Geek Chic and The Future of Space Systems
Michael M. Gorlick The Aerospace Corporation gorlick@aero.org
WESAS 2000 University of California, Irvine May 8-9, 2000
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Agenda
How to predict the future of software architectures
The construction principles for the 21st century
How to prepare for the future
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It’s the Hardware, Stupid!
Theoretical software engineering in its infancy Software engineering is hardware (device) driven – Invites new architectures – Forces new architectures Predicting the future of software architectures means “following the devices”
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Following the Devices
Materials inform building architectures – Stone versus steel
Cathedrals versus skyscrapers
Devices inform software architectures – Scarcity versus plenitude
Processors Communication Sensors Actuators
– Isolation versus community
– Insensate versus sensation
– Paralysis versus mobility
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Know Thy Materials
Silicon
Carbon
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Silicon
Building material – Stronger and less dense than aluminum, stainless steel, and titanium – High melting point – Excellent heat conductor Digital substrate Analog substrate
Will Revolutionize All Devices
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Silicon
Analog Devices ADXL50 Accelerometer
Principle of operation: Fixed Electrode Moving Electrode
3 millimeters
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Silicon
MEMS Accelerometers Monitored STS-93 Flight
Z -Axis Acceleratio n (g 's)
3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 Time (EDT, seconds)
0.1
Silicon Designs 1010J & 1210J MEMS Accelerometers
Launch
Z -Axis Acceleratio n (g 's)
0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0 4200
Orbit Correction
Sensor ASIC
4300
4400
4500
4600
Time (EDT, seconds)
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Optical MEMS Devices
MEMS “Pop Up” Mirror (Sandia) MEMS “Pop Up” Lens (UCLA)
M.C. Wu, Micromachining for Optical machine/images6.html and Optoelectronic Systems, Proc. S.J. Walker and D.J. Nagel, Optics & MEMS IEEE, 85(11), Nov 1997; http://code6330.nrl.navy.mil/6336/moems.htm http://www.ee.ucla.edu/labs/laser/ research/mot/1integrated.html
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http://www.mdl.sandia.gov/micro
MEMS Microthrusters
DARPA
MTO MEMS
Cold Gas Thruster Module
Valve
The Aerospace Corporation
15-Thruster “Chip” on STS-93
Nozzle
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http://www.design.caltech.edu/ micropropulsion/index.html
TRW, CalTech, and The Aerospace Corp.
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Thruster Module
MEMS Microthrusters
• Integrated electronics with microthrusters • Sub-micron features easily available
Micro Resistojet: Micro Ion Engine
Field Ionization Array Bond Pads 300m Linear Field Ionizer
Field Ionization Array
The Aerospace Corporation The Aerospace Corporation
Field Emission Wires
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A Silicon Nanosatellite Concept
Silicon serves as:
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Structure, Radiation shield, Thermal control, Optical material, MEMS substrate, Electronic substrate
SWJ 97
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MASS PRODUCTION OF PICOSAT PARTS - MOSTLY FROM DELRIN AND ALUMINUM
PICOSAT ELECTRONICS STACK
INTEGRATION INTO A PICOSAT
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Mating Picosatellites with OPAL
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Femtosatellites
http://eecs.berkeley.edu/~pister/SmartDust
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Carbon
Buckytubes – Extremely strong
1 nanometer
Strength/weight = 600 X steel Theoretical optimal material
– – – –
Flexible Tolerant of buckling on compression Self-repairing Conductive
1000 nanometer
Many times more efficient than copper Certain arrangements act like semiconductors
– Semiconductor
Will Revolutionize All Structures
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Revolutionizing Structures
Space Elevator
3,000 lb / 15 lb 5,000 lb / 25 lb
30 lb / 2 oz 200,000,000 lb / 3,000 lb
200,000 lb / 1,000 lb
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Neolithic / Buckytube (200:1)
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600,000 lb / 3,000 lb
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Construction Principles
Replace physical structure with information
Build small and think big
Transport energy and information not mass
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Space Telescope
Primary mirror Focal plane assembly Scanning 25 m 3 m long x 30 cm wide electron beam 50 m 250 m 250 m Figure sensor reference
Beamed power
Total weight: 125 kg Sensitivity: 1200 x better than Hubble
I. Bekey, An Extremely Large yet Ultralightweight Space Telescope and Array, May 1999
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Hyperspectral Sensor
Focal point for short wavelengths Focal point for long wavelengths Focal length is thousands of km
Fresnel lens
5,000 nanosats spaced along line of sight each imaging in a different spectral band 100 m Tolerant of axial and radial errors even at optical wavelengths Total weight is 30 kg
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Nanosatellite Constellatinos
Dense LEO constellations
– 500 to 1000 satellites at ~700 km altitude – At least 2 satellites always above 30oelevation for all surface locations – One satellite always within 1000 km range
a14 b13 a13
d14 c14 d13 c13 b12 c12 b11 c11 b10 a10 c10 b9 a9 c9 d9 d10 d11 d12
a12
a11
Disposable missions Local clusters (“platooning”)
– Co-orbiting clusters
Up to 10 km diameter in LEO Up to 1000 km diameter in GEO Up to 10 km diameter in GEO
– Arbitrary “formation flying”
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Computing Principles
Tune in Turn on Drop out
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The Great Wall of Computing
Sensors Processor Memory/FPGA IrDA Battery 1 inch
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1 inch
1 inch
The Great Wall of Computing
Put 1,000 sensor cubes in a regular pattern on the walls of a room
Challenges – Meeting environment – Gesture recognition – Communication with handheld devices
Phased array
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Sensate Automobile
Assume that EVERY single component part has a processor, memory, communication, sensors Challenges – Organizing the processors and sensors – What can you discover about automobiles?
Diagnosis Preventive maintenance Fault detection Accident avoidance
– What can you discover about drivers?
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Information Superhighway
Let information “hitch a ride” on vehicular traffic – Vehicles broadcast routes and destinations to fixed nodes and passing vehicles – Packets “hitchhike” on vehicles that will get them closer to destination – Packets can “hop off” to other passing vehicles, roadway wireless nodes and cellular towers Challenges – Protocols – Routing – Payment
Micro auctions Micro payments
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Summary
Architectures are based on an intimate understanding of building materials – Silicon and carbon are the building materials of the future
All devices and all structures will be revolutionized beyond imagining
Construction principles of the golden age – Replace structure with information – Build small and think big – Transport energy and information not mass Computing principles of the golden age – Tune in – Turn on – Drop out
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