JOURNAL OF THERAPEUTIC HORTICULTURE

JOURNAL OF THERAPEUTIC HORTICULTURE Volumes I-XV (1986-2004) VOLUME INDEX Volume I (1986) 1. Nonverbal Aspects of Horticultural Therapy A.J. Autry Philosophy: reports that constructive changes occur in client behavior in response to interaction of client with the horticultural therapist and with the environment. 2. Developing Links Between Horticultural Therapy and Aging D. Houseman Report: provides direction for linking the growing population of older people with programming in horticultural therapy and in addressing the needs of this population. 3. Understanding and Overcoming Burnout R. Smith Philosophy: describes burnout as a complex problem caused by societal, organizational, professional and individual factors; suggests that intervention strategies need to occur at multiple levels. 4. Apple Picking Productivity of Developmentally Disabled Adults R.H. Mattson L.E. Doxon S. Moore Research: presents findings in the comparison of productivity records for 30 adults with developmental disabilities who picked apples in an orchard over a three-week period. 5. Evaluation of Arthritis Using the Horticultural Hand Capacities Test M.J. Gallagher R.H. Mattson Research: presents findings in the comparison of hand performances of elderly arthritic and non-arthritic people in simple horticultural tasks and in occupational therapy tasks. 6. Group Cohesiveness is Enhanced as Children Engage in Plant-Stimulated Discovery Activities D.E. Bunn Research: presents findings of a research project designed to investigate the relationship between participation in horticultural group activities and proficiency in horticulture and the relationship between plant-stimulated group activities and the degree of cohesiveness exhibited by treatment and control groups. JOURNAL OF THERAPEUTIC HORTICULTURE Volumes I-XV (1986-2004) VOLUME INDEX Volume II (1987) 7. Horticultural Therapy in Substance Abuse Treatment T.A. Cornille G.E. Rohrer S.G. Phillips J.G. Mosier Research: describes horticultural therapy program at an alcohol treatment center; supports the thesis that this form of therapy and rehabilitation helps people who are recovering substance abusers—through improving their sense of self-esteem and belief that they can have a positive impact on their environment. 8. Gardens: From a Child’s View—An Interpretation of Children’s Artwork C. Eberbach Research: suggests that little is known about children‟s perception of gardening and the garden space—which should be understood if effective children‟s gardens are to be designed; presents findings in study involving 178 first- through fifth-grade students and their drawing depicting “what a garden is.” 9. Horticultural Training for Adolescent Special Education Students D. L. Airhart T. Willis P. Westrick Report: describes findings within a horticultural training program designed to improve behavioral and prevocational skills of adolescent students unable to attend regular high schools. 10. Evaluating the Effectiveness of Your Horticultural Therapy Program P.J. Zandstra Report: describes goals and objectives of different types of horticultural therapy programs and approaches to evaluating each; states that formal evaluation is important to clients, administrators, funding sources, and others who must discriminate between the effectiveness of various health care services. 11. Memories of Grandma’s Backyard M.M. Tyson Report: suggests that the physical environment in long-term care facilities has a powerful influence on the behavior and attitude toward living of residents, and that specialized environments should be designed at these facilities to encourage outdoor involvement. JOURNAL OF THERAPEUTIC HORTICULTURE Volumes I-XV (1986-2004) VOLUME INDEX Volume III (1988) 12. Horticultural Therapy with a Four-Year-Old Boy: A Case Report E. Hoffman D. Castro-Blanco Report: describes a successful horticultural therapy program conducted with a boy diagnosed as having speech-language impairment and exhibiting a variety of behavioral problems and depressed affect. 13. Some Conceptual Ideas in Horticultural Therapy Drawn From Practice K.R. Neuberger Philosophy: suggests that patients do benefit from nature and plant-related activities—by using these experiences to become more familiar with their own nature. 14. A Systematic Approach to Horticultural Therapy P.J. Zandstra Report: describes a model systems approach to conducting, documenting, and evaluating the horticultural therapy program. 15. Gardening May Reduce Blood Pressure of Elderly People: Activity Suggestions and Models for Intervention J.F. Lewis R.H. Mattson Research: presents findings from a comparative study of activity questionnaires and blood pressure records for 53 people aged 45 to 99. 16. Horticultural Activities and Demographic Factors Influence Children’s Self-Esteem P.N. Williams R.H. Mattson Research: presents findings from a five-month study of children who participated in a supervised gardening program at a community garden. JOURNAL OF THERAPEUTIC HORTICULTURE Volumes I-XV (1986-2004) VOLUME INDEX Volume IV (1989) 17. The Need for Organized Information on Horticulture Projects Which Involve the Disabled Population in Developing Countries A.B. Parsons P.D. Relf Report: describes the importance of establishing a central database containing information on horticulture projects for people with disabilities in developing countries. 18. Horticultural Therapy Activities for Exceptional Children K.M. Doutt D.L. Airhart T.W. Willis Report: describes an enrichment program in which gifted children and children with learning disabilities were grouped together for classroom discussions and laboratory activities, and through which learning was incited and a setting for improved selfesteem was provided. 19. Horticultural Therapy and Asian Refugee Resettlement J.T. Tristan L. Nguyen-Hong-Nhiem Report: describes a horticultural therapy program that used the strong bond between Asian refugees and an environment of familiar plants as the therapy focal point in overcoming adjustment problems and acculturation difficulties. 20. The Development of an Empirical Instrument Designed to Measure the Effects of Horticultural Therapy J.A. Azar T. Conroy Research: presents a new rating scale (consisting of 28 questions with five multiple choice answers each) designed to measure the effects of a horticultural therapy program. 21. Evaluation of a Horticultural Therapy Program in a Short Term Psychiatric Ward S. Williams Research: presents a process evaluation that was used in a pilot horticultural therapy program in a university hospital. 22. An Examination of Plant Density, Diversity, and Use in Honduran Home Gardens L.E. Doxon R.H. Mattson Research: describes research study through which 75 Honduran home gardens were analyzed in five geoclimatic locations—with the intent of determining if these gardens provide a stable and reliable food production system. JOURNAL OF THERAPEUTIC HORTICULTURE Volumes I-XV (1986-2004) VOLUME INDEX Volume V (1990) 23. A Vocational Training Curriculum and Financial Study of a Model Floral Shop Training Program for Special-Needs Youth A. Elkins Report: describes a retail floral design program developed at a residential youth care facility and provides ideas for the implementation of a rehabilitative, vocational horticulture program. 24. Characteristics of Horticultural Businesses Hiring Persons with Mental Retardation D. Relf M. DeHart-Bennett Report: presents the results of a mail survey of 557 private, ornamental horticulture businesses regarding the employment of persons with mental disabilities. 25. Nurturing Plants, Children, and Older Individuals: Intergenerational Horticultural Therapy S.G Epstein D.S. Greenberger Report: describes a program in which school children and physically and cognitively impaired elderly people were brought together in a mutually beneficial way. 26. Conducting Horticultural Therapy Research: A Methodological Essay B.M. Gassaway Instruction: describes in detail recommended approaches to conducting qualitative and quantitative research; although this essay speaks through the example of horticultural therapy, its content is generic and appropriate for all theaters of research. 27. A Study Design to Investigate Factors Affecting Preferences of Clients for Hand Tools E.J. Pitt-Nairn D. Relf A.R. McDaniel Research: presents information on a research design for evaluating the suitability of hand tools for horticultural therapy clients; suggests research alternatives. 28. A Comparison of the Effects of Horticultural Therapy and Pet Therapy on SelfEsteem and Well-Being of Adults with Visual Disabilities T. Martin-Yates Research: presents finding of a research study intended to test hypothesis that pet therapy and horticultural therapy enhance self-esteem; presents a new self-esteem scale. JOURNAL OF THERAPEUTIC HORTICULTURE Volumes I-XV (1986-2004) VOLUME INDEX Volume VI (1991) 29. Designing Stage-Specific Horticultural Therapy Interventions for patients with Alzheimer’s Disease S. Ebel Report: describes the need for new rehabilitation goals in working with people with dementia; describes the seven cognitive stages of dementia and appropriate horticultural therapy interventions for each. 30. Horticulture for Special Population in China W. Zhou D. Relf Report: describes successful examples of horticultural therapy in China, and presents information on the extent to which horticultural therapy has become recognized as a new course of study and application in China. 31. Plant Material Arrangement in Therapy N. Sneh J. Tristan Report: describes the creative use of Ikebana flower arranging in expressing human emotions in therapy programming. 32. Teaching Horticulture Skills to Adults with Autism: A Replicated Case Study S. Schleien J. Rynders T. Mustonen L. Heyne S. Kaase Report: describes horticultural skill instruction for three adults with autism in a greenhouse environment. 33. Enclave Employment of Individuals with Disabilities in a University Grounds Maintenance Department: A Case Report G. Dobbs D. Relf Report: describes pilot project with five developmentally disabled adults in a university grounds department enclave that led to a five-year contract; includes contract and agreement samples. JOURNAL OF THERAPEUTIC HORTICULTURE Volumes I-XV (1986-2004) VOLUME INDEX Volume VII (1993) 34. Psychological Principles in Horticultural Therapy S. Schwebel Philosophy: four cases are presented, through which it is demonstrated that horticultural therapists make effective use of psychological concepts, theories, and techniques. 35. Family Income and Experience Influence Community Garden Success B.N. Hassan R.H. Mattson Research: demographic and horticultural data obtained from five years of community garden records are analyzed to compare family gardening characteristics. 36. Selecting Design Services for Therapeutic Landscapes J.S. Kavanagh T.A. Musiak Report: discusses the design services offered by landscape architects and gives focus to information contributing to therapeutic landscapes. 37. A Survey of Horticultural Therapy Professional Issues P.L. Stober R.H. Mattson Research: presents results of a survey (Horticultural Therapy Professional Information questionnaire) sent to 214 Kansas State University graduates and 204 non-KSU graduates who were members of the American Horticultural Therapy Association. 38. Horticultural Therapy Standards of Practice R.H. Mattson J. Merkle L. Parrett T. Waliczek Philosophy: presents a draft set of standards of practice for the horticultural therapy profession. 39. Correctional Youth and the Green Industry J. Flagler Report: presents a correctional training program of the New Jersey Department of Corrections and Rutgers University-Cook College, through which youth at risk are trained in horticulture, receive career counseling, and receive support through a network of mentors. JOURNAL OF THERAPEUTIC HORTICULTURE Volumes I-XV (1986-2004) VOLUME INDEX Volume VIII (1996) 40. Design Consideration for the Development of Therapeutic Gardens D. Kamp Philosophy: explores the criteria, environments, and elements that advance the therapeutic qualities of gardens; describes the design qualities that enhance and enrich the experience of nature. 