The Future of Wind Power
Early Wind
Early Wind:
Grain-grinding Water-pumping
Earliest-known design is the vertical axis system developed in Persia about 500-900 A.D.
Western Post Mill 1300 – 1875
• Four bladed rotor • Cloth/wood blade • Wooden Transmission
A.D.
Dutch Tower Mill
• • • • 1390 A.D. Mill/Housing Variable Pitch Rotating Nacelle
American Fan Mill
Halladay 1854 Steel blade Assy Vari Pitch/Nacelle 1850 and 1970, over six million mostly small (1 horsepower or less) mechanical output wind machines were installed in the U.S.
Wind Equation
1 Megawatt = 300 N. Amer homes for One Year. tara: a million million giga: a billion mega: a million kilo :a thousand
The Brush Machine
• Cleveland, OH – 1888. • First large scale electricity proj. • Charles F. Brush • 17m = 12kw • 50:1 up trans
Experimental Proj
• 1931 Russia – Caspian Sea 100kw • 1935/1970 – U. S., Denmark, France, Germany, and Great Britain • 1941 – VT 1.25mw, 175ft steel rotor.
VT - Smith-Putnam
16-ton stainless steel rotor used full-span blade pitch control to maintain operation at 28 RPM. In 1945, after only several hundred hours of intermittent operation, one of the blades broke off near the hub, apparently as a result of metal fatigue.
European R&D
1960’s – Denmark 200kw Gedser Mill. Shut down – >$ 1968 Germany – leading R&D – midsize, teeter hub, 165 days w/o fault @100kw
World production
• • • • • Germany tops installed capacity @ 20,621 Mw U.S. & Spain @ 12000 Mw India @ 6300 Mw Denmark @ 3200 Mw Global Installed @ 74223 Mw 2007 up from 59091 Mw in 2005
Projected Capacity
• Canada @ 1000 Mw 2006 – Proj 10,000 Mw by 2015 • China @ 2604 Mw 2006 - Proj 5,000 Mw by 2010 • U.S. @ 12000 Mw 2006 – Proj 63% increase for 2007 – 49000 Mw by 2015
“Total US wind project pipeline in excess of 125 GW of projects at various stages of development. With more than US $65 billion expected to be invested in additional wind capacity between 2007 and 2015, the US is projected to rank first in the world in cumulative installed wind capacity with approximately 19% of global wind market share by the end of 2015.”
by Emerging Energy Research (EER) - a leading advisory and consulting firm tracking emerging technologies in global energy markets.
The States – installed Mw
U.S. Wind Energy Projects - Michigan (As of 09/30/2007)
Power Capacity:
Existing projects (MW): 2.59
Projects under construction (MW): 52.8 Rank In US (by Existing Capacity): 30
Rank In US (by Potential Capacity): 14
Potential Capacity (in MW): 7460 Annual Energy (in billion kWh): 65
Energy Type
(Mw)
1990
2010
% Change
Conventional Hydroelectric Geothermal Municipal Solid Waste Biomass 31 Solar Wind Total, Renewable Resources Fossil/Storage/Other Nuclear Total Generation
288 306 0.3 15 62 7.2 10 54 8.5 59 3.2 14 9.2 2 16 10.4 348 501 1.8 2,098 2,975 1.8 577 636 0.5 3023 4,112 1.5
Energy Information Administration. 1990 data: For utilities, EIA861, "Annual Electric Utility Report" for non-utilities, EIA-867, "Annual Non-utility Power Producer Report." 2010 projections: Annual Energy