studies, 35, 1987, pp. 310-423, and in Waldron, Jeremy, Liberal Rights: Collected Papers, 1981-1991, 1993. Study questions: • • • • • Is Mill’s harm principle a clear and plausible basis for evaluating the community’s efforts to restrict individual freedom? How persuasive is Mill’s defence of freedom of expression? What place does ‘rationality’ have in Mill’s theory of liberty? Does Mill make a compelling case against state paternalism? Does Mill's celebration of individuality subvert the needs of citizenship? 6.3 MORE ON THE LIMITS OF LIBERTY Basic reading: This section is best studied in conjunction with section 6.2 and presupposes good knowledge Prelims 2007-2008 of Mill's On Liberty. 10 * Dworkin, Gerald, ‘Paternalism’, in Wasserstrom, Richard A., ed., Morality and the Law, 1971 (on paternalism as a basis for restricting freedom). * Devlin, Patrick, The Enforcement of Morals, 1965 (on community standards of morality as a basis for restricting freedom). * Feinberg, Joel, 'Harmless Wrongdoing and Offensive Nuisances', in Feinberg, Joel, Rights, Justice, and the Bounds of Liberty: Essays in Social Philosophy, 1980 (on offence as basis for restricting freedom). Fiss, Owen M., The Irony of Free Speech, 1996, chapter 1. MacKinnon, Catharine A., Feminism Unmodified: Discourses on Life and Law, 1987, pp. 127-213 (on free speech and pornography). * Parekh, Bhiku, 'The Rushdie Affair: Research Agenda for Political Philosophy', Political Studies, 38, 1990, pp. 695-709, also in Kymlicka, Will, ed., The Rights of Minority Cultures, 1995, chapter 14 (on offence and free speech). * Waldron, Jeremy, 'Rushdie and Religion', in Waldron, Jeremy, Liberal Rights: Collected Papers, 1981-1991, 1993 (on offence and free speech). * Wolff, Jonathan, An Introduction to Political Philosophy, 1996, chapter 4. Study questions: • • • • May and should the state restrict people’s freedom for their own good? Is it proper for law to enforce a community’s sense of morality? Should the state restrict offensive speech? Can speech harm? If so, should it be restricted? Prelims 2007-2008 SECTION 2: ANALYSIS OF DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTIONS Aims and Objectives: 11 Section 2 of the revised paper focuses upon the practice of democracy – the institutions, processes and political outputs – in the UK, France, Germany and the United States. The aims are: (i) to acquire an understanding of the formal institutions and political processes in these countries through an analysis of several discrete themes; and (ii), as a secondary aim, to encourage students to think critically about how the concepts analysed in section 1 influence political structures and processes. The general questions that underpin section 2 are: 1. What are the major aims of liberal democratic institutions? 2. How do different institutional arrangements seek to pursue liberal democratic aims? How do electoral systems transfer preferences? How (and how well) do legislatures check executives? How effectively do different bureaucratic structures design and implement policy? 3. What are the strengths and weaknesses of these different liberal democratic forms? How effective have they been in pursuing (a) aims common to all liberal democracies and (b) aims particular to the individual cases? The specific objectives of Section 2 are: 1. To introduce students to the nature and functioning of liberal democratic institutions. 2. To develop students’ understanding of the necessary conditions for democratic government and political stability. 3. To develop students’ analytical skills. 4. To introduce students to social science methodology in the context of historical explanation and comparative analysis. Structure: The syllabus for Section 2 will be organized into ten sections: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Methods: the Study of Politics The State and its Institutions I: Executives The State and its Institutions II: Legislatures The State and its Instututions III: Parties and Party Systems The State and its Institutions IV: Courts and Constitutions The State and its Institutions V: Centre-Periphery Relations Political Representation The Politics of Instability Policy Continuity and Policy Change Institutional & Democratic Consolidation Other than the first (optional) topic on methods, each topic can be approached by way of a single country case study, and there are sufficient case studies provided to allow tutors and students who wish to do so to teach the section 2 syllabus by focusing just on two countries. Equally, for those who wish to do so, there is scope for approaching the topics comparatively. The examination will contain both Prelims 2007-2008 12 questions that can be answered with reference to a single country and those that require an explicitly comparative answer. 1. METHODS IN THE STUDY OF POLITICS Politics overlaps with but is distinct from other disciplines such as history, sociology and anthropology. What are the major methods employed in political analysis, and what advantages and disadvantages do they have? Goodin, Robert E. and Klingemann, Hans-Dieter, A New Handbook of Political Science, 1996. 1. Goodin and Klingeman ‘Political Science: the Discipline.’ 2. Rothstein, ‘Political Institutions: An Overview.’ 3. Weingast: ‘Political Institutions: Rational Choice Perspectives.’ 4. Carmines and Huckfeldt, ‘Political Behaviour: an Overview.’ 5. Mair, ‘Comparative Politics: an Overview.’ 6. Whitehead: ‘Comparative Politics: Democratisation Studies.’ 