Animal Identification
WEMC FS#11-04 • Fall 2004
Michael Coe,
DVM,
DVM, Ph. D.
Working with Animal Identification
Global Animal
Management
Technology Providers
Logan, Utah
michael.coe@ Overview
mygamonline.com There is a wide array of terms and technology associated with animal ID, and these
terms and technology tend to be very confusing. In addition, there are a growing num-
ber of companies providing products and services to assist production agriculture as
animal ID is introduced to our industry. The following discussion is intended to provide
an introduction to some of the more common terms and technology tools that will be
used in the future. Also described in this discussion are the ID devices/methods and the
hardware to support these new systems. The final section provides some questions to ask
technology providers regarding their products and services.
Introduction
The National Food Animal Identification Plan (NAIP) was initially developed by the
National Food Animal Identification Task Force and is now sponsored by the National
Institute for Animal Agriculture. This is a joint effort of industry and government
working diligently to create a National Animal Identification System (NAIS). The plan
serves as a template for both standardization of ID numbering systems as well as estab-
lishment of standard format specifications of required data associated with an animal.
The plan can be viewed at www.usaip.info.
Individual identification (ID) of cattle will require additional input costs associ-
ated not only with the cost of the ID device, but also with the labor and equipment
needed to read, record, and store the individual ID number and related data at each of
the production segments. As individual ID is used facilitate collection and analysis of
production data, it will become increasingly important that the ID systems are reliable
and efficient to use. The tools and resources that technology providers offer to the
industry will be vital to the successful implementation of the NAIS.
11-1
Technology Providers Glossary of Relational database management system
Terms: (RDBMS) – A program that allows users to
The NAIS and the components support- create, update, and administer a relational
ing it bring several new words not previously database. An RDBMS takes Structured Query
part of day-to-day life in animal agriculture. Language (SQL) statements either contained
What follows is not intended to be a compre- in an application program or entered by a user
hensive list of “technology” terms, nor will it and creates, updates, or provides access to the
impress a “technology professional” with the database.
accuracy or completeness of the descriptions.
Types of Computer and Traceback
The goal is to provide a basic list that will Technology Terminology:
assist in navigation through a technology Desktop PC – Standard home computer that
provider’s informational literature (e.g. adver- sits on your desk. Components include a
tisements) about its products and services. monitor, a tower (the computer), a printer and
Terms Related to Data and Databases several cables that connect the components.
Data – Facts or figures from which conclu- Laptop or Notebook – A computer that
sions can be determined. For example, infor- “folds up” (about the size of a standard
mation about animals and their premises. notebook) to be easily moved from one
Data element – A segment of data such as the location to another.
premise ID or the animal birth date. Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) – A small,
Database – A collection of data managed and handheld (palmtop) computer that fits into a
stored in one place. These databases look like shirt pocket. These devices do not have the
a ledger sheet. One example would be full capabilities of a notebook computer but
Microsoft Excel. are good for collecting smaller amounts of
Relational database – A database with a set of data. They may also allow access to the
tables containing data fitted into predefined internet to transfer data. Additionally, many
categories. Examples include Microsoft Access of them recognize handwriting and use a
and FoxPro. touch screen.
Enterprise database – A robust relational Tablet PC – A hybrid cross between a PDA
database that can manage extremely large and a notebook computer. They combine a
amounts of data. These are often referred to fully functional computer with a screen that
as a centralized database. Examples include works like a PDA device. They also recognize
Oracle and Sequel Server. handwriting and function as a touch screen.
Distributed database system – Consists of Scale head – The brains of a weighing system
several enterprise databases that talk to each that displays the weight received from the load
other via the internet. cells. Several manufacturers of weighing
systems have incorporated simple computer
functionality into their products.
11-2
Server – A robust computer that can run Secured Sockets Layer (SSL) and Public
multiple computer programs 24 hours a day. Key Infrastructure (PKI) – Describes a type
Internet – A collection of computers all over of secured environment by which data access is
the world that are networked (talk to each limited to specific owners of the information.
other). Tier 1 Host Site – A reliable environment for
Web-enabled – The computer’s software and mission critical systems. The locations where
data are available using any computer con- the database servers are located have back-up
nected to the internet. power supplies, multiple lines of communica-
Internet Portal – A complete, browser-based tion to the internet, 24 hours a day/7 days a
(web-enabled) environment for creating, week onsite personnel, physical security, and
managing, and managing information. Portals off-site data backup storage.
are built using the industry’s fastest, most RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) – A
complete, and integrated servers. system consisting of a tag, an antenna, a
Comma Separated Value (CSV) – CSV’s are reader, and some sort of data processing
one of the older computer industry standards equipment, such as a computer. A reader
for transmitting data between computer sends a request for ID information to the tag.
programs or over the Internet. Each piece of The signal hits the chip and creates an elec-
data is separated by a comma and must remain tronic current in the first coil, which causes it
in a specific predefined order. If even one to charge the microchip. The tag responds
comma is missed, the data will placed in the with the respective information, which the
wrong column when being imported into a reader then forwards to the data processing
new database. For example, 3/15/ device.