41. Designing for Emotional Restoration: Understanding Environmental Cues M. Barnes Research: elucidates the connection between emotional restoration and environmental settings; describes a series of healing principles to use in designing emotionally healthy environments. 42. The Garden as a Restorative Environment: A Theoretical Perspective G. Betrabet Philosophy: presents existing conceptualizations of restorative environments from the fields of environmental psychology, horticultural therapy, landscape architecture, and tourism; presents the multidimensionality of the restorative experience and the importance of understanding such in improving the quality of the restorative environment. 43. Guidelines for Designing Healing Gardens M. Eckerling Philosophy: presents a methodology for creating a healing garden in a health care setting; emphasizes the importance of understanding the needs of the persons who will use the garden, physical access, aromatherapy theory and suggested plants, and the promotion of specific behaviors through color. 44. The Primary Colors of Nature: The Essentials of Therapeutic Landscapes E. Messer Philosophy: describes the importance of using the natural elements of a site as a guide in designing therapeutic landscapes, and then employing thoughtful design intervention relative to accessibility, education, and experiences; presents light, shadow, temperature, sound, wind, and moisture as the primary “colors” of nature to be focused upon in designing the therapeutic landscape. 45. Stress Management Through Garden Design V. Salamy Philosophy: discusses research results and theories relating to stress, nature, health, and design; provides an interpretation and guidelines relative to designing healthy and restorative gardens for use as a tool in stress management. 46. Growing Citizens: The Role of Gardens in a Women’s Prison W. Ringle Report: describes the landscape design initiative and horticultural therapy program at a women‟s prison in rural Virginia; describes the design intentions relative to creating a productive prison wherein horticultural therapy and thoughtful design can improve the prospect for a felon‟s rehabilitation and return to society. 47. The Paradise Garden: A Model for Designing for Those with Dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease M. Beckwith S. Glister Report: authored by an LA and an RN, integrates detail on Alzheimer‟s disease and its stages with detail on design history and research; provides historical precedents in human affinity for gardens and particular garden features, and describes a detailed model comprised by three gardens (one for each disease stage) at the Alois Alzheimer Center in Cincinnati, Ohio. 48. The Walter and Alice Borgeest Garden at Friends Hospital R. Durham N. Kenline Report: describes the planning and design process, implementation, and realized values of a new (1994) garden for older adults with varying disabilities, including Alzheimer‟s disease, and Friends Hospital in Philadelphia, PA. 49. The Evolutive Prosthetic Garden: A New Concept for Elderly Living in Nursing Facilities C. Labrecque L. Tremblay Philosophy: presents the concept of a garden that continues to evolve over time, in response to a master plan of activity; although described as an approach for retirement centers and facilities for older adults, the concept is presented as appropriate for any setting and for use with any disability population. 50. The Therapeutic Qualities of Plants K. Haas R. McCartney Describes the importance of selecting plants for their therapeutic value, especially for the sensory, functional the responsive-relationship qualities they possess; presents impact-qualities and participatory activities for a number of plants relative to sight, scent, sound, touch, and taste impact. 51. Design of Outdoor Environments for Wellness and the Role of Landscape Architects S. Scarfone Philosophy: overviews the theory and consideration of designing outdoor environments for wellness; highlights within the design process: user needs, therapeutic programming, independence promotion, challenge and support elements, public/private spaces, sensory awareness, safety and security, negotiability, and physical access. 52. Compact Nature: The Role of Playing and Learning Gardens on Children’s Lives R. Moore Report: explores the importance of special landscapes for playing and learning that are designed for children and their families; describes research; encourages an interdisciplinary approach to creating safe, natural havens for urban children— toward their acquiring greater self-esteem and becoming more productive, responsible members of society. 53. Classroom? Playground? Garden or Clinic? N. Chambers S. Johansson D. Walcavage Report: describes the team-developed design for the new Rusk Institute Therapeutic Playgarden, and the conceptual framework of this garden (sensory integration [tactile, auditory, and visual], vestibular system integration, cognitive integration, environmental and science education, and social development). 54. What’s a Nice Guy Like me Doing in a Place Like This? A Landscape Architect and Recovering Alcoholic’s Thoughts on Designing Therapeutic Landscapes R. Benson Philosophy: describes the needs of and difficulties faced by a recovering addict, and the design elements that can be used by a landscape architect in creating a therapeutic landscape that will contribute to an addict‟s recovery / healing process. 55. The Healing Gardens of Makahikilua: The Landscape as a Healer C. O’Neill Report: describes in detail the design elements of specific gardens comprising the Healing Gardens of Makahikilua, at the North Hawaii Community Hospital; depicting organic gardening techniques and the inspiration for Hawaii‟s historical flora, these gardens are intended to serve as a replicable model of a renewing environment that supports the therapeutic and recuperative process. JOURNAL OF THERAPEUTIC HORTICULTURE Volumes I-XV (1986-2004) VOLUME INDEX Volume IX (1998) CHAPTER 1—NEW PROGRAMS 56. Horticultural Therapy at Fairhaven School Christine Wotowiec Fairhaven is a special education school in Alexandria, Egypt. It serves more than 100 students, ages 5 through young adult. The school‟s main mission is to serve the mentally retarded. Special education in Egypt has only begun to develop within the last 10 to 15 years. Thus, Fairhaven is developing a comprehensive curriculum to include all degrees of disabilities. 57. Horticultural Therapy in a Therapeutic Farm Community Cathy Clopton Hopewell Inn is a 333-acre therapeutic farm community founded in Ohio in 1995. Mental health services are offered to adults with serious mental illnesses. The community includes psychiatric nurses, social workers, farmers, children, work team leaders, and kitchen staff. 58. From a Few Plants to Thousands Betsy Frazer Our vision for the adult clients at St. Mark‟s Inc. Lakeview Center in Charlotte, North Carolina, began in 1993 when I suggested “just a few plants.” Convincing some of the area supervisors that caring for and nurturing plants could help individuals reach motor-skill goals was the first challenge. 59. Grief Gardening Elan Marie Miavitz In the twentieth century, grieving in our society has been confined to the home, with time to recover after one‟s loss often not allowed. Our society wants fast answers, relief, and quick solutions, and we get the impression that we do not have time to grieve (Smith, 1995). Employers, friends, and family often seem to expect one to resume normal life immediately after the funeral. CHAPTER II—CASE STUDIES PART 1—PSYCHIATRIC 60. Ian Patricia Sporn Ian, a 17-year-old male, has been in and out of foster care since he was four, when his parents separated. His mother, who was addicted to drugs, put her two boys into foster care, listing all relatives as deceased even though Ian had a father, aunt, and two sets of grandparents. 61. Bob Bernice Salamon Bob, a 35-year-old male, came to the Belmont Behavioral Health Partial Hospital Program with a history of substance abuse and incarceration for assault. His last in-patient hospitalization was at a small acute psychiatric hospital, but it was preceded by numerous other in-patient episodes, followed by treatment at a community mental health center. 62. Jim Katherine Stirtz Jim is a 47-year-old divorced man. When he was 12 years old, he was aware that his mother—who had a history of significant depression—was having difficulties and conflicts with his father. One night, his mother left the house and fatally shot herself in the head. The patient‟s father discovered her the next morning and forced Jim and his brother to see their mother‟s body before he called the funeral home. Jim had therapy to help him deal with his loss but report that it took 20 years to learn to cope. 63. Dean Kathleen Neer Dean, a 49-year-old man, completed 10th grade and has a scattered work history in janitorial services, grocery stores and factories. He reports that he worked for short periods of time before quitting or being fired. Dean has never been married and lived at home until nine years ago (about a year after the death of his mother), when he was admitted to a state hospital for two years. Since then, Dean has lived in a series of intermediate care facilities for the mentally ill, and has a history of eloping from such facilities after hearing voices telling him to do so. He has had numerous psychiatric hospitalizations during this period. PART 2—PHYSICAL DISABILITY 64. Mark Kelly Jane Conrad Mark is a 37-year-old male, divorced, with two children. Prior to a head injury in a motorcycle accident, he had been in good health and had worked as an employee trainer. His former hobbies included riding snowmobiles and mechanical work. Current hobbies are walking and gardening. 65. Paula Teresia Hazen Paula, a 44-year-old woman, was hospitalized with fulminant sepsis, DIC, and pulmonary and renal failure. After stabilization and suffering from necrosis of all four distal extremities and approximately 50 percent total body surface area skin loss, she was transferred to the Legacy Emanuel Hospital Oregon Burn Center. 66. Vanessa Karin Fleming Denise Odell Alford Vanessa was transferred to Bryn Mawr Rehab, a physical rehabilitation hospital, from an acute care hospital where she had been hospitalized for two months. Upon admittance, Vanessa exhibited hemiplegia (paralysis of one side of the body), certain memory and cognitive deficits, and an almost total loss of vision. 67. Nick Maxine Jewel Kaplan Nick is a 53-year-old male. His father died before Nick was born. Patient stated his “mother tried to kill me” (by abortion). By the patient‟s account, his mother was a drug addict who prostituted herself for drug money. As a child, Nick lived in fear of never knowing where his next meal would come from or who would be in bed with his mother. He never experienced love and security. 68. Ethel Janet Szofran Gardening had been a big part of Ethel‟s life for at least 25 years. She had been a garden club member, winning awards for her flowers and flower arranging. Creating from nature‟s bounty had given her great joy, as did sharing her arrangements with her church. 69. Bill Maria Gabaldo Bill, a 29-year-old single male, was transferred from his community hospital to the area trauma center hospital following a motorcycle-truck accident. He remained hospitalized for three months while rehabilitating. At the time of discharge from the hospital, he was still not capable of independent living due to the physical and cognitive limitations caused by the injury. PART 3—GERIATRIC 70. Caroline Alee Karpf Caroline, a 78 year old female, suffered a stroke six months prior to referral to St. Joseph‟s Nursing Home. The stroke left her right side paralyzed and her speech slurred. She was withdrawn and preferred to isolate herself in her room. Prior to the stroke, she had lived alone, maintained her own yard and garden, and was known to be fiercely independent. She had one child, a married daughter, who lived in the area. Her daughter and son-in-law were loving and supportive. 