7. Alt and Asenia: ‘Political Economy: An Overview.’ 8. Jackson: ‘Political Methodology: An Overview.’ 2. THE STATE AND ITS INSTITUTIONS I: EXECUTIVES Thematic Readings: What are the distinctive features of parliamentary and presidential systems of government? Elgie, Robert, 'Models of Executive Politics: A Framework for the Study of Executive Power Relations in Parliamentary and Semi-Presidential Regimes', Political Studies, 45:2, 1997, pp. 217231. Lane, Jan-Erik, and Ersson, Svante The New Institutional Politics: Performance and Outcomes, 2000, chapter 6. Lipjhart, Arend Parliamentary versus Presidential Government, 1992. Rose, Richard, and Suleiman, Ezra. eds., Presidents and Prime Ministers, 1980. France: ‘During non-cohabitation, the French president is an elected dictator; during cohabitation, he is a powerless monarch’. Discuss. *Cole, A., Legalès, P. and Levy, J. eds., Developments in French Politics 3 (2005), chapters by Elgie and Knapp.. *Elgie, Robert and Griggs, Steven, French Politics: Debates and Controversies, 2000, chapter 2. *Wright, Vincent and Elgie, Robert, ‘The French Presidency: the Changing Public Policy Environment’, in Robert Elgie ed., Electing the French President: The 1995 Presidential Election, 1996. *Wright, Vincent and Knapp, Andrew, The Government and Politics of France (4th ed.), 2001, chapters 3, 4 and 5. Stevens, Anne, The Government and Politics of France (3rd ed.), 2003, chapter 3. Germany: Prelims 2007-2008 13 ‘A Chancellor democracy.’ Is this an accurate description of Germany? If so, why? Clemens, Clay, and Paterson, William, The Kohl Chancellorship , 1998 (also available as a special issue of German Politics, 7:1, 1998). Goetz, K. H. 2003. ‘Government at the Centre’, in S. A. Padgett, G. Smith and W. Paterson, eds., Developments in German Politics 3, 2003. Helms, L., ‘The Changing Chancellorship: Resources and Constraints Revisited’, in Padgett, Stephen and Poguntke, Thomas, Continuity and Change in German Politics : Beyond the Politics of Centrality?: A Festschrift for Gordon Smith, 2001. Johnson, N., 'Kohl's Chancellorship', German Politics, 9:1, 2000. Mayntz, Renate, ‘Executive Leadership in Germany’ in Rose, R., and Suleiman, E., eds., Presidents and Prime Ministers, 1980. **Padgett, Stephen, and Abromeit, Heidrun, Adenauer to Kohl: The Development of the German Chancellorship , 1994. Pulzer, Peter, German Politics 1945-1995, 1995, chapter 3. Schmidt, Manfred, Political Institutions in the Federal Republic of Germany , 2003, chapter 2. United Kingdom: Where does decision-making power lie in the British executive? *Burch, Martin, and Holliday, Ian, The British Cabinet System, 1996. *Burch, M., and Holliday, I., ‘The Prime Minister’s and Cabinet Offices: An Executive Office in All But Name’, Parliamentary Affairs, 52:1, 1999. *Campbell, Colin, and Wilson, Graham, The End of Whitehall: Death of a Paradigm?, 1995. Dowding, Keith, The Civil Service, 1995. Drewry, Gavin, and Butcher, Tony, The Civil Service Today, (2 nd ed.) 1991. Foley, Michael, The Rise of the British Presidency, 1993. Heffernan, R., ‘Why the Prime Minister cannot be a President: Comparing Institutional Imperatives in Britain and America’, Parliamentary Affairs, Jan 2005. James, Simon, British Cabinet Government, (2 nd ed.) 1999. Rhodes, Rod and Dunleavy, Patrick, Prime Minister, Cabinet and Core Executive, 1995. *Smith, Martin, The Core Executive in Britain, 1999. United States: `The problem with the U.S. Presidency is that expectations always exceed capacity.’ Discuss. *Bowles, Nigel, The White House and Capitol Hill: The Politics of Presidential Persuasion, 1987. Cronin, Thomas, and Genovese, Michael, The Paradoxes of the American Presidency, 1998. Hart, John, The Presidential Branch: From Washington to Clinton, 1995. *Jones, Charles O., The Presidency in a Separated System, 1994. Neustadt, Richard, Presidential Power and the Modern Presidents: The Politics of Leadership from Roosevelt to Reagan, 1990. *Neustadt, Richard, ‘White House and Whitehall’, in King, A., ed., The New American Political System, (2nd ed.) 1990. Schlesinger, Arthur, The Imperial Presidency, 1989. *Skowronek, Stephen, The Politics Presidents Make: Leadership from John Adams to Bill Clinton, 1997. Prelims 2007-2008 14 3. THE STATE AND ITS INSTITUTIONS II: LEGISLATURES Thematic Readings What best explains the ability of a legislature to scrutinise the actions of the executive? Blondel, Jean Comparative Legislatures, 1973. Lane, Jan-Erik, and Ersson, Svante, The New Institutional Politics: Performance and Outcomes, 2000, chapter 7. Norton, Philip, ed., Legislatures, 1990. France: Is the French Parliament powerless in the face of the executive? Bell, David S., ‘Parliamentary Democracy in France’, Parlimentary Affairs, 57:3, 2004. Cole, Alistair, French Politics and Society, 1998, chapter 6. Flynn, Gregory, ed., Remaking the Hexagon: the New France in the New Europe, 1995, chapter by Hoffmann. *Frears, J., ‘The French Parliament: Loyal Workhouse, Poor Watchdog’, in West European Politics, 14:1, 1991. Hayward, Jack, De Gaulle to Mitterand, Presidential Power in France, 1993, chapter by Machin. *Stevens, Anne, The Government and Politics of France (3rd ed.), 2003, chapter 7. *Suleiman, Ezra ed., Parliament and Parliamentarians in Democratic Politics, 1986, chapter on France. Wright, Vincent and Knapp, Andrew, The Government and Politics of France (4th ed.), 2001, chapter 6. Germany: “Power sharing”- is that an accurate description of the relationship between Bundestag and