2004,100,Bull, EID (Electronic Identification Device) – A
XML – A markup language for documents silicone chip and copper wire. The microchip
containing structured information. This type has an imbedded EID number code on it.
of data file contains a sort of dictionary that Antenna – A device that sends and receives
describes the data contained in the file. Then radio frequency signals.
each piece of data is associated with its corre- Reader – A computer-like device that controls
sponding definition. The primary advantage antennae and can activate a tag or chip.
to this type of a file is that each data file Retinal Scan – A digitized picture of the
provides a built in explanation of the data blood vessel pattern in the retina of an
contained in the file; thus, the order in which animal’s eye. This pattern is more distinctive
the data are received is not important. This than a human fingerprint and can serve as
greatly reduces the possibility of data transla- unique ID.
tion error when communicating information DNA Sample – A biological sample from an
between databases. For example, Birth Date = animal, usually blood, hair, or tissue.
3/15/2004; Birth Weight = 100; Sex = Bull
11-3
Identification Devices / Methods the radio waves returned from the RFID tag
The animal identification tools that will be into a form that can then be passed on to
used in the future will need to include a computers which can then make use of it.
unique ID number, support the ability to Two biological technologies include DNA
manage volumes of livestock, be tamper proof, “finger printing” and retinal scanning as
function at current production line speeds, methods of permanent ID. Currently an
and incorporate streamlined coordination of important consideration when choosing an ID
data management. The current recommenda- method is that current rapid production line
tions in the NAIS are clear that rules will speeds dictate that the ID method utilized will
remain “technology neutral,” which results in need to be an automated process.
an industry free to choose the method of
Data Collection Hardware
individual animal ID that best suits its produc-
Data readers can be large or small. Feed-
tion system. There are a number of ways to
lots, sale barns, and packing plants will likely
individually identify animals. Plastic tags are
be using the large panel and portal “walk
available with both visual ID numbers and bar
through” readers. There is a perception that
codes. Metal tags have been used for perma-
everyone wants larger read ranges on antennas
nent individual animal ID in the past, most
so they can read the tags from a longer dis-
notably in the Brucellosis Eradication Program.
tance. Two variables predict the read range:
In the area of electronic devices there are a
1) how much copper wire is in the ID device
couple versions of the implantable microchips,
and the antenna, and 2) the amount of power
rumen boluses, and several companies produce
provided to the system from the reader. The
the more commonly used external button
way to get a longer read range with the micro-
tags. At last count there were at least 13
chips is to use larger antennas. With small
different companies manufacturing electronic
microchips, read range is measured in inches
identification (EID) tags for use in animals.
(six inches or less). The bigger the microchip
Radio frequency identification (RFID) is a
used, the more read range attained.
generic term for technologies that use radio
Antennas are available in many formats,
waves to automatically identify individual
ranging from large stationary panels to small
items. While there are several methods of
hand-held devices that can be attached directly
identifying objects using RFID, the most
to computers or scale heads. In its simplest
common is to store a serial number that
form, an antenna is a coil of copper wire that
identifies a product, and perhaps other infor-
can send out a radio frequency signal and then
mation, on a microchip attached to an antenna
read it back to get the number into the com-
(the chip and the antenna together are called
puter.
an RFID transponder or an RFID tag). The
antenna enables the chip to transmit the ID
information to a reader. The reader converts
11-4
Data Management Questions to Ask Technology
Discussion continues concerning whether Providers Regarding Data
the NAIS individual animal database will be a Collection
single central database or a dispersed database Q. Does your system meet the requirements
system. A completely separate discussion described for the National Animal Identifi-
involves the management of production data. cation System?
This will most certainly not be managed on a Q. I have different types of animals in my
central database system. Realization of a value livestock operation; can your products
proposition will require the ability to coordi- handle them all?
nate and share data across all industry seg- Q. What types of technology does your system
ments. The model will need to include both support?
local data availability as well as uploads to off- Q. Do I have to carry the computer with me
site data storage. This will provide for protec- when I am out in the field collecting data?
