How To Write Endnotes For Research Papers
For a detailed treatment on writing Footnotes and Endnotes, please use the official MLA Handbook: Information relating to MLA style as presented here has been simplified and adapted from this authoritative publication from the Modern Language Association of America: Gibaldi, Joseph. MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 6th ed. New York: MLA, 2003. This worksheet deals only with simple and common examples on how to write Endnote citations.
Introduction:
Endnotes are used to give credit to sources of any material quoted, summarized, or paraphrased. They are intended to refer readers to the exact pages of the works listed in the “Bibliography” section. Endnotes are placed numerically at the end of the essay on a separate page entitled “Endnotes”. When mentioning a work for the first time, a full and complete Endnote entry must be made. IMPORTANT: Do not confuse Endnote citations with explanatory Notes that some authors refer to as "Endnotes." These Notes are not considered to be citations but are used to add comments, explanations, or additional information relating to specific passages in the text.
Endnote Citations:
Let’s look at some examples of Endnote citations, and compare them to Bibliography citations: First Endnote example:
2
G. Wayne Miller, King of Hearts: The True Story
of the Maverick Who Pioneered Open Heart Surgery (New York: Times, 2000) 245. Bibliography example: Miller, G. Wayne. King of Hearts: The True Story of the Maverick Who Pioneered Open Heart Surgery. New York: Times, 2000.
Typing End notes: How to get them in with word
Step 1: Go to the insert menu on the top of word
Step 2: From the insert menu screen select references
Step 3: Select foot Notes from the reference Menu (I know we’re doing end Notes but just do it)
Step 4: select End Notes Option. The program will automatically manage the list. Select the numbering style 1,2,3 etc. Select insert
Type author, title, location, publisher, year, and page number of relevant data. If you have a note from the same text and author all that is needed after this first one would be last name and page number
The end note matches a corresponding entry in your bibliography
NOTICE-• How the Endnote citation is punctuated differently from the Bibliography citation. It only has ONE period, at the end of the citation. Bibliography citations are broken up by THREE periods. • Also, in the Bibliography citation, the first listed author’s name is written Last name, First name. This is because Bibliographies are alphabetized. In an Endnote citation, the author’s names are written normally—First name Last name. This is because Endnotes are listed in the order they appear in the paper. There’s no reason to alphabetize them, so we don’t change how we write the names of the authors. • Finally, notice that in the Endnote citation, the city of publication, publisher name, and year of publication are in parentheses, and the page number is listed after the parentheses. (See attached list of examples of Endnotes for works that do not have page numbers.) • Shortcut: Once you have completed the steps above, you can press CTRL+ALT+D to insert all additional Endnotes.
Typing Your Endnotes and Bibliography Pages
Endnotes Page:
• • • • • • • Begin your Endnotes page by centering the title: Endnotes exactly 1" (2.5 cm) or about 6 lines from the top of the page. Write the title in a larger font (about 14 point) than the rest of your Endnotes page. Double-space your entries, Skip a line between entries, Indent each Endnote citation ½” (1.25 cm) or 5 spaces from the left margin, do not indent subsequent lines, (See “How to insert a first line indent” below Add a superscripted Endnote citation number at the beginning of each citation, Leave one space after the superscripted number, and list entries in the same numerical order as they appear in the text of your paper.
Bibliography Page:
• • • • • • A separate page must be added at the end of your paper entitled: Bibliography to include all of the citations already listed on your Endnotes page, The Bibliography must be alphabetized by the last name of the first author listed, For citations with no author, alphabetize by the next piece of information in the citation. (DO NOT alphabetize by “The” or “A” or “An” if they start a citation.), The first line of each entry should be on the left margin. For subsequent lines of an entry, indent ½” (1.25 cm) or 5 spaces from the left margin, (See “Hanging Indent” below) Double space each entry, Skip a line between entries.
Examples Of Endnotes From Various Sources
Notice:
• • • • • Use this sheet, along with the “How To Cite Sources: A Fill-In-The-Blank Guide to MLA” worksheet, to determine what info you must collect from each of your sources to create your Bibliography and Endnotes. Detailed Endnotes are needed only for sources cited for the first time. When citing the same work more than once, it is no longer fashionable to use ibid. or op. cit.; the current trend is to use the short title or the author's last name instead. Indent the first line of a Endnote entry. Second and subsequent lines are not indented. Double space between lines. Treat each entry as one statement or sentence. Put a period at the end of each entry.
Book with one author or editor:
1 1
Frank Feather, Canada's Best Careers Guide 2000 (Toronto: Warwick, 2000) 152-3. Jerry White, ed. Death and Taxes: Beating One of the Two Certainties in Life
(Toronto: Warwick, 1998) 7-8.