Bundesrat? von Beyme, K., ‘Interest Groups in Parliamentary Decisions in the German Bundestag’, Government and Opposition, 33:1, 1998. *von Beyme, K., The Legislator: German Parliament as a Centre of Political Decision Making , 1998. Loewenberg, Gerhard, Parliament in the German Political System, 1966. Saalfeld, T., ‘The German Bundestag: Influence and Accountability in a Complex Environment’, in Norton, P. , ed., Parliaments and Governments in Western Europe, 1998. Schmidt, Manfred, Political Institutions in the Federal Republic of Germany , 2003, chapter 3. Sturm, R., ‘Divided Government in Germany: The Case of the Bundesrat’, in Elgie, R., ed., Divided Government in Comparative Perspective, 2001. *Thaysen Uwe, Davidson, Roger and Livingston, Robert eds., The U.S. Congress and the German Bundestag: Comparisons of Democratic Processes, 1990, chapters 7, 9, 11, 13, 15. United Kingdom: In what ways, if any, is the UK Parliament more than the instrument of party leaders? Prelims 2007-2008 15 *Adonis, Andrew, Parliament Today, (2nd ed.) 1993. Bogdanor, Vernon, ‘The Problem of the Upper House’, in his Politics and the Constitution: Essays on British Government, 1996. *Bogdanor, V., ‘Reform of the House of Lords: A Sceptical View’, Political Quarterly, 70:4, 1999. Drewry, Gavin, ‘Select Committees and Backbench Power’, in Jowell, J. and Oliver, D., The Changing Constitution, (2nd ed.) 1989. Judge, David, The Politics of Parliamentary Reform, 1983. *Norton, Philip, Parliament in British Politics, 2005. *Seaton, J. and Winetrobe, B., ‘Modernising the Commons’, Political Quarterly, 70,:2, 1999. Shell, D., ‘Labour and the House of Lords: A Case Study in Constitutional Reform’, Parliamentary Affairs, 53:2, 2000. Walkland, S.A., The House of Commons in the Twentieth Century, 1979. United States: Does the Congressional committee structure render policy -making more efficient? *Davidson, Roger, The Postreform Congress, 1992. Fenno, Richard, Home Style: House Members in Their Districts, 1978. Hall, Richard, Participation in Congress, 1996. *McCubbins, Mathew and Sullivan, Terry, Congress: Structure and Policy, 1987. *Mayhew, David, Divided We Govern: Party Control, Lawmaking, and Investigations, 1946-1990, 1991. *Peterson, Mark, Legislating Together: The White House and Capitol Hill from Eisenhower to Reagan, 1990. Smith, Steven, Call to Order: Floor Politics in the House and Senate, 1989. Sundquist, James, The Decline and Resurgence of Congress, 1981. 4. THE STATE AND ITS INSTITUTIONS III: PARTIES AND PARTY SYSTEMS Thematic Readings Does the number of parties in a party system matter? Dunleavy, Patrick Democracy, Bureaucracy Public Choice: Economic Explanations in Political Science, 1991, chapters 4, 5. Katz, Richard, and Mair, Peter, How Parties Organise: Change and Adaptation in Party Organizations in Western Democracies, 1994, chapter 1. Ware, Alan Political Parties and Party Systems, 1996. France: How has the French party system changed since 1981? Andersen, R. et al, ‘Values, Cleavages and Party Choice in France’, Frebch Politics 1:1, March 2003 (and the reply by Grunberg). Cole, A., Legalès, P. and Levy, J. eds., Developments in French Politics 3, 2005, chapters by Haegel, Evans and Mayer. *Elgie, Robert and Griggs, Steven, French Politics: Debates and Controversies, 2000, chapters 5-6. Prelims 2007-2008 Grunberg, G. and Schweisguth, E., ‘French Political Space: Two, Three or Four Blocs?’, French Politics 1:3, November 2003. Hazareesingh, Sudhir, Political Traditions in Modern France, 1994, chapters 9-11. Knapp, Andrew, Parties and the Party System in France, 2004. Stevens, Anne, The Government and Politics of France (3rd ed.), 2003, chapters 8-9. Wright, Vincent and Knapp, Andrew, The Government and Politics of France (4th ed.), 2001, chapters 7, 8 and 9. Germany: A well-upholstered oligarchy.’ (Nevil Johnson). Is this an accurate description of German parties? *Braunthal, Gerard, Parties and Politics in Modern Germany , 1996. *Conradt, David et al eds., Power Shift in Germany: The 1998 Election and the End of the Kohl Era, 2000. Gapper, S., ‘The Rise and Fall of Germany’s Party of Democratic Socialism’, German Politics, 12:2, 2003. Padgett, S. A., ‘Germany: Reforming the Left by Stealth’, Parliamentary Affairs, 56:1, 2003. *Padgett, S., ‘The Boundaries of Stability: The Party System Before and After the 1998 Bundestagswahl’, German Politics, 8:2, 1999. Roberts, G. K., ‘Taken at the Flood? The German General Election 2002,’ Government and Opposition, 38:1, 2003. Roberts, G. K., Party Politics in the New Germany, 1997. Saalfeld, T., ‘The German Party System - Continuity and Change’, German Politics, 11:3, 2002.. Schmidt, Manfred, Political Institutions in the Federal Republic of Germany , 2003, pp.131-159. Smith, G., ‘Parties and the Party System’, in S. A. Padgett, G. Smith and W. Paterson, eds., Developments in German Politics 3, 2003. United Kingdom: ‘The main dividing l ines in the British party system are the same today as they were in 1945.’ Is this true? 16 Jefferys, Kevin, The Labour Party Since 1945, 1993. Kavanagh, D., ‘Power in the Parties: R.T. McKenzie and After’, West European Politics, 21:1, 1998, or in Berrington, H., ed., Britain in the Nineties: The Politics of Paradox, 1998. Norton, Philip, The Conservative Party, 1996. Seldon, Anthony, and Ball, Stuart, Conservative Century: The Conservative Party Since 1900, 1994, chapters 1 and 8. Smith, Martin, and Spear, Joanna, The Changing Labour Party, 1992 . Stevenson, John, Third Party Politics Since 1945: Liberals, Alliance and Liberal Democrats, 1993. *Ware, Alan, Political Parties and Party Systems, 1996, chapters 1-3, 9-12. Webb, P., ‘Are British Political Parties in Decline?’, Party Politics, 1:3, 1995. *Webb, Paul, The Modern British Party System, 2000. United States: If American political parties are weak, why are practically all its successful politicians either Republicans or Democrats? *Burnham, Walter Dean, Sorauf, Frank and Chambers, William, The American Party Systems: Stages Prelims 2007-2008 of Political Development, (2nd ed.) 1975. *Cotter, C. and Bibby, J., ‘The Institutional Development of Parties and the Thesis of Party Decline", Political Science Quarterly, 95:1, 1980, pp. 1-27. Davis, M., ‘Why the US Working Class is Different’, New Left Review, 123, 1980, pp. 3-44. Epstein, Leon, Political Parties in the American Mold, 1986. *Shafer, Byron and Claggett, William, The Two Majorities: The Issue Context of Modern American Politics, 1995. Ware, Alan, Political Parties and Party Systems, 1996 (sections on the USA). Ware, Alan, The Breakdown of Democratic Party Organisation, 1940-1980, 1985. *Wattenberg, Martin, The Decline of American Political Parties 1952-1996, 1998. The radical right in Western Europe: How do you account for the resurgence of the radical right in Europe in recent years? 17 *Hainsworth, Paul. (ed.) The Politics of the Extreme Right. From the Margins to the Mainstream, 2000, (Introduction). *Betz, Hans-Georg, and Stefan Immerfall (eds.), The New Politics of the Right. Neo-Populist Parties and Movements in Established Democracies, 1998. Betz, Hans-Georg, Radical Right-Wing Populism in Western Europe, 1994. Beyme, Klaus von (ed.). Right-wing extremism in Western Europe, 1988. Hainsworth, Paul (ed.) The Extreme Right in Europe and the USA, 1992.. *Eatwell, Roger. ‘The Rebirth of the ‘Extreme Right’ in Western Europe’, Parliamentary Affairs, 53:3, 2000, pp. 407-425. *Ignazi, Piero. ‘The silent counter-revolution: Hypotheses on the emergence of extreme right-wing parties in Europe’, European Journal of Political Research , 22, 1992. *Karapin, R. ‘Radical-right and neo-fascist political parties in Western Europe’, Comparative Politics, 30:2, 1998, pp. 213-234. *Taggart, Paul, 'New Populist Parties in Europe', West European Politics, 8, 1, 1995. 5. THE STATE AND ITS INSTITUTIONS IV: COURTS AND CONSTITUTIONS Thematic Readings ‘The impact of constitutional decisions on day-to-day politics is negligible.’ Discuss. Stone Sweet, Alec, Governing with Judges: Constitutional Politics in Europe, 2000. Tate, C. Neal and Vallender, Torbjorn, eds., The Global Expansion of Judicial Power, 1995. Volcansek, Mary, ed., Judicial Politics and Policy-Making in Western Europe, 1992. France: Does the French constitution tell us anything about the distribution of power in France that we could not have worked out without reading it? **Debre, Michel, ‘The Constitution of 1958: Its raison d'etre and How it Evolved’, in William Andrews and Stanley Hoffmann eds., The Impact of the Fifth Republic on France, 1981. *Hoffmann, Stanley, ‘The Institutions of the Fifth Republic’, in James Hollifield and George Ross Prelims 2007-2008 eds., Searching for the New France, 1991. Cole, Alistair, French Politics and Society, 1998, chapter 4. *Hayward, Jack ed., De Gaulle to Mitterrand: Presidential Power in France, 1993. Stevens, Anne, The Government and Politics of France, (3 rd ed.) 2003, chapter 2.. Wright, Vincent, The Government and Politics of France, (4 th ed.) 1999, chapter 1. Wright, Vincent and Knapp, Andrew, The Government and Politics of France (4th ed.), 2001, chapter 4. Stone Sweet, Alec, The Birth of Judicial Politics in France: The Constitutional Council in Comparative Perspective, 1992.. Germany: Is the German Constitutional Court a super-legislature? *Bark, Dennis, and Gress, David, A History of West Germany: Volume I – From Shadow to Substance, 1945-1963, (2 nd ed.) 1993, part III, chapter 1. *Busch, A., ‘The Grundgesetz After 50 Years: Analysing Changes in the German Constitution’, German Politics, 9:1, 2000. Currie, David, The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Germany , 1994, especially chapter 3. Kommers, D. P., The Constitutional Jurisprudence of the Federal Republic of Germany, 1997. Kommers, D. P., ‘The Federal Constitutional Court in the German Political System’, Comparative Political Studies, 26:4, 1994. *Merkl, Peter, The Origin of the West German Republic, 1963. Schmidt, Manfred, Political Institutions in the Federal Republic of Germany , 2003, chapter 4. *German Politics, 3, 3, 1994 (special issue), especially article by Götz & Cullen. United Kingdom: How far have the reforms of the Blair Governments addressed weaknesses in the UK constitution? *Bogdanor, Vernon, ‘Britain: The Political Constitution’, either in his Constitutions in Democratic Politics, 1988, or in his Politics and the Constitution: Essays on British Government, 1996. Finer, S. E. et al, Comparing Constitutions, 1995, chapters 1, 2 and 3. Harden, Ian and Lewis, Norman, The Noble Lie: The British Constitution and the Rule of Law, 1986, chapters 1-3. Hennessy, Peter, The Hidden Wiring: Unearthing Britain’s Constitution, 1995. Jowell, J. and Oliver, D. eds., The Changing Constitution (5th ed.), 2004. Marshall, G., ‘The Consitution: its Theory and Interpretation’, in Bogdanor, Vernon ed., The British Constitution in the Twentieth Century, 2003. Oliver, D., Constitutional Reform in the UK, 2003. *Ridley, F.F., ‘There is No