CRCT Cheat Sheet
Grammar Noun – a person (Harry Potter), place (London), thing (broom) or idea (justice). Verb – shows action, something you “do” (run, walk, fly) Helping/Linking verbs – used with action verbs (is, am, are, was, were, be, being, been, would, should, could, have, has, had) Adjective – describes a noun or pronoun (pretty, mad, lonely) Adverb – modifies a verb (most words ending with –ly are adverbs, but words that answer “when” or “where” the action verb happened is also an adverb) Ex: She walked slowly towards home. She walked yesterday. She walked here. Preposition – shows the “position” of the noun or pronoun. (above, below, near, through, etc.) Prepositional phrase = preposition + optional article + noun (over the bridge, above the house, near water) Pronoun – takes the place of a noun (Atlanta is the capital. It is the capital of Georgia) Personal pronouns: he, she, I, we, you, it, they Objective pronouns: (add “to” before a personal pronoun)
him, her, me, us, you, it, them
Indefinite pronouns: (not a definite thing)
anybody, anyone, anything, somebody, someone, something, nobody, no one, nothing, everybody, everyone, everything.
Demonstrative: (you can demonstrate – remember the pens)
this, that, these, those
Interrogative: (like an interrogation)
Conjunction - connects words or sentences (remember FANBOYS) Interjection – what you would yell at someone Subject – what or who the sentence is about – always a noun. The apple is bruised. John ate the apple. Predicate – everything in the sentence that is NOT the subject. The apple is bruised. John ate the apple. Simple subject – just the noun of the subject. (The apple is bruised.) Simple predicate – just the verb in the predicate. (John ate the apple.) Predicate noun/nominative – the noun after the verb in the predicate. (John is mayor.) Predicate Adjective – the adjective after the verb in the predicate. (John is handsome.) Compound subject – two nouns connected with a conjunction that serve as the subject in a sentence. (John and Joe are brothers.) Compound predicate – two verbs connected with a conjunction that serve as the predicate in the sentence. (John swam and ran.) Plural – more than one To form the plural of most nouns, simply add an s. For nouns ending in s, x, z, ch, or sh, add es For nouns ending in a consonant and y, change the y to i and add es For nouns ending in an f, change the f to a v and add es
which, whichever what, whatever, who, whom, whomever for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so wow, ouch, yeah, whoa, etc.
Possessive – means it belongs to the noun and you add an apostrophe (John’s) If you are writing the possessive form of a plural word, you put the apostrophe after the “s”. (girls’) Punctuation - commas, periods, question marks, and exclamation points go inside the quotation marks. “She aced the CRCT,” said Ms. Smith. period goes at the end of the sentences. “Did she ace the test?” asked Ms. Smith. period goes here Question mark goes here Capitalization – capitalize words that are for a “specific” person or thing, and always at the beginning of a sentence. (the White House, Coach Klein, my dog Dagget) Direct Object – a noun that receives the action and answers the question “who” or “what”. I saw Peter running down the street. (I saw who? Peter) The cat climbed the oak tree. (The cat climbed what? the oak tree) Indirect Object – a noun/pronoun in between the action verb and the direct object that answers the questions “to whom.”
Antecedent – the word a pronoun is referring to in a sentence. Susan saw the school bus coming long before it arrived. the antecedent the pronoun Literary Devices/Elements: Alliteration – the repetition of a consonant sound (think tongue-twister) (She sells sea shells by the sea shore.) Metaphor – comparing two unlike things without using “like” or “as” (Life is a journey) Simile – comparing to unlike things using “like” or “as” (Those boys are like two peas on a pod.) Personification – giving “person-like” quality to an inanimate object (The fog sits looking over the harbor.) Onomatopoeia – a word that imitates the sound it refers to (the word click – sounds like a click, whisper – sounds like a whisper) Hyperbole – exaggerating a statement (I’m so tired I can sleep for a year.)
Amanda’s job gave her the opportunity the advance.
S
V
I.O.
D.O.
(the job gave what? opportunity, to whom? her)