Book with two authors or editors:
2
R.D. Hogg and Michael G. Mallin, Preparing Your Income Tax Returns: 2001 Edition
for 2000 Returns (Toronto: CCH Canadian, 2001) 969:519.
2
Andrew Cohen and J.L. Granatstein, eds. Trudeau's Shadow: The Life and Legacy of
Pierre Elliott Trudeau (Toronto: Random,1998) 391.
Book with three or more authors or editors:
3
Jack Canfield, et al., Chicken Soup for the Kid's Soul: 101 Stories of Courage,
Hope and Laughter (Deerfield Beach, FL:Health Communications, 1998) 68.
3
Mans O. Larsson, et al., eds. Let's Go: Germany 1998 (New York: St. Martin's, 1998)
96-98.
Book with no author or editor stated:
4 4
The 1990 Charlton Coin Guide, 29th ed. (Toronto: Charlton, 1989) 39. Microsoft PowerPoint Version 2002 Step by Step, (Redmond, WA: Perspection, 2001)
235.
Article in a collection by several authors, with one or more editors:
6
Carmen DaSilva, "Life Insurance as a Tool for Estate Planning," Death and Taxes:
Beating One of the Two Certainties in Life, ed. Jerry White (Toronto: Warwick, 1998) 5771.
6
Maryann G. Valiulis, "Power, Gender and Identity in the Irish Free State," Irish
Women's Voices Past and Present, ed. Joan Hoff and Moureen Coulter (Bloomington, IN: Indiana UP, 1995) 118.
Article from an encyclopedia with no author stated:
7
"Malcolm X," Encyclopedia of Social Issues, 1997 ed.
Article from an encyclopedia with one author:
8
Lawrence A. Presley, "DNA Fingerprinting," World Book Encyclopedia, 2000 ed.
Article from a magazine, journal, or newspaper with no author stated:
9 9
"Bombardier Wins Order in Israel," Globe and Mail [Toronto] 29 Oct. 2002: B12. "Lighting Up the World: A Canadian's Obsession Has Helped Thousands," Maclean's 4
Nov. 2002: 42-43.
Article from a magazine, journal, or newspaper with one or more authors:
10
Jonathan Alter and Geoffrey Gagnon, "The Future of New York," Newsweek 9 Sept.
2002: 50+.
10
Michael Friscolanti, "Convicts 'Morally' Fit to Vote: Supreme Court Ruling,"
National Post [Toronto] 1 Nov. 2002: A4.
10 10
Rita Daly, "Bird Flu Targeting the Young," Toronto Star 11 Mar. 2006: A1+. Tom Fennell, "From Misfit to Murderer," Maclean's 4 Nov. 2002: 32-34.
Government document:
13
Canada, Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development, Gathering Strength:
Canada's Aboriginal Action Plan (Ottawa: Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada, 2000) 12-13.
13
United States, National Council on Disability, Carrying on the Good Fight - Summary
Paper from Think Tank 2000 - Advancing the Civil and Human Rights of People with Disabilities from Diverse Cultures (Washington: GPO, 2000) 6.
Interview:
14
Hellmut Longin, Personal interview, 12 Feb. 2006.
Film or video recording:
15 15
The Pacifier, dir. Adam Shankman, perf. Vin Diesel, DVD, Disney, 2005. A Simple wish, dir. Michael Ritchie, writ. Jeff Rothberg, perf. Martin Short and
Mara Wilson, VHS, Universal, 1997.
Audio recording:
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Ginger, Solid Ground, Nettwerk, Vancouver, 1994.
Television or radio:
17 17
Larry King Live, CNN, Nassau, Bahamas, 7 Mar. 2002. Abbey Lincoln Sings Her Career, WBGO, Newark, NJ, 4 Mar. 2002.
Computer software or CD-ROM:
18
National Parks: The Multimedia Family Guide, CD-ROM, Woodland Hills, CA: Cambrix,
1995.
18 18
Norton AntiVirus, CD-ROM, Symantec, 2003. QuickTax: Tax Year 2002, CD-ROM, Intuit Canada, 2003.
Internet: Notice: First date = Web page creation or modification date. Second date = the date you accessed the Web page. If the Web page does not have a modification or creation date, leave it out, but always indicate your access date just before the URL.
19
Canada, Indian and Northern Affairs, "Aboriginal Peoples Survey: From APS I to APS
II." Facts from Stats, Corporate Information Management Directorate, Issue No. 15, Mar. 2000, 15 Dec. 2004 .
19
James Henretta, et al., "Richard Allen and African-American Identity," America's
History, Spring 1997, 11 Feb. 2006 .
19
"Edsitement," 12 Feb. 2006 . Abdullah al-Shiri, "Danish Cartoon Prompts Protest," Sunday Herald 29 Jan. 2006, 12
19
Feb. 2006 .