71. Irma Jennifer Fishman Irma, an 86-year-old female, has been residing at a skilled nursing facility in Atlanta Georgia, for the past four years. During this time her memory deficits have increased. Consequently, she is now easily frustrated and becomes agitated with herself, peers, and staff frequently. Her once pleasant affect has changed to one of anxiety. PART 4—PALLIATIVE CARE 72. Barbara Charles A. Sourby Barbara, a 67-year-old female, was transferred to Calvary Hospital to receive palliative care. She was diagnosed with cancer of the larynx and breast a year previously. She had a lumpectomy for the breast cancer, and radiation and chemotherapy for the cancer of the larynx. A complication from the chemotherapy resulted in cardiac arrest, and Barbara subsequently refused surgery. CHAPTER III—THE BUSINESS OF HORTICULTURAL THERAPY 73. Business Plan Development: A Horticultural Therapy Consulting Service Laurie W. DeMarco Diane Relf Starting a new consulting practice is both an exciting and intimidating prospect. A person entertaining the idea of starting a new business in horticultural therapy consulting does not need to be fearful of the process. A successful business is the result of a good business plan, honest evaluation, and a great amount of selfmotivation. To increase the likelihood of business success, each of the following issues must be addressed. CHAPTER IV—THERAPEUTIC LANDSCAPES 74. Enabling the Japanese Garden Elizabeth R. Messer Japan has a rich garden history that has been influenced by centuries of religious, cultural and social history. Japanese gardens by their very nature are therapeutic spaces, designed to engage the senses through meditation and contemplation, and aid in the understanding of one‟s place in the natural universe. More recently, gardens built specifically for therapy and enabling activities are being developed in Japan. 75. Achieving Spiritual Balance within the Spatial Landscapes of a Healing Garden Virginia T. Burt We can achieve a spiritual balance which will engender healing. The landscapes and environments that surround us have impacts on our physical, emotional and spiritual aspects. Our mind, body and spirit are continually given input from external stimuli. CHAPTER V—RESEARCH 76. Effect of Landscape on Psychological and Physical Responses Chun-Yen Chang Kia-Lin Perng Researchers assume the benefits of landscape according to their own experiences and, on this basis, develop landscape principles. But before we plan a landscape, we should know more about the relationship between the individual and the landscape. Do different types of landscape provide various effects for people? Do different people experience similar responses to the same landscape? Landscape designers and planners need answers to these questions. 77. Effects of Interior Plants on Social Behaviours and Psychological Disorders of Psychiatric Patients in a Hospital Ward Sung-Hye Chung Woo-Kyung Sim This study was conducted to examine the influence of interior plants on social behaviors and psychological disorders of psychiatric patients. The introduction of plants was expected to enhance social behavior and emotional stability, lower depression and anxiety, and increase social support among psychiatric patients. In essence, to show evidence of therapeutic effects of plantscaping, plants were installed in a psychiatric ward, and we hypothesized that the presence of plants would increase patient social behavior, emotional stability, and social support, while reducing depression and anxiety. 78. A Survey of Pennsylvania Long-term Care Facilities: Challenges and Incentives to the Application of Horticultural Therapy in Geriatrics Johanna G. Leos This study provided baseline data regarding horticultural therapy programming at elderly health care facilities. Specifically, the study examined: 1) the structure and staffing of elderly health care facilities; 2) the availability of horticultural therapy programming in health care organizations; 3) barriers to the offering of horticultural therapy programming for the elderly; and 4) the potential for expanding horticultural therapy programming in healthcare facilities for the elderly. JOURNAL OF THERAPEUTIC HORTICULTURE Volumes I-XV (1986-2004) VOLUME INDEX Volume X (1999) 79. Healing Grief Through Horticultural Therapy Laura A. Cinq Mars John Tristan, MS, HTR, Rob Zucker, MA, LCSW Issues surrounding grief and loss are often encountered in a variety of settings by professionals in the field of care-giving. Although one may assume that institutions with geriatric populations are more experienced in bereavement issues than most, every direct-care treatment provider will inevitably confront the needs of their patients and families affected by the experience of substantial losses, including death. Horticultural therapists working closely with populations at risk of loss, both physical and emotional, must be prepared to encounter bereavement issues and can benefit from a heightened awareness of the grief process and its ramifications. 80. The Role of Horticulture in Human Well-being and Quality of Life Paula Dine Relf, PhD Horticulture is commonly defined as the cultivation of the garden. However, a broader definition of the Latin term Hortus cultura has been encouraged to include all of the translations of these two words, thus defining horticulture as “the art and science of growing flowers, fruits, vegetables, tress and shrubs, resulting in the development of the minds and emotions of individuals, the enrichment and health of communities and the integration of the garden in the breadth of modern civilization” (Relf, 1992) 81. Client Panel Discussion: Legacy Health System Panel Facilitators: Teresia Hazen, Med, HTR, QMHP Cari Bennett, MSW, LCSW What healing benefits do participants derive from the horticultural therapy program? The following discussion reveals the stories of seven client panel members as they share their stories of the joy they feel when working with plants and the price of accomplishment and comfort of being involved in ordinary, meaningful activities. As one patient explains: “I think people like to see things grow and as long as it is growing they think miracles really do happen.” Through the horticultural therapy program at Legacy Health System, patients have found a little unexpected comfort and joy. 82. Importance of Multiple Outdoor Activities for Persons with Developmental Disabilities Iwao Uehara, PhD Seigo Itoh, PhD Outdoor activities, including therapeutic horticulture have become important recreations for older adults, physical rehabilitation patients, and individuals with developmental disabilities. This research describes case studies of persons with developmental disabilities and their involvement with multiple horticultural and forest activities at Shin‟ ai no sato Matsukawa, a treatment facility for persons with developmental and physical disabilities in Matsukawa Town, Nagano Prefecture, Japan. 83. Intergenerational Horticulture Therapy Research Variables Introduced by Staff, Volunteers, and Video Mary Predny Paula Diane Relf, PhD Earlier this year a research project was conducted on a horticultural therapy program involving both elderly adults and preschool children at day care centers in adjoining facilities. This research focused on the interactions between the two groups and the success of horticulture in allowing for meaningful intergenerational activities (Predny and Relf, 2000). The design of this project allowed preschool children and elderly adults to be observed both during separate age group activities and similar intergenerational activities. 84. Design and Implementation of Horticultural Therapy with Children Affected by Homelessness and Domestic Violence Johanna Keeley, MEd Leigh Anne Starling, HTR The San Leandro Shelter for Women and Children has been providing refuge, safety and a healing environment to women and their children fleeing homelessness, family violence, substance abuse and mental health issues since 1986. In the spring of 1999, the shelter, in collaboration with Project GROW, secured funds to expand the children‟s program into the world of horticultural therapy. Project GROW is supported by the State of California‟s Department of Health and Human Services and Maternal and Child Health. 85. Therapeutic Garden Design in Residential Care for Older Adults Including Those with Dementia and Physical Frailties Suzanne Gray, HTR It is well established that gardens have healing effects on persons‟ physical and psychological conditions (Barnes, 1996; Beckwith, 1996; Betrabet, 1996; Eckerling, 1996; Kamp, 1996), influence life quality across the life span, and are effective for persons who have dementia (Brawley, 1992; Beckwith, 1996). The purpose of this article is to describe the design and plant selection for a comprehensive garden that is inclusive of those in residential care who have varying abilities and needs, who may have dementia, and who are elderly and frail. 86. In Search of the Source: Designing a Neighborhood Wellness Garden Mary Bedard, BSLA A wellness garden, as applied to this project, can be defined as a place where one can experience a renewal on one‟s physical, emotional, and spiritual self, and affirm feelings of well-being. A church congregation in Orangevale, California asked for this kind of place, where they could meditate, reflect, and experience joy and healing, and which would be welcoming to the surrounding neighborhood as well as to the church members themselves. It was to be more than just a healing garden, or a meditation garden, a social gathering place or an exercise area, although these spaces were important parts of their garden vision. 87. The Nature of Change in Horticultural Therapy Ira Stamm, PhD Andrew L. Barber, HTR Reprinted with permission from the 12978 NCTRH Conference Proceedings. The nature of change is something that has fascinated and eluded philosophers and scientists over the centuries. Change is that which is happening all around us to each of us, at each moment in time. Yet no where else is the concept of change more central and relevant than to a conference on therapy and rehabilitation, for change is the essence of our work. When we help others to grow, to develop, or to mature, or when we help others to regain lost skills or find new ways to do old tasks, we are helping people to change. Change then becomes the fulcrum around which we balance our work efforts; it becomes, so to speak, our “raison d‟etre.” 88. Adopt-A-Garden: A Model for Grounds Beautification at Hospitals, Institutions, and Businesses Teresia Hazen, MA Ed, HTR, QMHP Reprinted with permission from the AHTA Conference Proceedings. A work team consisting of ten administrators and staff of Legacy Portland Hospitals developed a model program called Adopt-A-Garden. The objective of this program is to promote beautification and pride of the hospital grounds and to enhance teamwork, healing, health, and public relations. The program was carefully planned for success and included the creation of a kick-off celebration, coordination between various hospital departments, and collaboration with community leaders, businesses, and a local horticulture training program. Twenty gardening teams were established the first year and consisted of staff, patients, and volunteers. The benefits of this program have included an increased recognition of existing horticultural therapy programs, development of new programs, improved hospital aesthetics, greater appreciation by staff, and increased volunteer base. JOURNAL OF THERAPEUTIC HORTICULTURE Volumes I-XV (1986-2004) VOLUME INDEX Volume XI (2000) 89. Benefits of Gardening: An Exploratory Study of Mid-Aged Women in New Zealand Judith L. Kidd, MSW, Mag Nancy A. Pachana, PhD Fiona M. Alpass, PhD Gardening is a major leisure activity in New Zealand, especially for mid-aged and older women. Although it has long been recognized as a beneficial form of physical exercise and lifestyle, the non-physical therapeutic benefits are little researched. This exploratory study of menopausal women gardeners examines the relationship between gardening and women‟s psychological and physical well-being, identifies the extent to which women participate in specific gardening activities, and describes the perceived beneficial effects obtained from various levels of involvement. The investigation included 145 volunteer women gardeners, 80 of who submitted to a one-hour interview/questionnaire and 65 of who completed the same questionnaire by mail. Findings are presented from the two phases of inquiry and include three gardener “profiles” that emerged from the data. Overall, the respondent gardeners report finding high satisfaction and relaxation from gardening regardless of age, physical limitations, or the type and amount of involvement with gardening activities. In addition, the body of qualitative responses received in the form of comments and letters is reviewed and discussed, as well as the implications for research. 