British Constitution: A Dangerous Case of the Emperors’ Clothes’, Parliamentary Affairs, 41:3, 1988. University of Cambridge Centre for Public Law, Constitutional Reform in the United Kingdom: Practice and Principles, 1998. United States: If the Constitution is the source of governmental power, and the judiciary interprets the Constitution, then the judiciary is the most powerful branch of government." Discuss. Prelims 2007-2008 18 *Cox, Archibald, The Role of the Supreme Court in American Government, 1976. *Fisher, Louis, Constitutional Conflicts Between Congress and the President, (4th ed.) 1997. Hall, Kermit, ed., The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States, 1992. *Hamilton, Alexander et al, The Federalist Papers (Penguin edition 1987), numbers 10, 45-51, 78-81. Hodder-Williams, Richard, The Politics of the US Supreme Court, 1980. Neely, Richard, How Courts Govern America , 1981. Vile, M. J., Constitutionalism and the Separation of Powers, (2 nd ed.) 1998. *Yarbrough, Tinsley, The Rehnquist Court and the Constitution, 2000. 6. THE STATE AND ITS INSTITUTIONS V: CENTRE-PERIPHERY RELATIONS Thematic Readings: ‘In most countries, the adoption of a federal structure ultimately creates more problems than it solves.’ Discuss. Elazar, Daniel, Exploring Federalism, 1991. Peterson, Paul E., The Price of Federalism, 1995. France: To understand where power in France lies, one never has to leave Paris. Is this true? 19 Cole, Alistair, French Politics and Society, 1998, chapter 8. Cole, A., Legalès, P., and Levy, J. eds., Developments in French Politics 3, 2005, chapter by Legalès. *Elgie, Robert and Griggs, Steven, French Politics: Debates and Controversies, 2000, chapter 4. Le Galès, Patrick and Lequesne, Christian eds., Regions in Europe, 1998, chapter by Balme. *Ladrech, R., ‘Europeanization of Domestic Politics and Institutions: the Case of France’, Journal of Common Market Studies, 32:1, 1994. **Loughlin, John and Mazey, Sonia, The End of the French Unitary State: Ten Years of Regionalization in France (1982-1992), 1995. Meny, Yves, ‘The Republic and its Territory’, in Hazareesingh, Sudhir ed., The Jacobin Legacy in Modern France, 2002. **de Montricher, N., ‘Decentralization in France’, Governance, 8:3, 1995. Stevens, Anne, The Government and Politics of France (3rd ed.), 2003, chapter 6. Wright, Vincent and Knapp, Andrew, The Government and Politics of France (4th ed.), 2001, chapter 12. Germany: Where does power lie in the German federation? *Benz, A., ‘From Unitary to Asymmetric Federalism in Germany: Taking Stock After 50 Years’, Publius: the Journal of Federalism, 29:4, 1999. Conradt, David, The German Polity, 7th edition, 2001, chapter 9. *Goetz, K., ‘National Governance and European Integration: Intergovernmental Relations in Germany’, Journal of Common Market Studies, 33:1, 1995. Gunlicks, A., ‘German Federalism after Reunification: The Legal Constitutional Response’, Publius: the Journal of Federalism, 24:2, 1994.. Prelims 2007-2008 Gunlicks, A., The Länder and German Federalism, 2003. **Jeffrey, Charlie, Recasting German Federalism: The Legacies of Unification, 1999. Padgett et al, Developments in German Politics 3, 2003, chapter 2. United Kingdom: Has devolution since 1997 rectified the problem of excessive centralisation of power in the UK? Bogdanor, Vernon, ‘Local Government and the Constitution’, in his Politics and the Constitution: Essays on British Government, 1996. Bogdanor, V., ‘Devolution: Decentralisation or Disintegration?’ , Political Quarterly, 70:2, 1999, or his ‘Devolution: The Constitutional Aspects’ in University of Cambridge Centre for Public Law, Constitutional Reform in the United Kingdom: Practice and Principles, 1998. **Bogdanor, Vernon, Devolution in the United Kingdom, 1999. Brown, A., ‘Asymmetric Devolution: The Scottish Case’, Political Quarterly, 69:3, 1998. King, Desmond, and Stoker, Gerry, Rethinking Local Democracy, 1996. *McLean, Iain, Who's Afraid of the Tartan Divorce?, at the Nexus web -site at: http://www.netnexus.org/library/author.htm *Stewart, John, and Stoker, Gerry, eds., Local Government in the 1990s, 1995, chapters 1, 2, 11-14. United States: 20 `Despite periodic attempts to enhance their powers, state governments in the U.S.A. are little more than the local administra tors of federal programs.’ Do you agree? Brisbin, R., ‘The Reconstitution of American Federalism? The Rehnquist Court and Federal-State Relations, 1991-1997’, Publius: the Journal of Federalism, 28:1, 1998. *Caraley, D., ‘Changing Conceptions of Federalism’, Political Science Quarterly, 101:2, 1986. *Conlan, Timothy, New Federalism: Intergovernmental Reform from Nixon to Reagan, 1988. Davis, Solomon, The Federal Principle: A Journey Through Time in Quest of a Meaning, 1978. Elazar, Daniel, American Federalism: A View from the States, (2 nd ed.) 1972. *Reagan. Michael and Sanzone, John, The New Federalism, 1981. Riker, William, Federalism: Origin, Operation, Significance, 1964. Watts, R., ‘The American Constitution in Comparative Perspective: A Comparison of Federalism in the US and Canada’, Journal of American History, 74:3 (special issue), 1987, pp. 769-792.. 