Introduction to Artificial Intelligence (Chapter 1)

							Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
                         (Chapter 1)




       BUSI 0088 Handout 1 - Introduction to Artificial Intelligence   1
                         What is AI?
• There is no universal definition. Here are some
  common ones:
   – Systems that think like humans
       • “machines with minds”
   – Systems that act like humans
       • “machine that perform functions that require intelligence when
         performed by people”
       • “to make computers do things at which, at the moment, people
         are better”
   – Systems that think rationally
       • “the study of mental faculties through the use of computational
         models”
   – Systems that act rationally
       • “intelligent behavior in artifacts”

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            Thinking vs. Acting
• Thinking humanly
   – Cognitive science
   – Need to understand how humans think, perceive the
     environment, learn, etc.
• Thinking rationally
   – “right thinking” – irrefutable reasoning process
   – Logic
• Acting humanly or rationally
   – Focus on the behavior and output of the systems, rather than
     the reasoning and thinking process.



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  Acting Humanly: The Turing Test
• The Turing Test was designed to test whether an
  AI system act humanly.
• A human interrogator (judge) interacts with two
  subjects: a human and an AI system. The AI
  system passes the test if the judge cannot tell
  which one is the human.




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             Acting Rationally
• Maximize goal achievement given the available
  information.
• Doesn’t necessarily involve thinking.
• Doesn’t necessarily need to perform as well as
  human.




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          AI is multidisciplinary
•   Philosophy
•   Mathematics
•   Economics
•   Neuroscience
•   Psychology
•   Social science
•   Linguistics
•   Computer engineering
•   Computer science
•   Cognitive science
•   Information Systems
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            Some Topics in AI
•   Problem-solving
•   Knowledge and reasoning
•   Planning
•   Learning
•   Perception
•   Communication
•   Algorithms
•   Applications


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             The History of AI
• 1943: Artificial boolean neuron
• 1950: Turing’s article “Computing Machinery and
  Intelligence”
• 1956: The name “artificial intelligence” adopted
• 1952-69: Early enthusiasm, great expectations
• 1966-73: A dose of reality
• 1969-79: Knowledge-based systems




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             The History of AI
• 1980-88: Expert systems
• 1981: The Japanese “Fifth Generation” project
• 1988-93: Expert systems industry busts: “AI
  Winter”
• 1988-present: Resurgence of neural networks,
  probabilities, soft computing, and so on
• 1995-present: Intelligent agents
• Wide range of applications!



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                  State of the Art
•   Autonomous planning and scheduling
•   Game playing
•   Autonomous control
•   Diagnosis
•   Logistics planning
•   Robotics
•   Language understanding and problem solving
•   Prediction
•   And more…

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    Which of the following can be done
     by computers/robots at present?
•   Play a decent game of table tennis
•   Drive a car in Causeway Bay
•   Buy a week’s worth of food at a supermarket
•   Buy a week’s worth of food on the Web
•   Play a decent game of bridge
•   Discover and prove new mathematical theorems




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Which of the following can be done
 by computers/robots at present?
• Give competent legal advice in a specialized area
  of law
• Translate spoken English into spoken Swedish in
  real time
• Perform a complex surgical operation
• Play a soccer match with other “robot” teammates
• Chat with a human
• Vacuum-clean the floor of a house


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                  Do you agree?
• “As computers do only what their programmers
  tell them to do, they cannot be intelligent.”

• “As animals do only what their genes tell them to
  do, they cannot be intelligent.”

• “As animals, humans, and computers do only what
  their atoms/molecules tell them to do, they cannot
  be intelligent.”


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                  Do you agree?
• “As computers do only what their programmers
  tell them to do, they cannot be emotional.”

• “As animals do only what their genes tell them to
  do, they cannot be emotional.”

• “As animals, humans, and computers do only what
  their atoms/molecules tell them to do, they cannot
  be emotional.”


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