90. Treatment of the Sexually Violent Predator: A Horticultural Approach Robert B. Gibson Michael P. Hughes Horticultural therapy can be a useful adjunct in the treatment of high-risk repeat sex offenders. This paper provides a description of a garden group and rationale for its use in the treatment of sexually violent predators at Atascadero State Hospital. Key components in the Sex Offender Commitment Program that are supported by the garden group include the acquisition of skills for tolerating frustration, delaying gratification, improving self-esteem and self-efficacy, and managing leisure time. 91. Perspectives on Intergenerational Horticultural Therapy Mary Predny Paula Diane Relf, PhD Horticulture has shown to be a useful therapeutic and educational tool when working with elderly adults, children, developmentally and physically disabled individuals, and many other special populations. Recently there has been an increased interest in intergenerational programs that combine older adults and children. These programs have many potential benefits such as decreased isolation and negative attitudes and an increased understanding and acceptance between the different generations through exposure to diversity. Previous research indicates that not all intergenerational programs are successful. This paper will discuss the previous intergenerational research findings and guidelines, the uses and benefits of horticulture for elderly adults and children, and research done by the authors using these guidelines to implement an intergenerational horticulture therapy program. 92. Introduction and Development of Horticultural Therapy in Japan Eisuke Matsuo Hiroyuke Takafuji Hideki Hirano Horticulture has been used as a therapeutic tool around the world. This has also been true in Japan. However, when referring to the definition of horticultural therapy as specified by the American Horticultural Therapy Association, horticultural therapy has not truly taken place in Japan. Recently, some trials in horticultural therapy have begun in Japan. This paper deals with the present status of the Japanese therapeutic use of horticulture, the introduction of horticultural therapy into Japan by Japanese and foreign horticultural therapists, and the development of horticultural therapy. 93. Cultivating Life Skills: Prairie Treasures Vocational Horticulture Workshop Karen Denise Sellers Horticultural therapy at Larned State Hospital began in 1955 with the construction of a greenhouse. Through the years, its purpose has changed from production to meeting client therapeutic needs and embracing developing trends in mental health services. Currently, the program offers therapeutic and vocational activities while at the same time providing support services for the hospital. This study will focus on the design of the greenhouse vocational program, a horticulture workshop known as Prairie Treasures. The effectiveness of the workshop in assisting clients to meet individual treatment objectives will also be discussed and evaluated. 94. Exploring Accessibility: A Hands-on Teaching Tool Paula Dine Relf PhD Mary Predny As part of a horticulture therapy class assignment, groups of three to four students each spent one and a half hours analyzing a Virginia Tech greenhouse while using various equipment to simulate disabilities that future clients may have. Their instructional goal was to analyze the greenhouse and surrounding area of accessibility. The purpose of this assignment was to develop insight into the limitations that the environment can have on individuals with disabilities, awareness of the adaptations that can be used in horticulture for disabled individuals, and empathy for future clientele. The results were written comments from the students regarding the class. Their comments were most constructive and gave insight into the value of such an assignment for future use. 95. Designing Stage-Specific Horticultural Therapy Interventions for Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease Susan Ebel, PT, HTR Reprinted from Volume IV – 1991 Determining the most effective strategies and intervention for presenting horticultural activities to cognitively impaired patients remains a challenge. A behavioral approach begins with the assessment of the person‟s remaining abilities. Both cognitive strengths and cognitive deficits must be addressed in an effort to present truly therapeutic activities. Further research is needed in the area of designing horticultural therapy interventions for the Alzheimer‟s patients that are stage-specific. JOURNAL OF THERAPEUTIC HORTICULTURE Volumes I-XV (1986-2004) VOLUME INDEX Volume XII (2001) 96. A Horticultural Therapy Program for Brain Injury Patients with Neurobehavioral Disorders Gregory J. Murrey Ann Wedel Jeff Dirks Persons who have sustained severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) often present with signification deficits in executive functioning with resulting neurobehavioral disorders. To address the special neurobehavioral needs of this unique population, staff at the Minnesota Neurorehabilitation Hospital have developed a comprehensive horticultural therapy program as part of their holistic therapeutic milieu. The primary horticultural therapy goals of the TBI patient include 1) reduction of agitation levels and aggressive behaviors; 2) increase in self-initiation of meaningful activities; 3) facilitation of multidisciplinary rehabilitation therapies within a natural therapeutic setting, and; 4) development of prevocational and vocational skills. This article outlines various aspects of the hospital inpatient Rehabilitation Services horticultural therapy program and how neurobehavioral goals and issues are addressed by all rehabilitation staff within the horticultural therapy program. 97. Effectiveness of Horticultural Therapy Activities in a Psychiatric Hospital Karen Denise Sellers Given that participation in a horticultural therapy program provides various therapeutic benefits in the treatment of clients, the effectiveness of different types of activities must also be considered. This study focuses on four distinct adult horticultural therapy programs at Larned State Hospital, a state psychiatric facility in Kansas. This investigation presents and evaluates data summaries to determine the individual and composite effectiveness of these four kinds of activities in meeting treatment objectives. 98. Basic Instruction in Gardening Skills (BIGS) Program: Horticultural Therapy and Adult Education David Greig Centered in a heated greenhouse and nestled in a garden setting with mature Douglas Fir and Garry Oak trees, the Basic Instruction in Gardening Skills (BIGS) Program began six years ago as the second vocational program of the Adult Special Education Department at Camosun College in Victoria, British Columbia. The program‟s goal is to train adults with cognitive disabilities for entry-level employment in the horticultural industry. The program uses the principles of adult education as its tenets and is situated under the vocational training model in horticultural therapy. The BIGS program provides an opportunity for adults with special needs to pursue vocational training in horticulture skills in a post-secondary educational environment. The intent of this article is to present and promote discussion about some of the variables required to run a horticulture program for adult students with special needs in a college setting. 99. A Review: Theories of Restorative Environments Ke-Tsung Han, PhD There are two major theories explaining the healing influences of environments on human beings. One theory is developed by the Kaplan‟s and the other is developed by Ulrich. Both of them hypothesize that restorative environments are settings where recovery is associated with reduction of stress and that the benefits of contact with landscapes include a wide range of positive responses, such as preference, and/or reactions related to functioning and well-being. Both theories are based on an evolutionary perspective and share some similarities and differences. This article provides a summary of these two theories of restorative environments, their common and differing points, and a framework of integrating both the Kaplan and Ulrich theories. 100. Horticultural Therapy and Post Traumatic Stress Recovery Mitchell Hewson, HTM This paper explores the use of horticulture as a therapeutic medium for traumatic stress. The horticultural therapy program at Homewood Health Centre is the only inpatient program in Canada that offers psychotherapy, education, and skill development for trauma survivors so that they may increase constructive coping methods in their daily lives. The therapeutic environment of the conservatory and gardens provides a safe sanctuary to assist clients in their therapeutic journey. 101. Books of Interest for Horticultural Therapy Laurel Haycock, PhD A rich variety of books are available to guide and support work in horticultural therapy. Two quite different and intriguing books are reviewed here, both of which are likely to be of value to horticultural therapists and others in the field. Healing Gardens: Therapeutic Benefits and Design Consideration, but Clare Cooper Marcus and Marni Barnes. New York: Wiley, 1999. 6210 pp. ISBN: 0471192031. The Botany of Desire: A Plant‟s-Eye View of the World, by Michael Pollan. New York: Random House: 2001. 271 pp. ISBN: 0375501290. JOURNAL OF THERAPEUTIC HORTICULTURE Volumes I-XV (1986-2004) VOLUME INDEX Volume XIII (2002) 102. Stress Recovery Effect of Viewing Red-Flowering Geraniums Eunhee Kim, PhD Richard H. Mattson, PhD To document the influences of plant visual characteristics on human health benefits, this study examined the stress-recovery effects of viewing red-flowering geraniums (green foliage with red flowers) as compared to non-flowering geraniums (green foliage without flowers) and to no plants, by measuring psycho physiological indicators and self-rated emotional states. Viewing red-flowering geraniums significantly enhanced stress recovery of high-stress induced females, as indicated by greater recovery in electroencephalograph beta (21-27 Hz) and electro-dermal activities. Females who viewed red-flowering geraniums also self-reported improved positive emotions and greater attentiveness in the Zuckerman Inventory of Personal Reactions. Stress recovery responses of males to red-flowering geraniums, non-flowering geraniums, or no plants were not significantly different. 