7. POLITICAL REPRESENTATION Thematic Readings Do modern political parties successfully transmit public preferences? Downs, Anthony, An Economic Theory of Democracy, 1957. Reeve, Andrew and Ware, Alan, Electoral Systems: A Comparative and Theoretical Introduction, 1992, chapters 3, 6. Katz, Richard S., and Mair, Peter, How Parties Organize: Change and Adaptation in Party Organizations in Western Democracies, 1994, especially chapters 1, 2, 5, 8. Klingemann, Hans-Dieter and Fuchs, Dieter, Citizens and the State, 1995, chapters 1, 4, 7, 14. Prelims 2007-2008 Lane, Jan-Erik, and Ersson, Svante The New Institutional Politics: Performance and Outcomes, 2000, chapter 9. Mair, Peter ed., The West European Party System, 1990, Introduction. Powell, G. Bingham, Elections as Instruments of Democracy : Majoritarian and Proportional Visions, 2000. France: When lobby groups protest in France, they take to the streets. Why is this so? 21 Stevens, Anne, The Government and Politics of France (3rd ed.), 2003. Waters, S., ‘New Social Movement Politics in France: the rise of civic forms of mobilization’, West European Politics 21:3, 1998. Wright, Vincent and Knapp, Andrew, The Government and Politics of France (4th ed.), 2001, chapter 11. Germany: Germany’s party system provides poor representation because it denies voters the right to reject unpopular candidates. Discuss. Capoccia, G., ‘The Political Consequences of Electoral Laws: The German System at Fifty’, West European Politics, 25:3, 2002.. Conradt, David, The German Polity, 7th edition, 2001, chapter 9. Dalton, Richard J., ‘The German Voter’, in Smith, Gordon et al, eds., Developments in German Politics 2, 1996. Klingemann, H. D. and B. Wessels, ‘Political Consequences of Germany’s Mixed Member System: Personalisation at the Grassroots?’, in Shugart, M. S. and Wattenberg, M. P., eds., Mixed-Member Electoral Systems: The Best of Both Worlds?, 2001. Pappi, F. U. and P. W. Thurner, ‘Electoral Behaviour in a Two-vote System: Incentives for Ticket Splitting in German Bundestag Elections’, European Journal of Political Research , 41:2, 2002, pp. 207-232. Roberts, G. K., ‘Selection, Voting and Adjudication: The Politics of Legislative Membership in the Federal Republic of Germany’, Government and Opposition, 37:2, 2002. United Kingdom: Does the British political system now more effectively represent voters than it did in 1945? Denver, David and Hands, Gordon, eds., Issues and Controversies in British Electoral Behaviour, 1992. Dunleavy, Patrick et al. eds, Developments in British Politics 7, 2003, Chapter 5 on Turnout and Culture by Evans. Grant, Wyn, 'Pressure Politics: From 'Insider' Politics to Direct Action?', Parliamentary Affairs, 54:2, 2001, pp. 337-348. Heath, Anthony, Jowell, Roger, and Curtice, John, Understanding Political Change: The British Voter, 1964-1987, 1991. Heath, Anthony, and Bridget Taylor, New Sources of Abstention? (and chapter 9) in Evans, G., and Norris, P., eds., Critical Elections: British Parties and Voters in Long -Term Perspective, 1999. Judge, David, Representation: Theory and Practice in Britain. 1999. Prelims 2007-2008 Norris, Pippa and Lovenduski, Joni, Political Recruitment: Gender, Race and Class in the British Parliament, 1995. Norris, Pippa, Electoral Change in Britain Since 1945, 1997. *Saggar, Shamit, Race and Representation: Electoral Politics and Ethnic Pluralism in Britain, 2000. Weir, Stuart, and Beetham , David, Political Power and Democratic Control in Britain, 1999, or Democracy Under Blair, 2002. United States: Is the House of Representatives representative? 22 Canon, David, Race, Redistricting, and Representation: The Unintended Consequences of Black Majority Districts, 1999. Cox, Gary and Katz, Jonathan, Elbridge Gerry's Salamander:The Electoral consequences of the Repportionment Revolution, 2002.. Guinier, Lani, The Tyranny of the Majority: Fundamental Fairness in Representative Democracy , 1994. Miller, William, and Shanks, J Merrill, The New American Voter, 1996. Shafer, Byron, and Claggett, William, The Two Majorities: The Issue Context of Modern American Politics, 1995. 8. THE POLITICS OF INSTABILITY ‘Political stability is achieved by improvements in constitutional design.’ Is this true? Thematic Reading: Linz, J. J., 'The Perils of Presidentialism', Journal of Democracy , 1, 1990. Sartori, Giovanni, Comparative Constitutional Engineering: An Inquiry into Structures, Incentives and Outcomes, 1994. Shugart, M atthew, and Carey, John, Presidents and Assemblies: Constitutional Design and Electoral Dynamics, 1992. Weaver, R. Kent, and Rockman, Bert, Do Institutions Matter?: Government Capabilities in the United States and Abroad, 1993. Shepsle, Kenneth, and Bonchek, Mark, Analyzing Politic: Rationality, Behaviour, and Institutions, 1997, chapter 4. Instability in France: The Fourth Republic Why did the constitution-makers of the French Fourth Republic create a system with such potential for instability? Betts, Raymond, France and Decolonization, 1900-1960, 1991, chapters 5-7. Gildea, Robert, France Since 1945, 1996. Hazareesingh, Sudhir, Political Traditions in Modern France, 1994, chapter 5. Larkin, Maurice, France Since the Popular Front, (2nd ed.) 1997, chapters 6-14. *MacRae, Duncan, Parliament, Parties and Society in France, 1946-1958, 1967. *Rioux, Jean-Pierre, The Fourth Republic 1944-1958, 1987. *Vinen, Richard, Bourgeois Politics in France 1945-1951, 1995. Williams, Philip, Crisis and Compromise: Politics in the Fourth Republic, 1972. Prelims 2007-2008 23 Instability in Germany: The Collapse of the Weimar Republic Why did the Weimar Republic collapse? *Berman, S., ‘Civil Society and the Collapse of the Weimar Republic’, World Politics, 49:3, 1997, pp. 401-429. Blackbourn, D., Populists and Patricians: Essays in Modern German History, 1987. Childers, Thomas, The Nazi Voter: The Social Foundations