tion of the data in the case of a disaster. A technology provider should have their
Producers could use consolidated reports on software platforms developed to support any
data collected across industry segments. One guidelines agreed upon by the livestock
example of this is the ability to compare industry and the USDA in support of the
carcass quality to the incidence of illness. The NAIS. You should ask your technology
use of large, coordinated databases in conjunc- provider if their software is configured to work
tion with the internet will allow for reports to on multiple hardware devices such as laptops,
be generated regarding the farm or produc- Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs), tablet
tion facility as often as management demands. {PCs, touch screen monitors (similar to the
The sharing of data across industry segments type utilized in the restaurant industry) or
utilizing these large, coordinated databases your desktop. Changes in hardware technol-
and the internet will require stratified security ogy are very rapid, so most computer software
access to data. This means that data will need technology providers have configured their
to be username and password protected. software to work with a variety of hardware
Third party providers utilize this type of data devices such as various models of EID readers,
security for military intelligence and the scales, barcode readers, thermometers, etc. It
banking industry now on a continuous can’t- is very important that the technology provider
fail basis. with whom you choose to work supports the
species (cattle, horses, swine, sheep, cervidae,
etc.) on your operation. In order to facilitate
the implementation of the NAIS, some of the
providers will need to adapt their services to
accommodate multi-species applications. The
NAIS plan will start with the registration of
11-5
premises and slowly phase in the individual to a safe storage facility. Therefore, your data
animals. It is important that your technology are as safe as modern technology allows. Your
provider has the software ability to capture technology provider will grant control to
both visual and electronic tag information. others who will have access to your data. In
some systems no third party will be able to
Questions to Ask Technology
access your information without permission,
Providers Regarding Data
while in other systems the data is transferred
Storage with ownership of the cattle. You need know
Q. Where is my data stored?
how your data is being handled and who is
Q. Will my data be lost? doing the handling.
Q. Can I back up my data when I am working
my herd? Questions to Ask Technology
Your technology provider should provide Providers Regarding Data Access
details on how your livestock data is stored Q. Can I create reports of my data in the
and maintained. They should also be able to software products I have purchased?
share information about who has access to Q. Can I export data collected to Microsoft
your data, where it is stored, and how the data Excel or other spreadsheet or database
is backed up for safe keeping. Almost all applications?
systems store your data on your local com- Q. Will I be able to receive carcass information
puter, and most will also have a copy of the from a packing plant?
same data stored on a server computer that Most software products should provide
they maintain at a central location or at several basic reporting from within their applications.
locations. In addition, the centralized data- In addition, many technology providers have
bases should be backed up to a separate, off- more extensive reporting capabilities accessible
site storage system to be used in case of a from their internet portals seamlessly inte-
catastrophic event such as a fire, computer grated with the front-end software product
failure, tornado, or flood. Most systems will lines. As a producer, you should have the
also contain a toolset provided to enable you ability to export or transfer data into a spread-
to save all of your data manually or automati- sheet format. Your data can be transferred to
cally as your livestock are being processed. other programs, and can also be printed in a
hard copy format for your files. The NAIS is
Questions to Ask Technology
interested in 48-hour traceback to protect our
Providers Regarding Data
national herd from a foreign animal disease
Security
(FAD) or other catastrophic disease outbreak
Q. When sending my information, will my
only. There are currently many alliances being
data be exposed to hackers?
formed that will be able to help coordinate
Q. If I upload data, who will be able to see it?
carcass information back to the producer.
Technology providers will need to provide Multiple technology providers will be offering
an encrypted (coded) method of sending data
11-6
tools to coordinate all types of production cal manuals to help troubleshoot and answer
information (including carcass data) across all questions. It is important to make sure that
production segments, but these activities will you know where these manuals are located in
be outside of NAIS activities. It is important the program or in a hardcopy format. Your
to keep in mind that currently most packing technology provider should also provide easy
plants and carcass/box operations do not have access to your passwords and give you the
the ability to automatically coordinate live ability to update or change your password as
animal ID numbers to individual carcass data. you desire. Technology providers should be
The NAIS, once fully implemented, will able and happy to provide you with a contact
provide some of the basic infrastructure list of customers who have used their software,
needed for the industry to take the next step hardware, and/or data management services.
toward individual carcass data integration. The early adopters will likely be called upon to
provide advice and relay not only their experi-
Questions to Ask Technology
ences with service providers but also these new
Providers Regarding Service and
tools to other producers.
Support
Q. Which types of technology do you sell, service, Conclusions
and support? The relative costs and efficiencies associ-
Q. How can I contact your technical support? ated with the collection and recording of
individual ID numbers at each level of the
Q. What type of training will you provide for
production chain (including cow/calf opera-
both myself and my employees if I purchase
tions, auction markets, stocker operations,
your product?
feedlots, packing plants, brand inspections,
Q. What do I do if I forget my password? state regulatory activities, and retail outlets)
Q. Where are current installations of your are not well established today. In addition to
software product line? the evaluation of ID devices, the hardware
As far as technical support, at minimum used to record and transmit the individual ID
technology providers should give you a number and the data collection software must
telephone number to call for assistance and also be considered. The methods by which
their support staff ’s hours of operation. You this new data is stored in a database and how
should also be sure to test the software on long it needs to be stored will be important
your operation before you make a substantial considerations for ongoing costs associated
investment and begin using it to work live- with the NAIS. Current pilot projects and
stock. Poor performing software makes for future initial implementation projects will help
unnecessary costs and a long day at the chute. provide the answers to these questions.
Your technology provider should have techni-
11-7