103. Influence of an Outdoor Garden on Mood and Stress in Older Persons Susan Rodiek Despite recent interest in healing gardens and therapeutic landscapes at residential care facilities, few empirical studies have measured health outcomes in elderly populations. This study explored methods for assessing psychological and physiological outcomes associated with natural environments. Seventeen residents ranging from 71 to 98 years of ages (mean 84.7) engaged in the same activities at an outdoor horticultural garden or indoor classroom. Before and after the experience, subjects were assessed for positive and negative mood, anxiety, and salivary cortisol. No significant change was found in mood or anxiety level. Cortisol was significantly lower in the garden environment compared with the indoor settings, indicating greater reduction in stress level. This pilot study supports previous research finding health-related outcomes associated with brief exposure to natural environments. 104. The Importance of School Gardening for Urban Children: A Case Study in Milan, Italy Manuela Baietto Francesco Ferrini Contact with plants has become, in modern society, a rare experience for children and many horticultural programs concerning environmental education have been set up either for children with psycho-physical problems or simply to stimulate knowledge and respect of nature. The research carried out on this topic has underlined an increase of self-control, a deepening of the concept of nature, a better comprehension of the meaning of work, an increased sense of pride and accomplishment, and improvement in care-taking and nurturing behavior and, in general, a notable contribution to the mental development of the involved children (Adil, 1994). In this way, these children do not perceive themselves as passive subjects in the scholastic environment. 105. Gardening as a Treatment Modality in an Acute Psychiatric Center Lynn Borts, OTR Mira Gal, MOT At Shalvata Mental Health Center, an acute psychiatric hospital in central Israel, the gardening program has become a popular treatment modality. Treatment takes place both individually and in group settings. Patients vary in age from juveniles to mature adults with a wide variety of psychiatric diagnoses and levels of illness ranging from acute to chronic phases. Generalized treatment goals of the gardening project include the performance areas of productive and leisure activities with sensori-motor and cognitive performance components and psychosocial skills. Goals of the program are influenced by temporal and environmental factors and both goals and the treatment course are suited to the individual. The program can be either therapeutic or rehabilitative in essence. Several criteria for acceptance exist. A survey of both clients and their case managers will be presented relating to the efficacy of the treatment tool. 106. First Jobs in the Green Industry Joel Flagler, HTR Horticulture is being used effectively in the training and treatment of youth with behavioral and emotional problems. First Jobs in the Green Industry uses gardens and greenhouses as learning and treatment settings. Rutgers University Cooperative Extension of Bergen County delivers the specialized horticultural program with support from the County Vocational-Technical School and the Division of Mental Health. The program, in its fifth year, operates year-round on $75,000 in annual funding from state sources. This innovative program is popular with the youth, their counselors, and funders alike. Successes with plants have impacted positively on the participants‟ behavior. 107. Social and Therapeutic Horticulture in the United Kingdom David Foster Thrive was established in 1978 as the United Kingdom charity that uses gardening to improve the lives of disabled, disadvantaged, and older people. Thrive runs four garden projects, supports a network of 1,600 independent projects, provides advice to individuals on easier gardening, and researches and promotes the benefits of gardening. Thrive started to formalize a network of projects in 1998. Many projects were isolated, marginalized, and under-resourced. The first task was to collate information about the range and type of services offered and to find out and respond to the needs of the network. The overwhelming number of practitioners could see networking as an effective way of sharing information and forging mutually beneficial relationships. They were keen for Thrive to play an active role in establishing these networks further. This article will talk about the challenges and trends of social and therapeutic horticulture projects in the United Kingdom as seen through the work of Thrive. 108. Application of a Client-Centered Horticultural Therapy Approach in a Behavioral Setting Linda Salomon The horticultural therapy project at Israel‟s Hod School for children with behavioral disorders attempts to apply a client-centered approach in a behavioral setting. The client group consists of children with low self-awareness and poor verbal skills. The therapeutic garden is a facilitating environment that provides freedom to make choices and decisions and experience creativity and play. The clients play the dominant role in the therapeutic process and the therapist performs minimal interventions and allows nature to take its course. 109. Horticultural Therapy and Bartiméus Education: Recent Developments in the Netherlands Hans Schuman This article deals with three recent developments in the Netherlands regarding horticulture therapy and the work of Bartiméus Education. Bartiméus Education developed gardening as part of an empowering curriculum for visually impaired pupils at a special secondary school. In recognizing the impact of a visual impairment on the acquisition of common knowledge and skills, Bartiméus Education started to think of new and innovative ways to support selfempowerment in pupils with visual impairments. One of the outcomes was a beautiful garden of 2500 square meters where pupils deliberately learn to use their remaining senses. The garden is a place where they work, have fun, and acquire knowledge and skills that will support their transition to adulthood and society. 110. What Makes a Garden a Healing Garden? Ulrika A. Stigsdotter Patrick Grahn The interest in healing gardens has increased around the world. Several research disciplines and professions deal today in different ways with healing gardens. However, do we define the healing garden and its effects on the visitor‟s well being in the same way, or are we talking about different things? This article consists of two parts. The first part discusses healing influences of healing gardens based on theories and finding from the different research disciplines of environmental psychology, landscape architecture, medicine, and horticultural therapy. The second part of the article focuses on the people the healing garden is intended for. When dealing with healing gardens, it is fundamental to try to find answers to how and why the human being benefits from being in a healing garden. 111. A Universally Designed Garden for New Horticulture Education in Japan Fusayo Asano Yoshisuke Miyake The first horticultural therapy professional curriculum at a public school in Japan started in September 2002. Its mission is to disperse the proper knowledge and skills of horticultural therapy in Japan. This article introduces the new curriculum of horticultural therapy education and its universally designed garden and explains the background of the establishment of the horticultural therapy professional course and the universally designed Horticultural Therapy Garden at HyogoPrefectural Awaji Landscape Planning and Horticultural Academy. 112. The Profession of Horticultural Therapy Compared with Other Allied Therapies Candice A. Shoemaker, PhD The 1950s and 1960s saw the beginnings of defining horticultural therapy as a profession and the need for formally trained horticultural therapists. Historically, horticulture was used as an activity or diversion for hospital patients, for vocational training, and in occupational therapy. Horticultural therapy continues to be closely affiliated with these allied therapies such as occupational therapy, recreational therapy, and activity therapy. Comparisons between these allied therapies can be a useful tool in understanding the past and defining or identifying strategies for the growth and development of the profession into the future. This paper provides a brief history of the profession and an in-depth comparison of the evolution of horticultural therapy to the other allied therapies. 113. Proposing Horticultural Therapy Programs in Residential or Day Treatment Facilities Charles E. Majuri, PhD Implementing horticultural therapy into an institutional setting is contingent on many variables. The intent of this article is to address a few of those variables that may determine the success or failure of attempts to include horticultural therapy into an established, conventional, clinical treatment structure. Specifically addressed are the issues of instituting horticultural therapy on the programmatic level as opposed to having temporary or seasonal garden projects, which are much less formalized and may or may not include horticultural therapy techniques. Particular attention is given regarding specific and key personnel one needs to deal with and strategies for these interactions for horticultural therapy programs to be successful. Book Review: A Garden of Love and Healing by Marsha Olson David H. Houseman Space, time and thoughts—these are universal concepts with which we interact in various ways. When someone we love has passed beyond, as part of our internal response we often seek to capture in a meaningful way—in a very specific part of space and over time—dimensions of our shared experiences with that person. We have a need to remember. Upon Reflection Patricia Owen During 2002 two horticultural therapists from Cleveland, Judy Wengerd and Libby Reavis, died. I knew very little of their personal lives other than each had married and had children. My recollection of them is as professionals. What will those who worked with Judy, Libby and other horticultural therapists remember? AHTA ANNUAL CONFERENCE ABSTRACTS The following abstracts summarize oral presentations given at the AHTA Annual Conference “Healing Together” in Norfolk, Virginia, September 19-21, 2002. Vision to Reality: The Threshold Enabling Garden Kathleen Blankenburg Carol Schebert The garden would be interactive in nature and serve as a horticultural resource for therapeutic programs at The Threshold. Recreating Outdoor Courtyards for Therapeutic Activities Nancy Carman, MA, CMC Jack Carman, ASLA Emphasizing community interaction within a senior residence can help to expand the spectrum of activities for older adults by including the world around them. Outreach: Taking Your Show on the Road Nancy Chambers Gwen Fried Outreach can bring good will, publicity, growth, funding, and prestige to your horticultural therapy program. Teaming with a Landscape Architect: Designing the Therapeutic Garden Mark Epstein Because people relate to plants in temporal, spiritual, and aesthetic ways, gardens create a beneficial setting for active and passive therapy sessions. Incorporating Nature Into Art Sandy Frick Incorporating nature into art lessons further heightens students‟ senses. Some students with physical and/or mental challenges sometimes need extra-sensory stimulation. HT Indoors: Tips and Techniques Rebecca Haller, HTM This session explores tools, tips, and techniques to enable participation in indoor growing in a variety of settings. Master Gardeners: Motivation to Participate in Therapeutic Horticulture Programming Jack Kerrigan Master Gardeners in Cuyahoga County, Ohio assist a registered horticulture therapist in therapeutic horticulture programs in a large urban hospital, in a residential rehabilitation facility, nursing homes, and a senior services center. Research Workshop: Quality Research through Practitioner-Researcher Collaborations Eunhee Kim Elizabeth Messer Diehl Karin Fleming Jack Kerrigan Patrick Neal Williams To promote scientific and well-documented research through practitionerresearcher collaborations, the Research Work Team of the American Horticultural Therapy Association (AHTA) conducted