of Fascism in Germany 1919-1933, 1983. Ferguson, Niall, `The German inter-war economy: political choice versus economic determinism' in Mary Fulbrook, ed., German History since 1800, 1997. Fulbrook, Mary, History of Germany, 1918-2000: The Divided Nation, 2002. *Hamilton, Richard, Who Voted for Hitler?, 1982. *Heiber, Helmut and Yuill, William, The Weimar Republic, 1993. *Lepsius, Mario Rainer, ‘From Fragmented Party Democracy to Government by Emergency Decree and National Socialist Take-over’, in Linz, J. J. and Stepan, A., eds., The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes: Europe, 1978. Needler, M., ‘The Theory of the Weimar Presidency’, Review of Politics, 21, 1959, pp. 692-698. Nicholls, Anthony, Weimar and the Rise of Hitler, 4th edn., 2000. Pulzer, Peter, Germany 1870-1945: Politics, State Formation, and War, 1997. Instability in the United Kingdom: the 1970s Discuss the view that political crises in Britain in the 1970s were surmounted because of the unresponsiveness of the British political system to popular pressure. Morgan, Kenneth O., The People’s Peace: British History, 1945-89, 1990, chapters 9 – 11. Coopey, R., and Woodward, N., Britain in the 1970s: The Troubled Economy, 1996. Dell, Edmund, A Hard Pounding: Politics and Economic Crisis 1974-76, 1991, especially pp.264-275. Holmes,Martin, The Labour Government, 1974-79: Political Aims and Economic Realities, 1985. Howell, David, British Social Democracy : A Study in Development and Decay, 1976. Schoen, Douglas, Enoch Powell and the Powellites, 1977. Finer, S.E., Adversary Politics and Electoral Reform, 1975. Selson, A., and Hickson, K. eds., New Labour, Old Labour: The Wilson and Callaghan Governments 1974-79, 2004. Instability in the United States: The New Deal ‘Since there are so many veto points in American legislating, the surprise is that consensus over the New Deal came about so quickly.’ Discuss Did the New Deal save liberal democracy in the United States? Auerbach, J., ‘New Deal, Old Deal or Raw Deal?’, Journal of Southern History, 35:1, 1969, 18-30. Badger, Anthony, The New Deal: The Depression Years, 1933-1940, 1989, especially chapter 6. *Brinkley, Alan, The End of Reform: New Deal Liberalism in Recession and War, 1995. Hamby, Alonzo, The New Deal: Analysis and Interpretation, 1981. *Leuchtenburg, William, Franklin D Roosevelt and the New Deal 1932-1940, 1963. Louchheim, Katie, and Dembo, Jonathan, eds., The Making of the New Deal: The Insiders Speak, 1983. Prelims 2007-2008 24 Milkis, S., ‘FDR and the Transcendence of Partisan Politics’, Political Science Quarterly, 100:3, 1985, pp. 479-504. *Skocpol, Theda ‘The Limits of the American New Deal’, in Rainwater, L., Rein, M., and EspingAndersen, G., Stagnation and Renewal in Social Policy: The Rise and Fall of Policy Regimes, 1987. 9. POLICY CONTINUITY AND POLICY CHANGE Thematic Readings: Discuss the view that it is institutions and rules, rather than culture, which determines the ability of the state to engender and respond to change. Hill, Michael, and Ham, Christopher, The Policy Process in the Modern State, 1997, chapters 1 & 4. Hall, Peter, ‘The Role of Institutions, Interests and Ideas in the Comparative Political Economy of Industrialized Nations,’ in Lichbach, M. and Zuckerman, A., eds., Comparative Politics: Rationality, Culture and Structure, 1997. Berman, Sheri, ‘Ideas, Norms and Political Culture,’ Comparative Politics, 33:2, 2001. Pierson, Paul, ‘Path Dependence, Increasing Returns and the Study of Politics,’ American Political Science Review, 94:2, 2000, 251-267. Policy Change in France: Redefining Citizenship: Undermined from above by globalization, and from below by the rise of identity politics, the French state has attempted to redefine its relationship with its citizens. How far has it succeeded? Cole, A., Legalès, P. and Levy, J. eds., Developments in French Politics 3, 2005, chapters by Duchesne, Guiraudon and Smith. Hewlett, Nick, Modern French Politics: Analysing Conflict and Consensus since 1945, 1998. Meunier, Sophie, ‘Globalization and Europeanization: a challenge to French Politics’, French Politics 2:2, August 2004. Milner, Susan, Reinventing France: State and Society in the 21st Century, 2003, esp. parts 1 and 2. Schnapper, Dominique, ‘Making Citizens in an Increasingly Complex Society: Jacobinism Revisited’, in Hazareesingh, Sudhir ed., The Jacobin Legacy in Modern France, 2002. Policy Change in Germany: The Effects of Reunification: ‘The blocked republic.’ Is this an accurate description of Germany since reunification? Lange, T. and Shackleton, J., eds., The Political Economy of German Unification, 1998, chapters 3, 4, 5, and 7. *Larres, Klaus, Germany Since Unification: The Domestic and External Consequences, 1998. Merkl, Peter, ed., The Federal Republic of Germany At Fifty: The End of a Century of Turmoil, 1999. *Neckermann, Peter, The Unification of Germany: Or The Anatomy of a Peaceful Revolutio n, 1991. *Pulzer, Peter, German Politics 1945-1995, 1995, chapter 8. *Rose, R. and Haerpfer, C., ‘The Impact of a Ready-Made State: East Germans in Comparative Perspective’, German Politics, 6:1, 1997. Schirm, Stefan, ‘The Power of Institutions and Norms in Shaping National Answers to Globalisation: German Economic Policy after Unification’, German Politics, 11:3, 2002. Sturm, Roland, ‘Divided Government in Germany: The Case of the Bundesrat’, in Elgie, R., ed., Prelims 2007-2008 Divided Government in Comparative Perspective, 2001. *West European Politics 26:4, special