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Demonstrating the Links
between
Research, Practice & Policy
in Early Childhood Mental Health
June 16, 2009
NAEYC Office of Applied Research
18th National Institute for Early Childhood Professional Development
Charlotte, North Carolina
“Expulsion” from Preschool?
• The Expulsion Question
– Over past 12 months
– Required terminating
participation in program
– Behavioral problem
– No transition to more
appropriate setting
2
PreK Expulsion Results: Nation
• 10.4% of PreK teachers expelled at least 1 child
in past year due to behavior problems
• 1 child (78%); 2 children (15%);
3 children (6%); 4 children (1%)
• PreK Expulsion Rate = 6.7 / 1,000
• K-12 Expulsion Rate = 2.1 / 1,000
3
Child Care Expulsion Rates
• Child Rates
– Detroit, MI (Grannan et al., 1999; n=127; 28%)
• Rate = 28/1,000
– Massachusetts (Gilliam & Shahar, 2006; n=119; 64%)
• Rate = 27/1,000 (39% Classes)
– Massachusetts (MA DOE, 2003; n=764; ?%)
• Rate = 2% expelled; 1% “suggested,” 1% transferred
– Colorado (Hoover, 2006; n=1,075; 17%)
• Rate = 10/1,000
• Center/Classroom Rates
– Chicago, IL (Cutler & Gilkerson, 2002; n=195 I/T; 38%)
• Rate = 42% of Centers
– Alaska (Alaska CCPO, 2005; n=493; 71%)
• Rate = 35% Centers
4
Expulsion Rates (per 1,000)
Gilliam, WS & Shahar, G (2006). Preschool and child care expulsion and suspension:
Rates and predictors in one state. Infants and Young Children, 19, 228-245.
Gilliam, WS (2005). Prekindergarteners left behind: Expulsion Rates in state
prekindergarten programs. FCD Policy Brief, Series No. 3 . Available: www.fcd-
us.org/resources/resources_show.htm?doc_id=464280
5
State PreK Expulsion Rates
6
Classroom characteristics may
contribute to (or fail to help)
challenging behaviors.
7
Length of School Day
Predicts Expulsion
13.2%
% Classrooms Expelling
9.0%
7.1%
Half-Day School-Day Extended-Day
Length of Day
8
High Child-Teacher Ratio
Predicts Expulsion
12.7%
% Classrooms Expelling 9.8% 10.5%
7.7%
Under 8 8 to 9 10 to 11 12 and Up
Number of Children Per Teacher
9
Group Size & Teacher Stress
Predict Expulsion (Child Care)
46.9% 50.0%
% Classrooms Expelling
45.7%
12.0%
High Size Low Size High Size Low Size
Low Stress High Stress High Stress Low Stress
Class Size & Teacher Stress
10
Worksheets, Flashcards &
Rate of Expulsion
30%
25%
20%
16.1%
15% 12.6%
11.9% 12.4%12.5%
10% 9.2% 9.0% 8.5%
5%
0%
Almost A Few Times About About
Every Day per Week 1/Week 1/Month or
Never
Worksheets Flashcards
11
Dramatic Play Frequency &
Rate of Expulsion
30%
25.5%
25%
20%
15.4%
15%
12.5%
10% 9.4%
5%
0%
Almost A Few Times About About
Every Day per Week 1/Week 1/Month or
Never
12
Teacher depression & job stress
also predict expulsion.
13
Teacher Job Stress
Predicts Expulsion
14.3%
% Classrooms Expelling
9.3%
4.9%
Low Stress Average Stress High Stress
14
Increased interest in
early childhood
mental health consultation
15
Behavioral Consultation
Predicts Decreased Expulsion
14.3%
% Classrooms Expelling
10.3%
8.0%
No Access On-Call Access On-Site Access
Access to Behavioral Support Staff
Gilliam, WS (2005). Prekindergarteners left behind: Expulsion rates in state
prekindergarten programs. FCD Policy Brief, Series No. 3.
16
Early Childhood Consultation Partnership
• Created in 2002 – Combination of State
(DCF/SDE) and Private (CHDI) Funds
• Admin -Advanced Behavioral Health
• Available to Child Care and ECE
Programs Serving 0- to 5-Year Olds
• Services Requested by Child Care
Directors (Teachers & Parents)
17
ECCP Results
Conners Oppositional Conners Hyperactivity
75 75
70 70
65 65
60 60
55 55
50 50
Pretest Posttest Pretest Posttest
ECCP Control ECCP Control
(F = 10.68**; d = 0.57) (F = 10.62**; d = 0.51)
18
19
20
Oppositionality
% Significantly Impaired
21
Work Supported by:
• Child Health and Development Institute of
Connecticut (CHDI)
• Connecticut Department of Children & Families
• Connecticut Department of Education
• Foundation for Child Development
• Pew Charitable Trusts
National Institute for Early Education Research
• A.L. Mailman Family Foundation
• Schott Foundation for Public Education
22
For copies of complete reports and
policy briefs
Please visit: ziglercenter.yale.edu
23
Walter S. Gilliam, PhD
Director,
The Edward Zigler Center in Child Development and Social Policy
Child Study Center
Yale University School of Medicine
230 South Frontage Road
PO Box 207900
New Haven, CT 06520-7900
Phone: 203-785-3384
Email: walter.gilliam@yale.edu
ziglercenter.yale.edu
24
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