a workshop about research at the 2002 AHTA Annual Conference. Making a Difference in the Community By Their Effort Maryellen King The Chicago Botanic Garden (CBG) Horticultural Therapy Services Department works to train staff at local agencies to independently sustain programs using plants and nature crafts in therapeutically grounded weekly activity sessions that are adaptable to a wide range of functional and cognitive abilities. Pathways as Corridors Towards Therapy Carol A. Krawczyk, ASLA The intent of this presentation is to demonstrate ways in which paving and pathways contribute to therapies offered in garden settings. Strategic Marketing of Therapeutic Gardening Johanna Leos The presentation examined the critical factors of decision-making held by prospective clients and how to address those factors in a marketing strategy specific to horticultural therapy. Horticultural Therapy as an Alternative Medicine for Pain Management: Pain Tolerance and Recovery Effects of Ornamental Plants in a Simulated Hospital Patient Room Seong-Hyun Park Richard H.Mattson, PhD, HTM Eunhee Kim, PhD Bio-monitoring experimental sessions were conducted to examine pain tolerance and recovery effects of ornamental plants in a simulated hospital patient room. Growing People with Plants at Tanner’s Creek Garden Center Joe Costa Barbara Hunter Brad Morgan Margaret Gaudry Vickie Pepper Chad Scharnberg This conference workshop presented a unique opportunity to dissolve an invisible screen that often separates those that „receive services‟ (known as participants) and staff. Community Gardens at Virginia Zoo Brenda Salom Frank Elam Mark Schneider Fran Merchant Naomi Woodard The Community Garden Project was developed in the spring of 1995 as a partnership between Eggleston Services and Virginia Zoological Park in Norfolk, Virginia. Nurse-Client Collaboration in the Design of an Outdoor Healing Space Emily Schlenker, PsyD, RN, CHN Outdoor healing spaces extend the therapeutic milieu, traditionally an indoor venue for patients, into the world outside the walls of the institution. Horticultural Therapy for Patients with Eating Disorders Sharon Stewart, RN, CPN The Homewood Health Center, Guelph, Canda, offers a horticultural therapy program for patients with eating disorders. The presentation provides information demonstrating the value of horticultural therapy as well as an introduction to how the therapy is applied. A Pilot Study on the Relationship Among Preferences, Psychological Benefits, and Physical Responses with Respect to Landscape Environments Tzu-hui Tseng Ke-Tsung Han Der-lin Ling This study is based on the fundamental concepts of psychology and psychophysiology to explore the relationships among landscape preference, physical response, and psychological benefit cognizance after the selected audience has been stimulated/influenced by landscape environment. Olson Family Garden—St. Louis Children’s Hospital Gary Wangler This session presented some insights as to the ways and means of planning and construction to accomplish the Olson Family Garden. Using an Active Nursery to Teach Job Skills to Adults with Acquired Brain Injury Cathy Wilson Tangram Premier in San Marcos, Texas operates an active retail/wholesale nursery business to teach job skills to adults with acquired brain injury (ABI). The Inner Meaning of Horticultural Activity Wan-Wei Yu Der-Lin Ling Yu-Sen Chang Two studies were designed to understand the relationship between an individual‟s trait-anxiety and other horticultural relevant variables. JOURNAL OF THERAPEUTIC HORTICULTURE Volumes I-XV (1986-2004) VOLUME INDEX Volume XIV (2003) 114. Physiological and Emotional Influences of Cut Flower Arrangements and Lavender Fragrance on University Students Mingwang Liu, Ph.D. Eunhee Kim, Ph.D. Richard H. Mattson, Ph.D. Physiological and emotional responses were recorded to comprehensively determine visual and olfactory influences of cut flower arrangements and lavender fragrance (Lavandula angustifolia) on university students as compared to the absence of floral products. For female participants, visual effects of the cut flower arrangements and olfactory effects of the lavender fragrance significantly lowered beta brainwave and electrodermal activities suggesting more relaxation and less physiological arousal. 115. Nurse-Client Collaboration in Designing an Outdoor Healing Space Emily Diehl Schlenker, PsyD, RN, CHN Outdoor healing spaces extend the therapeutic milieu, traditionally an indoor venue for patients, into the world outside the walls of the institution. Such spaces, in the form of healing gardens, offer emotional, psychological, and even physical opportunities for clients and staff to progress on their journeys to wellness. The author collaborated with a group of inpatients on a forensic mental health unit. This design team employed the components of color, visual and tactile texture, light and shade contrast, movement, sound, and human perception to create a stress-reducing, safe outdoor space. There was a subsequent decrease in agitated, acting-out, and combative patient behaviors. 116. Horticultural Therapy for Patients with Eating Disorders at the Homewood Health Centre, Guelph, Ontario Sharon Stewart, RN This article demonstrates the value of horticultural therapy in the recovery of clients with eating disorders at the Homewood Health Centre. The program is described including examples that illustrate how the horticultural therapy process is applied and how the program responds to the special needs of clients with eating disorders. The role of staff and volunteers is briefly discussed. Examples of horticultural therapy projects demonstrating opportunities for client creativity, emotional growth, and healing are provided. 117. Experiencing a Garden: A Healing Garden for People Suffering from Burnout Diseases Ulrika Stigsdotter Patrik Grahn A healing garden is being laid out at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences‟ Alnarp campus. The garden is intended to serve several purposes. it will offer horticultural therapeutic treatment programs for people diagnosed as having had burnout disease for an extended period. An interdisciplinary research program will study how the garden functions for these people. Scientists will test different design hypotheses connected with the garden as well as different forms of horticultural therapy. The garden will also serve as an object of study for students. The article describes and discusses the project‟s background and the process leading to the final design of the garden. 118. An Analysis of Registered Horticultural Therapists Candice A. Shoemaker, Ph.D. A survey of registered horticultural therapists was conducted in the fall of 2001 to gain insight on where the profession currently stands. A ten-question survey included questions on current employment, educational activities, current professional issues, and demographics. Just over half of respondents (53.8%) were practicing horticultural therapy. Fifty-four percent of respondents reported earning between $25,000 and $50,000 annually and approximately 75% were between 40 and 59 years old. Registered horticultural therapists who responded area highly educated group with 68% of the respondents having at least some additional education beyond their Bachelor‟s degree. The most significant need mentioned regarding the profession over the next ten years could be categorized as recognition: by the healthcare system and insurance companies as a legitimate therapeutic modality and through board certification or licensure, better pay and job security, and healthcare reimbursement. 119. Horticultural Therapy and Infection Control in the Healthcare Environment Nancy Chambers, HTR The restorative power of nature has been known to man since ancient times. Early healthcare facilities incorporated gardens and outdoor activity to nourish mind and body. Conversely, modern hospitals are designed to exclude nature because exposure to plants, soil, and even fresh air is thought to increase the patient‟s risk of infection. Horticultural therapy, established in 1973, is a rapidly growing profession that is intent on reestablishing the beneficial links between natures and health. In this article a horticultural therapist examines what evidence exists to suggest that plants and soil cause infection in hospitals. Her conclusion, based on a review of the literature and her own 17 years of experience at Rusk Institute, is that plants and soil pose very little risk of infection if handled properly. For most patients, exposure to plants, gardens, or horticultural activities has healthful benefits that far outweigh any risk of infection. Upon Reflection Nancy Easterling, HTM, MSW Horticultural therapy is about relationships with the natural world and our mind, body, and spirit. It provides us with an opportunity to relate to other living things and not just to our own. Imagine a world where we could sit beneath a tree, eyes closed, and identify the species of the tree just by the sound of the wind blowing through the leaves, needles, or branches? This common connectedness offers hope for our future. AHTA ANNUAL CONFERENCE ABSTRACTS The following abstracts summarize oral presentations and poster sessions given at the AHTA Annual Conference “Freedom to Grow” in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. ORAL PRESENTATIONS Horticultural Therapy Program for Institutionalized Older Adults and Persons with Alzheimer’s Disease or Other Dementia Caryl Gurski, MS, OTR, Director of Horticultural Therapy, Friends of Boerner Botanical Gardens The outcomes of an 18-month research study related to horticultural therapy as a person-centered therapeutic modality were presented. Through a clinically-based model that focuses on standardized assessment of functional abilities and progressive individualized goals, clients demonstrate significantly increased selfesteem, confidence, and interaction with persons and environment. The purpose of the research project is to demonstrate both efficacy and efficiency of a unique model of horticultural therapy that is demonstrating significant outcomes related to both research mandates. Activity Analysis: A System for Guiding the Practice of Horticultural Therapy Maria Gabaldo, HTM, Coordinator, Enabling Garden at the Chicago Botanic Garden Maryellen King, HTR, Coordinator, HT Services, off-site at the Chicago Botanic Garden Gene Rothert, HTR, Manager of HT Services at the Chicago Botanic Garden The theoretical base for horticultural therapy comes from scientific data and knowledge from other disciplines such as behavioral science, medicine, sociology and education. Lacking in the profession are systematic methods for organizing the theoretical knowledge and application process used to guide therapists in the practice of horticultural therapy. Participants learned about eh Chicago Botanic Garden‟s (CBG) “Outcome Model;” a systematic process developed for use with the CBG activity plans. This method can assist therapists in choosing therapeutic activities. The Outcome Model was explained and participants were led through a practice exercise using the process. Networking with NW AHTA and the Oregon Master Gardener Association Jerry Anderson, Past President NW AHTA and Master Gardener Rod Bach, President of Oregon State Extension Service Master Gardeners, Marion County Examples of grass root gardening projects throughout Oregon and the benefits of networking between a local AHTA Chapter, Master Gardener Chapters, and other community groups such as the Arthritis Foundation and Oregon Federation of Garden Clubs were presented and discussed. Horticultural Therapy in a Private Psychiatric Hospital – 25 Years Later Mitchell Hewson, HTR, Homewood Health Centre The therapeutic dynamics of using horticulture as a therapeutic tool when working with a variety of specialized population were presented. Mr. Hewson‟s 25 years of experience in psychiatry provide real life experiences that are intertwined with the therapeutic environment. Through