issue, ‘Germany: Beyond the Stable State’, Kischelt and Streeck eds. Policy Change in the United Kingdom: Thatcherism and After: 25 Were the policy intentions of the Thatcher Governments assisted or hindered by the structure of the British state? Driver, Stephen and Martell, Luke, New Labour: Politics after Thatcherism, 1998. *Gamble, Andrew, The Free Economy and the Strong State: The Politics of Thatcherism, (2nd ed.) 1994, introduction and chapters 3, 5-6. Gamble, Andrew and Wright, Tony, eds,. The New Social Democracy, 1999. Giddens, Anthony, The Third Way and Its Critics, 2000. Heffernan, R., New Labour and Thatchersim: Political Change in Britain, 2004. Kavanagh, Dennis, The Reordering of British Politics: Politics After Thatcher, 1997. Marsh, D. and Rhodes, R., ‘Implementing Thatcherism: Policy Change in the 1980s’, Parliamentary Affairs, 45:1, 1992. Riddell, Peter, The Thatcher Era, And Its Legacy , 1991. *Skidelsky, Robert, ed., Thatcherism, 1988, introduction, and chapters 1 and 9. Letwin, Shirley, The Anatomy of Thatcherism, 1992.. White, Stuart, ed,. New Labour: The Progressive Future?, 2001. Policy Change in the United States: Civil Rights Why did the federal government eventually decide to advance the civil rights agenda? *Bass, Jack and de Vries, Walter, The Transformation of Southern Politics: Social Change and Political Consequence Since 1945, 1976. Eagles, Charles and Lewis, David, The Civil Rights Movement in America: Essays, 1986. *Goldfield, Michael, The Color of Politics: Race, Class and the Mainsprings of American Politics, 1997. Klarman, Michael, From Jim Crow to Civil Rights, 2004. King, Desmond, Separate and Unequal? Black Americans and the US Federal Government, 1995. *Sitkoff, Harvard, The Struggle for Black Equality 1954-1980, 1981. Smith, Rogers, Civic Ideals: Conflicting Visions of Citizenship in US History, 1997. *Woodward, Comer Vann, The Strange Career of Jim Crow, 3 rd ed., 1974. 10. INSTITUTIONAL AND DEMOCRATIC CONSOLIDATION: Thematic Readin gs: What are the institutional prerequisities of democratic consolidation? Lipset, Seymour Martin, ‘The Social Requisites of Democracy Revisited’, American Sociological Review, 59:1, 1994. Linz, Juan & Stepan, Al, ‘Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation’, Comparative Political Studies, 30:3, 1997. Shugart, MS, and Carey, JM, Presidents and Assemblies: Constitutional Design and Electoral Dynamics, 1992. Prelims 2007-2008 Whitehead, Lawrence, Democratization: Theory and Experience, 2002. Institutional and Democratic Consolidation in France: The 1958 Constitution and the Impact of De Gaulle: What role did de Gaulle play in the consolidation of French democracy and institutions? **Debre, Michel, ‘The Constitution of 1958: Its raison d'etre and How it Evolved’, in Andrews, W. and Hoffmann, S., eds., The Impact of the Fifth Republic on France, 1981. *Hoffmann, Stanley, ‘The Institutions of the Fifth Republic’, in Hollifield, J., and Ross, G., eds., Searching for the New France, 1991. Cole, Alistair, French Politics and Society, 1998, chapter 4 . *Hayward, Jack ed., De Gaulle to Mitterrand: Presidential Power in France, 1993. Stevens, Anne, The Government and Politics of France (3 rd ed.), 2003, chapter 2.. Stone Sweet, Alec, The Birth of Judicial Politics in France: The Constitutional Council in Comparative Perspective, 1992.. Wright, Vincent and Knapp, Andrew, The Government and Politics of France (4th ed.), 2001. Institutional and Democratic Consolidation in Germany: What accounts for Germany’s transition to democracy from 1945 until 1949? Bark, Dennis and Gress, David, A History of West Germany (2 volumes), 2 nd ed., 1993. Brady, J. S., B. Crawford and S. E. Wiliarty, eds., The Postwar Transformation of Germany: Democracy, Prosperity and Nationhood, 1999. Garner, C., ‘Remaking German Democracy in the 1950s: Was the Civil Service an Asset or a Liability?’, German Politics, 6:3, 1997. Kettenacker, Lothar, Germany since 1945, 1997. Klein, Hans, The German Chancellors, 1996, chapter 1. Nicholls, A.J., The Bonn Republic: West German Democracy, 1945-1990, 1997, chapters 1-8. *Pulzer, Peter, German Politics 1945-95, 1995. Institutional and Democratic Consolidation in Central and Eastern Europe: 26 Why have some central and eastern European states managed the transition to democracy more successfully than others? Anderson, Christopher, ‘Parties, Party Systems, Satisfaction with Democratic Performance in the New Europe’, Political Studies, 46:3, 1998, pp. 572-588. Banac, Ivo, Eastern Europe in Revolution, 1992.. Evans, Geoff, and Whitefield, Stephen, ‘Identifying the Bases of Party Competition in Eastern Europe’, British Journal of Political Science, 23:4, 1993, pp. 521-548. Bernhard, Michael, ‘Civil Society Democratic Transition in East Central Europe’, Political Science Quarterly, 108:2, 1993, pp. 307-326. Institutional and Democratic Consolidation in Developing Countries: What factors have influenced the success of democratic transitions in developing countries? Prelims 2007-2008 Diamond, Larry, Linz, Juan J., and Lipset, Seymour Martin , Politics in Developing Countries: Comparing Experiences with Democracy, 1995. Linz, J. J., and Stepan, A., ‘Towards Consolidated Democracies’, Journal of Democracy, 7:2, 1996, pp. 14-33, reprinted in Stepan, A., Arguing Comparative Politics, 2001. Williams, Gavin, ‘Fragments of Democracy: Nationalism, Development and the State in Africa’. Occasional paper, Human Sciences Research Council, Cape Town, 2003. 27 Prelims 2007-2008