special exercises, projects, and activities the presentation was infused with the voice of a humanist and naturalist. The Meaning of Garden Activities to Long-Terms Care Residents at Banfield Pavilion, Vancouver Hospital and Health Sciences Centre Guylaine Desharnais, Clinical Practice Leader, OT, Banfield Pavilion, VHHSC Laura Muzin Shelagh Rae Smith, HTR This presentation examined the results of a qualitative research study on the meaning of garden activities to residents of the extended care pavilion at VHHSC. Analysis of semi-structured interviews of members of the Garden Club, ranging in age from 35 to 94, two males and seven females and from a variety of cultural backgrounds, revealed that garden activities lead to such perceptions as pleasant memories and being home. This study provides evidence supporting the need for gardening activities and insight into the importance of such activities to long-term care residents. Make it Happen! Achieving Personal and Professional Goals in the Field of Horticultural Therapy Connie Kelly, Publishing Editor of Health & Gardens Sam Moreau, Horticultural therapist and garden writer Health & Gardens utilizes three methods of adult learning: knowledge learning, skill learning, and attitude learning to ignite interest in horticultural therapy. Applying these same techniques can help to achieve one‟s own personal and professional goals in the field of horticultural therapy. Their workshop offered practical tips on how to create engaging projects and activities, effectively assess client needs, get one‟s foot in the door with dynamic proposals, create buzz for projects, make valuable connections through networking, and align one‟s mind and attitude for success. Participants learned about the ideas, strategies, and practical tools that can help achieve goals. Landscape Ecology and Human Psychophysical Responses Chun-Yen Chang, Department of Horticulture, National Chung Hsing University This study explores the relationship between one‟s psychophysical responses (psychological attention restoration effect, EEG, EMG, heart rate) and the landscape ecological structure indexes. For each kind of land use in the natural landscapes the indexes of the landscape structures like the patch density, patch shape, size of patches, the arrangement of the corridors, edge effects, and the networks were defined as the independent variables. The dependent variables were defined generally as residents‟ natural perception and their psychophysical responses toward the selected environment. The species diversity was the mediating variable by the local representative birds in depicting the relationship between natural and respondent‟s psychophysical responses. HortWorks: Innovative Therapeutic Gardening Program of Community Development, volunteers, Ventures, and Research Johanna Leos, MAg, MBA, HTM, Founder and Director, HortWorks, Inc. This session shared the progress of the HortWorks, Inc., a private 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization. HortWorks serves the needs of people who are economically disadvantaged and/or facing loss of personal independence by offering gainful, meaningful employment and therapeutic garden programs that create statistical analysis to provide further evidence of the benefits of horticultural therapy within a framework of community development. Advancing the Practice of Horticultural Therapy Rebecca Haller, HTM, Horticultural Therapy Institute For new and existing horticultural therapy programs to be adequately funded and professional staffed, there is a need for increased understanding of the profession among the healthcare industry, allied professions, funders, and others. This session identified actions needed to advance the practice of horticulture as therapy. In addition to reviewing existing AHTA documents on this subject and reporting on a survey of horticultural therapy students, this session began a discussion with attendees on the needs for advocacy and promotion of horticultural therapy. Therapeutic Horticulture for People Living with Cancer—The Healing Gardens Program at Cancer Lifeline in Seattle Sheila B. Taft, HTR, Horticultural Therapist, Cancer Lifeline of Seattle Cancer Lifeline is Seattle is a nonprofit organization that has served Washington since 1973. Beyond the 24-hour telephone lifeline, it offers specialized support groups and programs in exercise, meditation, and nutrition. Classes in poetry, art, and expressive writing are offered in the healing arts program, which also includes plant and garden classes managed by a registered horticultural therapist. All classes arefree of charge. In 2000 funding was made available through the Seattle Garden Club and local businesses to create three accessible balcony gardens for its new facility. The history and successes of the program were presented. The Evaluation Method of a Horticultural Therapy Program for Elder People Based on Measurements of Heart Rate in Japan Mitsukimi Sugimoto, Ph.D., Faculty of Agricultrue, Shinshu University, Nagano Prefecture, Japan All people, especially the elderly, hope for health and happiness. But it is difficult to stay healthy because of many kinds of stresses and diseases such as obesity, hypertension, diabetes, mental disorder, etc. It is known that horticultural activities have good effects but objective criteria still are needed. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to establish the evaluation criteria by measurements of heart rate and confirm the physiological effect of a horticultural therapy program for elderly people in Japan. To satisfy this purpose and electronic telemetry monitoring system for measuring heart rate was used. Elderly nursing home residents participated in a six-month horticultural therapy program. A comparison was made between the physiological effects of a horticultural therapy program versus a walking program. Greenleaf Industries: Vocational Horticulture Serving Developmentally Disabled Adults in a Commercial Nursery Setting David James, Greenleaf Industries Since 1981 Greenleaf Industries has provided a variety of horticultural training and employment opportunities to developmentally disabled adults, including production of Christmas wreaths and operation of a wholesale and retail nursery and landscape maintenance services. Over 90% of the program‟s total operating budget is derived from product sales. An overview of Greenleaf‟s year-round activities with special emphasis on bedding plant production on both wholesale and retail levels was presented. Points of interest include utilizing transplanting/seeding jigs to improve work quality and production, task analysis and matching the right person to the job, facility requirements needed to produce quality plants, and some good how-to information on growing specific crops. Combining Therapies: Horticulture and Humor David H. Houseman, President, Alice Burlingame Memorial Chapter of AHTA This highly interactive session (hands-on projects, brainstorming sessions, and group competitive interaction) involved participants in learning about the concepts and process of well-developed activities combining plants and fun. “Strange Herbs in the Night,” “Seedy Character” contests, a horticulture exercise chart, and constructing a weather log are all humorous hands-on activities that can be used with a variety of population groups. Several of the projects can also be used for creative fundraising purposes. Interesting examples from 100+ years of American folk and publishing history were shared. An Evaluation of Horticultural Therapy in Brain Injury Rehabilitation Patrick N. Williams, Ph.D., HTM, School of Agriculture, Murray State University A completed research study for one brain injury rehabilitation center over the first ten years of operation was presented. The main focus examined the effects of prevocational horticulture training on individuals who have sustained traumatic brain injuries compared with other treatment modalities within the training facility. Other components of the study included a nationwide survey of state vocational department and how each group defined a successful outcome. Lastly the session looked at creating computerized client assessment forms for everyday use. JOURNAL OF THERAPEUTIC HORTICULTURE Volumes I-XV (1986-2004) VOLUME INDEX Volume XV (2004) 120. Factors Affecting Choice of Horticultural Therapy at the Rusk Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine Bracha Orr Richard Mattson, Ph.D. Nancy Chambers Matthew Wichrowski At the Rusk Institute, patients are offered horticultural therapy as part of their regularly scheduled rehabilitation regimen. Currently, this therapy is optional and patients may decline participation. There has been no research documenting patients‟ reasons for participation in horticultural therapy programs other than the fact that patients who had previous gardening experience tended to join such programs more than patients who did not (Williams, 1989; Azar & Conroy, 1992; Mooney, 1994). 121. Therapeutic Horticulture for People Living with Cancer: The Healing Gardens Program at Cancer Lifeline in Seattle Sheila B. Taft, HTR Horticultural therapists are uniquely trained to adapt garden and plant activities for many different populations. However, information regarding horticultural therapy practice in cancer support is difficult to find. The fact that clients return time and again to classes in therapeutic horticulture may indicate that this situation has many positive benefits for this population and is worthy of research. 122. Horticultural Therapy for Institutionalized Older Adults and Person with Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Dementias: A Study and Practice Caryl Gormly Gurski, MS, OTR When exploring new program options, The Friends of Boerner Botanical Gardens chose to develop horticultural therapy as a new outreach program specifically to serve institutionalized older adults and personals with Alzheimer‟s disease and other dementias. The program was designed as a client-centered clinical model for small psychosocial groups in seven pilot sites. Clinical assessments and personalized goals were developed for each client to facilitate successful participation in activities. A research study was conducted concurrently for eighteen months and demonstrated efficacy and ;efficiency of this program model and the power of plant related activities for older institutionalized adults and persons diagnosed with Alzheimer‟s disease and other dementias. 123. Horticultural Therapy in a Mental Health Day Program Janet Szofran, BSN, HTR Susan Myer, DSN As early as the 1800‟s horticultural therapy was used with psychiatric patients as a stress reduction technique. One Alabama community began a collaborative project between the county botanical garden and the county mental health center to implement a horticultural therapy program to reduce stress in a small group of clients attending intensive day treatment at the mental health center. Participation in the horticultural therapy sessions resulted in therapists reporting, and all clients themselves confirming, a sense of accomplishment and enhanced self-esteem and improved participation in other aspects of treatment. 124. Horticultural Therapy in a Classroom for Learning Disabled Children Bella S. Schimmel, M.D., Ph.D., HTR Horticultural therapy uses living plants, their products, and the natural environment to provide evaluation, therapy and rehabilitation within an medical model. It is recommended for people who have emotional, physical, education, and/or behavioral problems. As therapists we seek appropriate seeing in which to provide our skills. Obvious places to find children and adolescents who need help are in residential settings, specialized day programs, after school programs, clinics, probation department camps, and schools. AHTA ANNUAL CONFERENCE ABSTRACTS The following abstracts summarize oral presentations and poster sessions given at the AHTA Annual Conference “Securing Our Health and Wellness” in Atlanta, Georgia. ORAL PRESENTATIONS Effects of Horticulture Instruction on Behavior in Persons with Severe/Profound Cognitive Impairment Martha DeHart, MS Session discussed a research study in which simple greenhouse task sequences were used as behavioral intervention with four persons with severe developmental disabilities. Single-subject design techniques afforded consistent instruction and data collection. New Directions in Horticultural Therapy Juliet Neihuas, Ph.D., HTR, HT Coordinator, Tucson Botanical Gardens Horticultural therapy at Tucson Botanical Gardens addresses best practice ideals in service delivery by providing volunteer opportunities for people with developmental disabilities and brain injury. Volunteering offers opportunities for functional and meaningful activity, and a potential context for habilitation and rehabilitation. This presentation discussed program goals, challenges, and funding sources. Tips & Tools for Gardening with Physical Ease Bruce N. Gulko, HTR, CPRP, GaCLP, Manual Arts Therapist, VA Medical Center The session described tips and tools for gardening with back problems, hand or wrist pain, visual impairment, and individuals using wheelchairs. The Aroma of Horticultural Therapy Gwenn Fried, Horticultural Therapist, NYU Medical Center The connection between horticultural therapy and aromatherapy is natural. Participants discovered how easy it is to incorporate the use of oils into horticultural therapy programs in a responsible way as well as opportunities for further education in aromatherapy. Horticultural Therapy in the Classroom Hank Bruce, Petals & Pages The session explored the role of horticultural therapists in the classroom serving special needs, at risk, or gifted students. The garden can be used as a multidisciplinary learning tool to connect, empower, and provide creative sparks for these students. Lessons were drawn from the presenter‟s latest book, “Garden Projects for the Classroom and Special Learning Programs.” Sensory Integration Theory Leslie A. McDonnell, Senior Occupational Therapist, NYC Department of Education The use of sensory integrative theory in the school setting was presented, including a brief background, general description of components and terms, and the concept of function vs. dysfunction. Horticultural Therapy Activities for the Developmentally Disabled Population Kris Kothe & Mary Ann Ligon, Mountain Valley Developmental Services This session included information about working with a developmentally disabled population and the Mountain Valley Developmental Services program in Glenwood Springs, Colorado. Project and activity ideas that have been successful were covered and attendees participated in one of the activities. Discussion followed. Practice-Based Research: You Can Do It Too. Maria Gabaldo, HTR, OT, Coordinator of Wellness & Professional Education, Chicago Botanic Garden The session presented how three research projects were structured and implemented by the Chicago Botanic Garden staff in the course of planning new programs that include evaluation components. Empowering At-Risk Youth with Horticultural Therapy Mary K. Scott, Horticultural Therapy Program Manager, Norfolk Botanic Garden The session presented the implementation and management techniques of an at0risk youth program to incorporate horticulture and life skills activities. Day-today activities, the history of the program, and the benefits provided to this population were explained. Integrating Theratre Arts into Environmental Education Maria Curran, M.Ed., LPC, Director, Center for Creativity & Healing This workshop offered a rationale for using creative dance and drama with children‟s environmental education and horticulture programs. Specific activities were presented and experiential exercises were offered. The Effect of Horticultural Activities in Schools for Children with Disabilities in Japan Mitsukimi Sugimoto and Eriko Ohara, Shinshu University, Japan Seven students with disabilities were selected as participants in horticulture activities. A questionnaire was given to understand their abilities in communication, activity level, quickness, independence, and activity quality. High correlation coefficients were observed between willingness and quality, judgment and independence, and judgment and quality. The LEGO Theory of Horticultural Therapy Programming Nancy Chambers, HTR, Matthew Wichrowski, HTR, and Gwenn Fried, Rusk Institute Horticultural therapists can increase the potential for health and wellness outcomes in facilities and institutions in spite of limitation of staff, space, and finances. By slowly layering new activities within the existing framework, programs can become more complex, effective, and appealing. Inside and Out: Adapting the Garden Bruce N. Gulko, HTR, CPRP, GaCLP, Manual Arts Therapist, VA Medical Center Session introduced new therapeutic perspectives on visual impairments, dementia, and back problems related to horticultural therapy programming. Left Foot Organics: Modeling Inclusive Community in a Vocation Horticultural Therapy Program Ann M. Vandeman and Jessica Laing, Left Foot Organics Left Foot Organics brings individuals with developmental and related disabilities together with typically developing youth to work toward common goals; growing and marketing high quality , fresh, organic produce and flowers. The session explored how connecting local producers and consumers of good food can promote independence and inclusion for all. Fragrant Herbs Relieve Stress and Pain in a Hospice Setting Judith Morris, HTR and Bob Karlson, Coordinator of Creative & Caring Connections Program Fragrant herbs are a welcome distraction for hospice patients, helping to relieve stress and pain. Gardening activities also help patients gain dignity and respect as living people. Program development and activities were described and demonstrated. Creating a Sensory Garden Rebecca Haller, HTM, Horticultural Therapy Institute A garden to stimulate all of the senses can motivate the people you serve. The session explored the delights and creation of such a garden. Horticultural Therapy and Person-Centered Care: A Natural Link Pam Catlin, HTR The session touched on the basic premises of person-centered care and how horticultural therapy can address some of the goals of such a program. Personcentered care is a model of care being adopted by many healthcare organizations focusing on the value of each individual, respecting and honoring the uniqueness of each person. Activities acknowledge participants for the persons they are and for who they have been. Horticultural therapy is a natural link with this model. Metaphors and Symbolism Derived from Horticultural Activities: Influence on Life Experiences and Culture of Japanese and American Elderly living in the United States Niho Kataoka and Richard Mattson, Ph.D., Kansas State University This qualitative study examined correlations between elderly persons‟ life experiences and culture with the symbolism and metaphors derived from gardening. It is important for horticultural therapists to find the right context of activity for clients to achieve a therapeutic outcome. This research provides therapists with a suggested context for their clients when they use metaphors and symbolism in their programs. Myths That Kill Trees Douglas Airhart, HTM, Professor, Tennessee Tech University Trees are important and valuable assets to landscapes, but simple actions can cause damage or otherwise threaten their health and longevity. This presentation discussed common maintenance techniques that are misapplied to trees. These mythos are associated with construction activities, selecting trees, and transplanting. An Exploration of the Meaning and Effects of Horticultural Therapy on Human Health and Well-Being Debra L. Fetherman, MS, ABD The purpose of the multi-site case study was to explore the essence of people-plant interactions during horticultural therapy and to discover the effects of horticultural therapy on human health and well-being. Participants included three registered horticultural therapists at three different social horticultural therapy programs. The research was oriented in qualitative inquiry including interviews, non-participant observation, and documentation. Counseling Theories to Inform Horticultural Therapy Practice Matthew Wichrowski, HTR Horticultural therapists work with a wide range of people and settings. Yet, essential to all of our work is the human relationship through which we help our clients. This presentation explored factors associated with positive therapeutic outcomes, as well as a variety of theories useful for horticultural therapy including client-centered therapy, flow theory, and strengths perspective. Healthy Landscape, Healthy Wildlife, and Healthy People for a Sustainable Environment Chun-Yen Chang and Yen-Cheng Chiang, National Chung Hsing University As a cross discipline study, the theories of landscape ecology and landscape psychophysiology were adopted to depict the relationship between the healthy landscape of nature and human‟s psychophysiological healthy responses. The theory of landscape ecological structure analyses were applied to test the wildlife species diversity in different landscape settings and respondents‟ attention level and physiological responses. POSTER PRESENTATIONS The Effect of Vegetation Structure on the Air Pollution Improvement in the Urban Areas of Taiwan Chun-Yen Chang and Yi-Ping Lin, National Chung Hsing University This study looks at the influences of vegetation structure on air quality. Sixty-six existing air quality monitoring stations of the island were selected as the testing sites. The related vegetation species and vegetation structure indexes that are collected on site and digitized from the aerial photography maps are compared with the air quality data collected from the monitoring stations. The Effects of Passive Viewing Garden Scenes on Physiological Responses and Self-Rated Mood States of Older Adults in Waiting Situations Yoko Kimura and Richard Mattson, Ph.D., Kansas State Univerisy This experiment will measure the effects that window views have on older adults in waiting situations. Window views might influence the amount of time that people can wait in similar room environments. This experiment will test if time really flies when you are having fun. Horticultural Therapy Support Group for Cancer Survivors Eunhee Kim, Ph.D. and Richard Mattson, Ph.D., Kansas State University A research program on horticultural therapy for cancer survivors has been developed at Kansas State University and it is being pilot-tested for feasibility and effectiveness. This poster presentation included evaluation methods and case studies. The Effects of Horticultural Group Therapy with Patients Diagnosed with Traumatic Brain Injuries on Self and Other Report Measures of Depression, Anxiety, and Cooperation Mary Beth Covert, MA and Melissa Jenkins-Fernandez, MA, Regent University The statistical results of the study on self and other report measure of depression, anxiety, and cooperation were displayed and discussed. Photos were displayed and specialized tools used in group therapy demonstrated the adaptation of horticultural therapy to people with traumatic brain injuries. The Horticulture Connection Gabriela Harvey, HTR, Lori Keltner, CTRS, HR, and Eden DeGenova Resources for a successful horticulture vocational training program are few. Horticultural therapists are constantly challenged to identify meaningful ways to provide sound programming, educationally grounded horticultural activities, and measurable tools that assess program success and employability. In response to those needs, The Horticulture Connection has designed a manual to serve as an introduction and curriculum for the field of vocational horticulture. this approach will serve the development of quality programming and address the vocational/job training needs. The goal for this manual is to provide a user-friendly approach and a well-sequenced model for horticultural skills development.